Valuing interdependence
Identifieur interne : 001276 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001275; suivant : 001277Valuing interdependence
Auteurs : Raika Abdulahad ; Roger Delaney ; Keith BrownleeSource :
- International Social Work [ 0020-8728 ] ; 2009-11.
Abstract
English This study examined whether gender, ethnic group, age, years in Canada, level of education and country where educated influenced the acculturation process for Iraqi immigrants to Canada. For the 153 participants in this study, a continuing strong identification with traditional values was found to exist irrespective of differences in demographic factors. French La présente recherche s’intéresse à l’influence du genre, du groupe ethnique, de l’âge, du nombre d’années au Canada, du niveau de scolarisation et du pays dans lequel la scolarisation a été effectuée sur le processus d’acculturation vécu par les immigrants d’origine irakienne établis au Canada. Chez les 153 participants à l’étude, le maintien d’une forte identification aux valeurs traditionnelles se présente de façon indépendante des différences sociodémographiques. Spanish Se examina si el género, el grupo étnico, la edad, años en Canadá, nivel de educación, y país donde fueron educados influye en la aculturación de inmigrantes iraquíes en Canadá. Se halla que respecto a los 153 participantes en este estudio, la fuerte identificación con valores tradicionales continúa, independientemente de los factores demográficos.
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DOI: 10.1177/0020872809342644
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Valuing interdependence</title><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Abdulahad, Raika" sort="Abdulahad, Raika" uniqKey="Abdulahad R" first="Raika" last="Abdulahad">Raika Abdulahad</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Delaney, Roger" sort="Delaney, Roger" uniqKey="Delaney R" first="Roger" last="Delaney">Roger Delaney</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Social Work, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada,</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: rdelaney@lakeheadu.ca</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Brownlee, Keith" sort="Brownlee, Keith" uniqKey="Brownlee K" first="Keith" last="Brownlee">Keith Brownlee</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Social Work, Lakehead University</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:65F7FE257CF8663E29110EFFE5B22ED51BA3B766</idno><date when="2009" year="2009">2009</date><idno type="doi">10.1177/0020872809342644</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/65F7FE257CF8663E29110EFFE5B22ED51BA3B766/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001276</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001276</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Valuing interdependence</title><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Abdulahad, Raika" sort="Abdulahad, Raika" uniqKey="Abdulahad R" first="Raika" last="Abdulahad">Raika Abdulahad</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Delaney, Roger" sort="Delaney, Roger" uniqKey="Delaney R" first="Roger" last="Delaney">Roger Delaney</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Social Work, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada,</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: rdelaney@lakeheadu.ca</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author wicri:is="90%"><name sortKey="Brownlee, Keith" sort="Brownlee, Keith" uniqKey="Brownlee K" first="Keith" last="Brownlee">Keith Brownlee</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Social Work, Lakehead University</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">International Social Work</title><idno type="ISSN">0020-8728</idno><idno type="eISSN">1461-7234</idno><imprint><publisher>SAGE Publications</publisher><pubPlace>Sage UK: London, England</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2009-11">2009-11</date><biblScope unit="volume">52</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">6</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="757">757</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="771">771</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0020-8728</idno></series><idno type="istex">65F7FE257CF8663E29110EFFE5B22ED51BA3B766</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1177/0020872809342644</idno><idno type="ArticleID">10.1177_0020872809342644</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0020-8728</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">English This study examined whether gender, ethnic group, age, years in Canada, level of education and country where educated influenced the acculturation process for Iraqi immigrants to Canada. For the 153 participants in this study, a continuing strong identification with traditional values was found to exist irrespective of differences in demographic factors. French La présente recherche s’intéresse à l’influence du genre, du groupe ethnique, de l’âge, du nombre d’années au Canada, du niveau de scolarisation et du pays dans lequel la scolarisation a été effectuée sur le processus d’acculturation vécu par les immigrants d’origine irakienne établis au Canada. Chez les 153 participants à l’étude, le maintien d’une forte identification aux valeurs traditionnelles se présente de façon indépendante des différences sociodémographiques. Spanish Se examina si el género, el grupo étnico, la edad, años en Canadá, nivel de educación, y país donde fueron educados influye en la aculturación de inmigrantes iraquíes en Canadá. Se halla que respecto a los 153 participantes en este estudio, la fuerte identificación con valores tradicionales continúa, independientemente de los factores demográficos.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>sage</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Raika Abdulahad</name><affiliations><json:string>Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Roger Delaney</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Social Work, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada,</json:string><json:string>E-mail: rdelaney@lakeheadu.ca</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Keith Brownlee</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Social Work, Lakehead University</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>acculturation</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>ethnic identity</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>interdependence</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Iraqi Canadian</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>social work practice</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>10.1177_0020872809342644</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>research-article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>English This study examined whether gender, ethnic group, age, years in Canada, level of education and country where educated influenced the acculturation process for Iraqi immigrants to Canada. For the 153 participants in this study, a continuing strong identification with traditional values was found to exist irrespective of differences in demographic factors. French La présente recherche s’intéresse à l’influence du genre, du groupe ethnique, de l’âge, du nombre d’années au Canada, du niveau de scolarisation et du pays dans lequel la scolarisation a été effectuée sur le processus d’acculturation vécu par les immigrants d’origine irakienne établis au Canada. Chez les 153 participants à l’étude, le maintien d’une forte identification aux valeurs traditionnelles se présente de façon indépendante des différences sociodémographiques. Spanish Se examina si el género, el grupo étnico, la edad, años en Canadá, nivel de educación, y país donde fueron educados influye en la aculturación de inmigrantes iraquíes en Canadá. 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For the 153 participants in this study, a continuing strong identification with traditional values was found to exist irrespective of differences in demographic factors. French La présente recherche s’intéresse à l’influence du genre, du groupe ethnique, de l’âge, du nombre d’années au Canada, du niveau de scolarisation et du pays dans lequel la scolarisation a été effectuée sur le processus d’acculturation vécu par les immigrants d’origine irakienne établis au Canada. Chez les 153 participants à l’étude, le maintien d’une forte identification aux valeurs traditionnelles se présente de façon indépendante des différences sociodémographiques. Spanish Se examina si el género, el grupo étnico, la edad, años en Canadá, nivel de educación, y país donde fueron educados influye en la aculturación de inmigrantes iraquíes en Canadá. Se halla que respecto a los 153 participantes en este estudio, la fuerte identificación con valores tradicionales continúa, independientemente de los factores demográficos.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>acculturation</term></item><item><term>ethnic identity</term></item><item><term>interdependence</term></item><item><term>Iraqi Canadian</term></item><item><term>social work practice</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2009-11">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/65F7FE257CF8663E29110EFFE5B22ED51BA3B766/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus sage not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.3 20070202//EN" URI="journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="2.3" xml:lang="EN"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">spisw</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ISW</journal-id><journal-title>International Social Work</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0020-8728</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SAGE Publications</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Sage UK: London, England</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0020872809342644</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10.1177_0020872809342644</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Valuing interdependence</article-title><subtitle>An examination of Iraqi Canadian acculturation</subtitle></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Abdulahad</surname><given-names>Raika</given-names></name><aff>Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada</aff></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Delaney</surname><given-names>Roger</given-names></name><aff>School of Social Work, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada, <email xlink:type="simple">rdelaney@lakeheadu.ca</email></aff></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brownlee</surname><given-names>Keith</given-names></name><aff>School of Social Work, Lakehead University</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><volume>52</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>757</fpage><lpage>771</lpage><abstract><p>English</p><p>This study examined whether gender, ethnic group, age, years in Canada, level of education and country where educated influenced the acculturation process for Iraqi immigrants to Canada. For the 153 participants in this study, a continuing strong identification with traditional values was found to exist irrespective of differences in demographic factors.</p><p>French</p><p>La présente recherche s’intéresse à l’influence du genre, du groupe ethnique, de l’âge, du nombre d’années au Canada, du niveau de scolarisation et du pays dans lequel la scolarisation a été effectuée sur le processus d’acculturation vécu par les immigrants d’origine irakienne établis au Canada. Chez les 153 participants à l’étude, le maintien d’une forte identification aux valeurs traditionnelles se présente de façon indépendante des différences sociodémographiques.</p><p>Spanish</p><p>Se examina si el género, el grupo étnico, la edad, años en Canadá, nivel de educación, y país donde fueron educados influye en la aculturación de inmigrantes iraquíes en Canadá. Se halla que respecto a los 153 participantes en este estudio, la fuerte identificación con valores tradicionales continúa, independientemente de los factores demográficos.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>acculturation</kwd><kwd>ethnic identity</kwd><kwd>interdependence</kwd><kwd>Iraqi Canadian</kwd><kwd>social work practice</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>sagemeta-type</meta-name><meta-value>Journal Article</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>search-text</meta-name><meta-value>757 Valuing interdependence An examination of Iraqi Canadian acculturation SAGE Publications, Inc. 200910.1177/0020872809342644 RaikaAbdulahad Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada RogerDelaney School of Social Work, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada, rdelaney@lakeheadu.ca KeithBrownlee School of Social Work, Lakehead University acculturation ethnic identity interdependence Iraqi Canadian social work practice As a multicultural nation, Canada has embraced immigrants from many other nations. However, integration into the Canadian community imposes unique challenges for each of these immigrant groups. This article inves- tigates the acculturation of Iraqi immigrants into the Canadian urban multicultural context. Iraqi culture is complex, with even the name of Iraq reflecting the idea of people belonging to many races. Iraqis are composed of different ethnic groups, including Arabs, Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians, Syriac, Chaldean and Turkman. Historically, Iraq was also populated by large Persian and Hebrew groups. The majority of Kurds are Sunni Muslims and the majority of Arabs are Shia Muslims. Small minorities belong to ancient religions, such as Yazidies and Mandeans (Inati, 2003), while the rest are Christians. Iraqi immigrants to Canada are composed of people representing all of these ethnic and religious groups. Acculturation has been defined as the process of social and psycho- logical changes that results when individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original culture patterns of either or both groups (Dallo and James, 2000). Immigrants may be confronted with a variety of identity-related issues, such as the maintenance or change of their cultural identity, and dealing with value conflicts between different systems of beliefs and behaviour (Schmitz, 2003). 758 Identity formation is an ongoing development process throughout one’s life span. As such, identity formation is responsive to the social environment in which a person lives (Erikson, 1968) and is a key factor in acculturation (Ward and Styles, 2003). Schwartz and Montgomery (2002) also suggest that acculturation and gender play a significant role in identity formation. Moreover, both acculturation and gender roles are relatively responsive to the effects of culture that for Iraqi people is embedded in their history, religions, traditions and customs, all of which differ significantly from Western experiences. Part of this difference is to be found in the 18th-century rejection by Western societies of medieval social, religious, and political ideas, which lead to an embrace of rationalism (Storck, 2008). This turn to rationalism supported a Western penchant for scientific enquiry as the basis for knowledge construction and led to the flowering of scientific knowledge and industrial growth (Payne, 1997). Iraqi society, in contrast, did not experience a significant challenge to its traditional social, religious and political ideas. Rather, everyday life is imbued with tradition, which is used here to reflect lifestyles, norms and values that have been handed down from generation to generation (Cohen and Savaya, 2003). Isajiw (1999) has highlighted how such traditions influence the social-psychological processes of inclusion or exclusion and lead to unique challenges in the acculturation process. Studies suggest that the key difference between Western and Middle Eastern cultures lies in the value placed by Western societies on indi- vidualism and independence, as opposed to Middle Eastern cultures which value interdependence and community (Barry et al., 2000; Dahl, 2004). Interdependence is defined as ‘being connected with others or the social context. Here, the self is viewed as flexible and variable, and is guided not so much by one’s own thoughts, feelings, and actions, but by external factors, such as roles, status, and relationships’ (Barry et al., 2000: 134). Thus, in coming to urban Canada, Iraqi people find them- selves in an environment where individualism is a dominant cultural value. Hakim-Larson et al. (2007) stress that each immigrant in the Arab and Chaldean communities might face struggles in reconciling their own values and culture with those of the surrounding Western culture. Research on acculturation has suggested that the process is significantly influenced by variables such as age, gender and ethnicity (Akhtar and Choi, 2004; Barry et al., 2000; Carter and McGoldrick, 1989; Cohen and Savaya, 2003; Dallo and James, 2000; Mann, 2004; Nichols and Schwartz, 2004; Schwartz and Montgomery, 2002; Tummala-Narra, 2004). While there has been considerable research in the social sciences on issues related to self-identity and acculturation for immigrants (Berry et al., 1992; Carter and McGoldrick, 1989; Dallo and James, 2000; 759 Isajiw, 1999; Mann, 2004; Sowa et al., 2000; Tummala-Narra, 2004; Ward and Styles, 2003), little research has been conducted concern- ing Iraqi people. This study, therefore, investigated the acculturation of Iraqi immigrants into the Canadian multicultural context. The hypoth- eses of this study were that ethnic group and specific demographic vari- ables would be associated with acculturation. Methodology Measures The acculturation measure for this study was adapted from two existing measures: the Male Arabic Ethnic Identity Measure (MAEIM) devel- oped by Barry et al. (2000), and Dallo and James’s (2000) instrument which was first used to study the acculturation process of first-generation Chaldean-American women residing in metropolitan Detroit. The MAEIM was used as a base for the current study. A comparison was made between questions that measured the same variable on the MAEIM and the Dallo and James’s (2000) instrument, five questions from which were adopted because they were identified by the researchers as more gender-neutral than similar questions on the MAEIM. To test the face validity of the modified instrument, a panel of five Iraqi Canadians was selected to review each of the test items. Based on the panel’s suggestions, all questions relating solely to Arab and/or male respondents were removed since this study was directed to both men and women and to Iraqis from different ethnic backgrounds. The final instrument of this study was translated into Arabic because the common language for all the ethnic groups in Iraq is Arabic. Two university professors, who were not associated with the study but were fluent in English and Arabic, verified the accuracy of the translation. The final version of the instrument contained 25 items scored on a 7-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Some items were reverse-scored to reduce response bias. Total scores were obtained by averaging the sum of all items. A second questionnaire was developed for this study to measure the demographic variables: gender, age, years living in Canada, ethnic group, level of education and country where educated. Data collection This study comprised a survey with the sample being drawn from the Iraqi communities in southern Ontario (Toronto, Burlington, Oakville, St Catherine’s, Guelph, Oshawa, Hamilton and Mississauga) and from Northwestern Ontario (Thunder Bay). Snowball sampling was used, with volunteers from different ethnic and religious groups being 760 recommended to the researchers. Snowball sampling was chosen to allow access to existing Iraqi networks, given that a sampling frame was not available for this population. The essential element of snowball sam- pling is that each person is connected through association. This does not mean that each person knows, interacts with, or is influenced by every other person in the network (Neuman, 2003), but it means that people are socially located or interconnected by a network of relationships. Iraqi Canadians who were 18 years and over and who had been in Canada at least three years were eligible to participate in this study. A research package was distributed to 185 potential respondents that included a cover letter, a consent form and a copy of the questionnaires. In some cases the responses were returned through prepaid mail, in 100 cases the completed questionnaires were retrieved personally by the first author. In total, 158 completed questionnaires were received. Five completed questionnaires were excluded as not meeting the selection criteria (e.g. not resident in Canada for at least three years or less than 18 years of age), so 153 completed questionnaires were retained. A high response rate (83%) was achieved due to the positive attitude by the respondents and the personal efforts and follow-up by the first author. Findings Of the 153 final respondents, 80 (52.3%) were female and 73 (47.7%) were male. The average age of the respondents was 37 (SD 12.9) years ranging from 18 to 70 years. The distribution of respondents by ethnic group was relatively even, with representation from each of the main ethnic groups. Fifty-three of the respondents were Arab (34.6%), 18 were Assyrian (11.8%), 30 were Chaldean (19.6%), 16 were Kurdish (10.5%) and 36 were Syriac (23.5%). The average number of years of residence in Canada reflected by the respondents was 8.4 years (SD 6.57), with a minimum of three years and a maximum of 36 years. In terms of education distribution, 51 (33.3%) of the respondents had high school or other diplomas, 71 (46.4%) had university degrees includ- ing master’s (4.6%) and PhDs (6.5%), and 31 (20.3%) were currently students. Over half of the respondents were educated in Iraq (54.9%) and one-third (33.3%) were educated in Canada (either graduated or still students). Ten of the participants had earned graduate degrees from the UK (6.54%) and eight (5.2%) from other non-English-speaking countries such as France and Jordan. In terms of employment status, 67 (43.8%) of the respondents were employed full-time, 27 (17.6%) were employed part-time, 37 (24.2%) were students, and 22 (14.4%) were unemployed (11.8%) or retired (2.6%). 761 Included under the group of students were professionals working on their professional Canadian license whose part-time jobs are unrelated to education and training. Eleven of the 18 unemployed in Canada were professionals, who reported currently having work abroad, while the remaining seven were women not working outside the home. As a first step in the analysis of the data, a factor analysis was con- ducted to verify the underlying conceptual structure of the acculturation questionnaire. A principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation was used and any items with a factor loading < 0.5 were dropped (see Table 1). Table 1 Factor structure Iraqi immigrant acculturation measure 762 Table 1 (Continued) 763 Table 1 shows the resulting factor structure. Five factors had eigen values above 1.0, with these factors explaining a total of 57.6 percent of the variance, which is greater than the average variance accounted for by factor analysis in behavioural data (Peterson, 2000). Factor one, represented by six items (Cronbach’s α = 0.804), emphasized language preference. Factor two, represented by seven items (Cronbach’s α = 0.837), emphasized ethnic pride. Factor three contained four items (Cronbach’s α = 0.756) which emphasized family values. Factor four, represented by three items (Cronbach’s α = 0.700), emphasized ethnic practices. Factor five contained five items (Cronbach’s α = 0.804) and emphasized religious values. Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) based on Pillai’s statistic due to unequal groups was used to examine the association between the demographic variables, ethnic group, gender, age, education, country of education and years in Canada and the five constructs of acculturation established by the factor analysis (see Table 2). Table 2 presents a summary of the results from the MANOVA as well as univariate analyses (ANOVA) of the association between the demographic variables and the acculturation constructs of language pre- ferred, ethnic pride, family values and religious values. The MANOVA results in Table 2 show that there were significant differences in rela- tion to the acculturation constructs for all of the demographic variables with the exception of gender. The effect of the demographic variables on each of the accultura- tion constructs was examined through a series of one-way analyses of variance. Table 3 provides the means for the demographic variables by acculturation construct. Age was found to be significantly associated with acculturation only in relation to the construct of language pre- ferred ( p < .01). Post-hoc comparisons using Scheffe contrasts showed that the significance was between respondents in the 18–26 (~ = 4.95) age category and respondents in the 45–53 ( = 5.81) age category. Although the mean for the older group, 54 years and older, was even higher ( = 5.86), the number of respondents in the older age group was low, which probably accounts for the absence of signifi- cance between this age group and the younger respondents. Years in Canada showed significant differences for the constructs family values ( p < .01) and ethnic practices ( p < .01). Although respondents with more than 12 years in Canada had the lowest mean scores for family values ( = 5.84 compared with 6.29, 6.04 and 6.30), the Scheffe con- trasts did not show these mean differences to be independently signifi- cant. Similarly, respondents with more than 12 years in Canada had the lowest mean scores for ethnic practices ( = 4.17 compared with 5.24, 4.88 and 5.16). The Scheffe contrasts showed that respondents with 764 n o i t a r u t l u c c a r o f e c n a i r a v f o s i s y l a n a e t a i r a v i n u d n a e t a i r a v i t l u M ~ e l b a T . c i t s i t a t s s ’ i a l l i P m o r f d e t a r e n e .g e 1 0r 0eO w . s < po i t ~ a r F ; e 1 0 .t a i r < a p v i t l u ; 5 0M : . e t < po N 765 Table 3 Means of acculturation constructs by demographic variables more than 12 years in Canada were significantly different from the other means with the exception of the group who had been in Canada between six and eight years, although a correlation using ungrouped data for years in Canada (r = 0.324, p < .001) suggests a significant l inear relationship. 766 Ethnic group was found to be significantly different for ethnic pride ( p < .01) and religious values ( p < .001), with Scheffe contrasts show- ing that in both instances the significant differences were to be found between the Kurdish group and all the other ethnic groups. Years of education and country where educated both returned significant differ- ences for language preferred ( p < .001 and p < .001) and ethnic pride ( p < .01 and p < .01). Due to the small group sizes, further analyses were not conducted. Surprisingly, no significant differences were found between men and women on the acculturation variables. In summary, the factors identified in the literature as playing a sig- nificant role in acculturation – age, years of residence, ethnic group, level of education, country of education and gender – did not play as extensive a role in supporting the acculturation process for the Iraqi respondents of this study (see Figure 1). The results shown in Figure 1 may offer an explanation for this. The mean scores for the acculturation constructs were found to be high across all groups, suggesting that the respondents still place a high regard on the language and values with which they came to Canada. Figure 1 shows a scale of seven acculturation degrees. They are ordered along a continuum from independent on the extreme left to interdependent on the extreme right. However, the extreme points (1, 7) do not exist in real life because as social beings, humans depend on each other to differ- ent degrees. Nevertheless, the area between 6 and 7 represents interde- pendence while the area between 1 and 2 represents independence. The centre point is only intended to represent a stage in the acculturation process that indicates a movement from one side to the other. The results in Figure 1 indicate that the overall acculturation is close to point 5. One can assume that the respondents were largely inter- dependent when they arrived in Canada from a collective society. Figure 1 Degree of acculturation reflected by Iraqi immigrants 767 Considering the respondents’ average years in Canada (8.37 years), the data suggest that the respondents acculturated more in ethnic practice and ethnic pride constructs (close to the centre) than in the language preference and religious values constructs (located between 5 and 6). In general the results indicate that the respondents experience only minor transformation towards independence. Discussion This study examined the role of demographic factors upon the accul- turation process for Iraqi Canadian immigrants. The data suggest that for the Iraqi participants in this study, a strong identification with Iraqi traditional values continues to exist regardless of gender, ethnic group, age, years in Canada, level of education and country where educated. This finding is very important for social workers who need to be encouraged to include this strong identification with traditional values when designing appropriate service strategies that are both effective and respectful. Moreover, it is equally important to recognize that this strong identification is not a resistance to Canadian acculturation, but a strong personal, community and cultural identity with traditional values. The data also indicate that gender was the only variable that appeared to have no significant association with the study’s dependent variables, namely, the constructs of language preferred, ethnic pride, ethnic prac- tice, family values and religious values. In other words, both men and women strongly identify with traditional family and religious values that often place men in power positions over women, as suggested by Ismael and Ismael (2000) who noted that women in Iraq live in a mod- ern patriarchy system. Read (2003) concludes that religiosity and eth- nicity are more important in shaping Arab American women’s gender role attitudes than are their affiliations as Muslims and Christians. This finding supports Al-Krenawi and Graham’s (2005) conclusion that the social worker’s role when dealing with strong middle-eastern cultural identity is one that is both culturally sensitive and acutely sensitive to women’s rights. Moreover, they warn that social workers must be aware of the complex dynamic associated with acculturation and ensure that culture remains a focus to guide practice interventions. In a similar vein, Hakim-Larson et al. (2007) strongly encourage helping professionals to incorporate cultural factors into the helping relationship, with particular emphasis on the impact of discrimination, acculturative stress and degree of acculturation. Data from this study clearly indicate a limited degree of acculturation, clearly supporting the need to keep culture as part of the helping process. Moreover, as 768 Tummala-Narra (2004) notes, there is additional stress on women who are caught in trying to mother their children in an old and new cul- tural framework. A possible outcome of this adaptive stress could help clarify that, even though pride in ethnicity showed significant differ- ences across the variables ethnic group, years of education and country educated, there was still a stronger interdependent orientation for all respondents than independent orientation. In fact, the data clearly sup- port a stabilizing within community, religion and culture rather than a reaching out to dominant or other cultural options. In this regard, Mullaly (2002: 103) suggests that when dealing with a dominant culture within an existing nation state, one valuable approach is the politics of difference that requires a ‘dual system of rights: a general system of rights for all, and a more specific system of group- conscious rights and policies’. This approach allows for social location to become a valuable tool in responding to issues associated with the latter more specific system. Social location refers to ‘a person’s affilia- tion or categorization within webs of oppression and privilege’ (Baines, 2007: 24) where these web strands include such factors as poverty, age, class, gender, sexual orientation, race, occupation, religion, education and identity. In a very real sense, the issues associated with the respondents of this study are similar to issues associated with rural and northern social work. Canada’s rural and northern communities often reflect strong commu- nity values, supporting traditional family, cultural and religious beliefs (Delaney et al., 1999). The same social work strategies for dealing with rural and northern communities may very well be effective for other communities such as the Iraqi communities in Canada. These approaches essentially focus on community as the locus of attention and include both social development (Schmidt, 2000) and reflective practice (Sellick et al., 2002) approaches that are essentially, ‘respectful and inclusive of local wisdom, tradition and knowledge’ (Schmidt, 2000: 346). This study was based on a subjective self-report by the respondents of acculturation in Canada which may be subject to social desirability responses. A second potential limitation of the study was the use of an instrument that was translated into Arabic for the first time, which may have implications for validity and reliability. Finally, a convenience sample was used which may limit the generalizability of the study. Conclusion Six demographic variables were adopted from the literature as inde- pendent variables (i.e. ethnic group, gender, age, education, country of 769 education and years in Canada), to measure the acculturation process as a dependent variable. By examining different dimensions of the acculturation process of Iraqi immigrants in Canada, five acculturation constructs were developed as a result of factor analysis (i.e. language preference, ethnic pride, family values, ethnic practices and religious values). However, we did not find that the acculturation process sig- nificantly influenced traditional values expressed as language, pride in ethnicity, ethnic practices and religious values. Furthermore, the fac- tors identified in the literature as playing a significant role in accultura- tion (age, years of residence, ethnic group, level of education, country of education and gender) did not for the most part play a significant role in supporting the acculturation process for the Iraqi respondents in this study. The data clearly suggest that these respondents maintained the interdependent, family and religious traditions of Iraqi society. We found that gender was the only variable that appeared to have no sig- nificant association with the study’s dependent variables, namely, the constructs of language preferred, ethnic pride, ethnic practices, fam- ily values and religious values. In other words, both men and women strongly identify with traditional family and religious values that often place men in power positions over women (Ismael and Ismael, 2000). We suggest that there is no single method suitable for working with immigrants from Iraq and possibly from other Arab countries, but there are unique challenges. In effect, populations that adhere to functional interdependence are at variance with the service delivery assumptions sponsored by Western societies. This begs the question as to who should adapt – those being served or the service provider. Our data suggest that service strategies based on current Canadian urban service delivery assumptions will not address the real needs for Iraqi people in Canada and could possibly serve to alienate them from service providers. Service strategies need to address such factors as client readiness for change, the client need, the client mental health condition and the expertise of the social worker in assessing the client, in order to be effective. Our study supports views that effective strategies need to reflect a partner- ship with Iraqi immigrants, so that social work practice is informed by their voices (Al-Issa, 2000; Carter and McGoldrick, 1989; Mann, 2004; Tummala-Narra, 2004). References Akhtar, S. and L.W. Choi ( 2004) ‘When Evening Falls: The Immigrant’s Encounter with Middle and Old Age’, American Journal of Psychoanalysis 64(2): 183-91. Al-Issa, I. ( 2000) Al-Junun: Mental Illness in the Islamic World. Madison, WI: International Universities Press. 770 Al-Krenawi, A. and J.R. Graham ( 2005) ‘Marital Therapy for Arab Muslim Palestinian Couples in the Context of Re-acculturation’, Family Journal 13(3): 300-10. Baines, D., ed. (2007) Doing Anti-oppressive Practice: Building Transformative Politicized Social Work . Toronto: Fernwood. Barry, D., R. Elliott and E.M. Evans ( 2000) ‘Foreigners in a Strange Land: Self-construal and Ethnic Identity in Male Arabic Immigrants’, Journal of Immigrant Health 2(3): 133-44. 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Sellick ( 1999) ‘Respecting Community: Rethinking Social Work with Rural and Northern Communities’, in R. Delaney, K. Brownlee and M. Sellick (eds) Social Work with Rural and Northern Communities, pp. 1-13. Thunder Bay, ON: Lakehead University Centre for Northern Studies. Erikson, E. ( 1968) Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York : Norton. Hakim-Larson, J., R. Kamoo, S.C. Nassar-McMillan and J.H. Porcerelli ( 2007) ‘Counseling Arab and Chaldean American Families’, Journal of Mental Health Counseling 29(4): 301-21. Inati, S. ( 2003) Iraq: Its History, People and Politics. Toronto: Humanity Books. Isajiw, W.W. ( 1999) Understanding Diversity: Ethnicity and Race in the Canadian Context, 2nd edn. Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing. Ismael, J.S. and S.T. Ismael ( 2000) ‘Gender and State in Iraq’, in S. Joseph (ed.) Gender and Citizenship in the Middle East, pp. 185-211. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 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( 2004) ‘Mothering in a Foreign Land’, American Journal of Psychoanalysis 64(2): 167-82. Ward, C. and I. Styles ( 2003) ‘Lost and Found: Reinvention of the Self Following Migration’, Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies 5(3): 349-67. Raika Abdulahad is a PhD student in the Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada. Roger Delaney, to whom correspondence should be addressed, is professor in the School of Social Work, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada. [email: rdelaney@lakeheadu.ca] Keith Brownlee is professor in the School of Social Work, Lakehead University, at the same address.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><ref><citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Akhtar, S.</surname></name> and <name name-style="western"><surname>L.W. 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Styles</surname></name> ( <year>2003</year>) <article-title>‘Lost and Found: Reinvention of the Self Following Migration’</article-title>, <source>Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies</source><volume>5</volume>(<issue>3</issue>): <fpage>349</fpage>-<lpage>67</lpage>.</citation></ref></ref-list></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Valuing interdependence</title><subTitle>An examination of Iraqi Canadian acculturation</subTitle></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Valuing interdependence</title><subTitle>An examination of Iraqi Canadian acculturation</subTitle></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Raika</namePart><namePart type="family">Abdulahad</namePart><affiliation>Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada</affiliation></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Roger</namePart><namePart type="family">Delaney</namePart><affiliation>School of Social Work, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada,</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: rdelaney@lakeheadu.ca</affiliation></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Keith</namePart><namePart type="family">Brownlee</namePart><affiliation>School of Social Work, Lakehead University</affiliation></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>SAGE Publications</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Sage UK: London, England</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2009-11</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2009</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">English This study examined whether gender, ethnic group, age, years in Canada, level of education and country where educated influenced the acculturation process for Iraqi immigrants to Canada. For the 153 participants in this study, a continuing strong identification with traditional values was found to exist irrespective of differences in demographic factors. French La présente recherche s’intéresse à l’influence du genre, du groupe ethnique, de l’âge, du nombre d’années au Canada, du niveau de scolarisation et du pays dans lequel la scolarisation a été effectuée sur le processus d’acculturation vécu par les immigrants d’origine irakienne établis au Canada. Chez les 153 participants à l’étude, le maintien d’une forte identification aux valeurs traditionnelles se présente de façon indépendante des différences sociodémographiques. Spanish Se examina si el género, el grupo étnico, la edad, años en Canadá, nivel de educación, y país donde fueron educados influye en la aculturación de inmigrantes iraquíes en Canadá. Se halla que respecto a los 153 participantes en este estudio, la fuerte identificación con valores tradicionales continúa, independientemente de los factores demográficos.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>acculturation</topic><topic>ethnic identity</topic><topic>interdependence</topic><topic>Iraqi Canadian</topic><topic>social work practice</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>International Social Work</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0020-8728</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1461-7234</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">ISW</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID-hwp">spisw</identifier><part><date>2009</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>52</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>757</start><end>771</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">65F7FE257CF8663E29110EFFE5B22ED51BA3B766</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1177/0020872809342644</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">10.1177_0020872809342644</identifier><recordInfo><recordContentSource>SAGE</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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