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 |title=[[Has title::Molecular epidemiological analysis of the transboundary transmission of 2003 highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N7 outbreaks between the Netherlands and Belgium.]]}}<!--
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;Authors:[[Has first author::Steven Van Borm]]{{Link to affiliation|l1=1}}, [[Has author::M. Jonges]], [[Has author::B. Lambrecht]], [[Has author::G. Koch]], [[Has author::P. Houdart]], [[Has author::T. Van Den Berg]]
;Affiliations:
* {{Affiliation anchor|l=1}} Department of Virology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Ukkel, Belgium.
;In:[[Is in journal::Transboundary and emerging diseases (journal)|Transboundary and emerging diseases]], ([[Publishing date::2014]])
;On line:
* ISTEX : [https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-TWKXPRXJ-T ark:/67375/WNG-TWKXPRXJ-T] [https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-TWKXPRXJ-T/fulltext.pdf pdf]
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This article on the 2003 avian flu epidemic was introduced as part of an [[Identification and reporting of epidemic events|educational project on the identification and reporting of epidemic events]].
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==Abstract==
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The 2003 outbreak of Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H7N7) in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany resulted in significant genetic diversification that proved informative for tracing transmission events. Building on previous investigations on the Dutch outbreak, we focused on the potential transnational transmissions between the Netherlands and Belgium. Although no clear epidemiological links could be identified from the tracing data, the transmission network based on concatenated HA-NA-PB2 sequences supports at least three independent introductions from the Netherlands to Belgium and suggests one possible introduction form Belgium back to the Netherlands. Two introductions in the Belgian province of Limburg occurred from nearby farms in the Dutch province of Limburg. One introduction resulted in three secondary infected farms, while a second introduction did not cause secondary infections. The third introduction into Belgium occurred in the north of the Antwerp province, very close to the national border, and originated from the North of the Dutch province Brabant (long distance transmission, &gt;65 km). The virus spread to two additional Belgian farms, one of which may be the source of a secondarily infected farm in the Netherlands. One infected turkey farm in the province of Antwerp (Westmalle) was geographically close to the latter introduction, but genetically clustered with the first introduction event in the Limburg province. Epidemiological tracing data could neither confirm nor exclude whether this outbreak was a result from long distance contacts within Belgium or whether this farm presented a fourth independent transboundary introduction. These multiple transnational transmissions of HPAI in spite of reinforced biosecurity measures and trade restrictions illustrate the importance of international cooperation, legislation and standardization of tools to combat transboundary diseases. 

© 2012 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.
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==See also==
{{Wicri see|dec=bibliographic référence}}
;External links:
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22994451/ Link toward PubMed]
[[Category:Animal Husbandry (standards)]]
[[Category:Animals (MeSH)]]
[[Category:Belgium (epidemiology)]]
[[Category:Disease Outbreaks (veterinary)]]
[[Category:Genetic Variation (MeSH)]]
[[Category:Germany (epidemiology)]]
[[Category:Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype (genetics)]]
[[Category:Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype (pathogenicity)]]
[[Category:Influenza in Birds (epidemiology)]]
[[Category:Influenza in Birds (transmission)]]
[[Category:Influenza in Birds (virology)]]
[[Category:Molecular Epidemiology (methods)]]
[[Category:Netherlands (epidemiology)]]
[[Category:Population Control (methods)]]
[[Category:Poultry (virology)]]
[[Category:Risk Factors (MeSH)]]
[[Category:Sequence Analysis (MeSH)]]
[[Category:Turkeys (virology)]]
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[[fr:Transbound Emerg Dis (2014) Van Borm]]