Associations between immune-suppressive and stimulating drugs and novel COVID-19—a systematic review of current evidence
Identifieur interne : 000901 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000900; suivant : 000902Associations between immune-suppressive and stimulating drugs and novel COVID-19—a systematic review of current evidence
Auteurs : Beth Russell [Royaume-Uni] ; Charlotte Moss [Royaume-Uni] ; Gincy George [Royaume-Uni] ; Aida Santaolalla [Royaume-Uni] ; Andrew Cope [Royaume-Uni] ; Sophie Papa [Royaume-Uni] ; Mieke Van Hemelrijck [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- ecancermedicalscience [ 1754-6605 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Cancer and transplant patients with COVID-19 have a higher risk of developing severe and even fatal respiratory diseases, especially as they may be treated with immune-suppressive or immune-stimulating drugs. This review focuses on the effects of these drugs on host immunity against COVID-19.
Using Ovid MEDLINE, we reviewed current evidence for immune-suppressing or -stimulating drugs: cytotoxic chemotherapy, low-dose steroids, tumour necrosis factorα (TNFα) blockers, interlukin-6 (IL-6) blockade, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, IL-1 blockade, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, anti-CD20 and CTLA4-Ig.
89 studies were included. Cytotoxic chemotherapy has been shown to be a specific inhibitor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in in vitro studies, but no specific studies exist as of yet for COVID-19. No conclusive evidence for or against the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the treatment of COVID-19 patients is available, nor is there evidence indicating that TNFα blockade is harmful to patients in the context of COVID-19. COVID-19 has been observed to induce a pro-inflammatory cytokine generation and secretion of cytokines, such as IL-6, but there is no evidence of the beneficial impact of IL-6 inhibitors on the modulation of COVID-19. Although there are potential targets in the JAK-STAT pathway that can be manipulated in treatment for coronaviruses and it is evident that IL-1 is elevated in patients with a coronavirus, there is currently no evidence for a role of these drugs in treatment of COVID-19.
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to challenging decision-making about treatment of critically unwell patients. Low-dose prednisolone and tacrolimus may have beneficial impacts on COVID-19. The mycophenolate mofetil picture is less clear, with conflicting data from pre-clinical studies. There is no definitive evidence that specific cytotoxic drugs, low-dose methotrexate for auto-immune disease, NSAIDs, JAK kinase inhibitors or anti-TNFα agents are contraindicated. There is clear evidence that IL-6 peak levels are associated with severity of pulmonary complications.
Url:
DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2020.1022
PubMed: 32256705
PubMed Central: 7105343
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xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">All authors contributed equally.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="George, Gincy" sort="George, Gincy" uniqKey="George G" first="Gincy" last="George">Gincy George</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">All authors contributed equally.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santaolalla, Aida" sort="Santaolalla, Aida" uniqKey="Santaolalla A" first="Aida" last="Santaolalla">Aida Santaolalla</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">All authors contributed equally.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cope, Andrew" sort="Cope, Andrew" uniqKey="Cope A" first="Andrew" last="Cope">Andrew Cope</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Guy’s and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Guy’s and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King’s College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King’s College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Papa, Sophie" sort="Papa, Sophie" uniqKey="Papa S" first="Sophie" last="Papa">Sophie Papa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Guy’s and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Guy’s and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Both senior authors contributed equally.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Hemelrijck, Mieke" sort="Van Hemelrijck, Mieke" uniqKey="Van Hemelrijck M" first="Mieke" last="Van Hemelrijck">Mieke Van Hemelrijck</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Both senior authors contributed equally.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32256705</idno><idno type="pmc">7105343</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7105343</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7105343</idno><idno type="doi">10.3332/ecancer.2020.1022</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000901</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000901</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000901</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000901</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Associations between immune-suppressive and stimulating drugs and novel COVID-19—a systematic review of current evidence</title><author><name sortKey="Russell, Beth" sort="Russell, Beth" uniqKey="Russell B" first="Beth" last="Russell">Beth Russell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">All authors contributed equally.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moss, Charlotte" sort="Moss, Charlotte" uniqKey="Moss C" first="Charlotte" last="Moss">Charlotte Moss</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">All authors contributed equally.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="George, Gincy" sort="George, Gincy" uniqKey="George G" first="Gincy" last="George">Gincy George</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">All authors contributed equally.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santaolalla, Aida" sort="Santaolalla, Aida" uniqKey="Santaolalla A" first="Aida" last="Santaolalla">Aida Santaolalla</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">All authors contributed equally.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cope, Andrew" sort="Cope, Andrew" uniqKey="Cope A" first="Andrew" last="Cope">Andrew Cope</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Guy’s and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Guy’s and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King’s College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King’s College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Papa, Sophie" sort="Papa, Sophie" uniqKey="Papa S" first="Sophie" last="Papa">Sophie Papa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Guy’s and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Guy’s and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Both senior authors contributed equally.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Hemelrijck, Mieke" sort="Van Hemelrijck, Mieke" uniqKey="Van Hemelrijck M" first="Mieke" last="Van Hemelrijck">Mieke Van Hemelrijck</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Both senior authors contributed equally.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">ecancermedicalscience</title><idno type="eISSN">1754-6605</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Cancer and transplant patients with COVID-19 have a higher risk of developing severe and even fatal respiratory diseases, especially as they may be treated with immune-suppressive or immune-stimulating drugs. This review focuses on the effects of these drugs on host immunity against COVID-19.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><p>Using Ovid MEDLINE, we reviewed current evidence for immune-suppressing or -stimulating drugs: cytotoxic chemotherapy, low-dose steroids, tumour necrosis factorα (TNFα) blockers, interlukin-6 (IL-6) blockade, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, IL-1 blockade, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, anti-CD20 and CTLA4-Ig.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>89 studies were included. Cytotoxic chemotherapy has been shown to be a specific inhibitor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in in vitro studies, but no specific studies exist as of yet for COVID-19. No conclusive evidence for or against the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the treatment of COVID-19 patients is available, nor is there evidence indicating that TNFα blockade is harmful to patients in the context of COVID-19. COVID-19 has been observed to induce a pro-inflammatory cytokine generation and secretion of cytokines, such as IL-6, but there is no evidence of the beneficial impact of IL-6 inhibitors on the modulation of COVID-19. Although there are potential targets in the JAK-STAT pathway that can be manipulated in treatment for coronaviruses and it is evident that IL-1 is elevated in patients with a coronavirus, there is currently no evidence for a role of these drugs in treatment of COVID-19.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has led to challenging decision-making about treatment of critically unwell patients. Low-dose prednisolone and tacrolimus may have beneficial impacts on COVID-19. The mycophenolate mofetil picture is less clear, with conflicting data from pre-clinical studies. There is no definitive evidence that specific cytotoxic drugs, low-dose methotrexate for auto-immune disease, NSAIDs, JAK kinase inhibitors or anti-TNFα agents are contraindicated. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Ecancermedicalscience</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Ecancermedicalscience</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ecancermedicalscience</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>ecancermedicalscience</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1754-6605</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Cancer Intelligence</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32256705</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7105343</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3332/ecancer.2020.1022</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">can-14-1022</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Associations between immune-suppressive and stimulating drugs and novel COVID-19—a systematic review of current evidence</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Russell</surname><given-names>Beth</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moss</surname><given-names>Charlotte</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>George</surname><given-names>Gincy</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Santaolalla</surname><given-names>Aida</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cope</surname><given-names>Andrew</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Papa</surname><given-names>Sophie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">**</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van Hemelrijck</surname><given-names>Mieke</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">**</xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King’s College London, London, UK</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Guy’s and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King’s College London, London, UK</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK</aff><aff id="aff5"><label>*</label>All authors contributed equally.</aff><aff id="aff6"><label>**</label>Both senior authors contributed equally.</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1-can-14-1022"><bold>Correspondence to:</bold> Mieke Van Hemelrijck <email>mieke.vanhemelrijck@kcl.ac.uk</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><elocation-id>1022</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© the authors; licensee <italic>e</italic>cancermedicalscience.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Cancer and transplant patients with COVID-19 have a higher risk of developing severe and even fatal respiratory diseases, especially as they may be treated with immune-suppressive or immune-stimulating drugs. This review focuses on the effects of these drugs on host immunity against COVID-19.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><p>Using Ovid MEDLINE, we reviewed current evidence for immune-suppressing or -stimulating drugs: cytotoxic chemotherapy, low-dose steroids, tumour necrosis factorα (TNFα) blockers, interlukin-6 (IL-6) blockade, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, IL-1 blockade, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, anti-CD20 and CTLA4-Ig.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>89 studies were included. Cytotoxic chemotherapy has been shown to be a specific inhibitor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in in vitro studies, but no specific studies exist as of yet for COVID-19. No conclusive evidence for or against the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the treatment of COVID-19 patients is available, nor is there evidence indicating that TNFα blockade is harmful to patients in the context of COVID-19. COVID-19 has been observed to induce a pro-inflammatory cytokine generation and secretion of cytokines, such as IL-6, but there is no evidence of the beneficial impact of IL-6 inhibitors on the modulation of COVID-19. Although there are potential targets in the JAK-STAT pathway that can be manipulated in treatment for coronaviruses and it is evident that IL-1 is elevated in patients with a coronavirus, there is currently no evidence for a role of these drugs in treatment of COVID-19.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has led to challenging decision-making about treatment of critically unwell patients. Low-dose prednisolone and tacrolimus may have beneficial impacts on COVID-19. The mycophenolate mofetil picture is less clear, with conflicting data from pre-clinical studies. There is no definitive evidence that specific cytotoxic drugs, low-dose methotrexate for auto-immune disease, NSAIDs, JAK kinase inhibitors or anti-TNFα agents are contraindicated. There is clear evidence that IL-6 peak levels are associated with severity of pulmonary complications.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>immune modulation</kwd><kwd>immune suppression</kwd><kwd>cancer</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>adverse events</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="table1" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><title>Search terms and the number of studies included for each investigated drug group.</title></caption><table frame="border" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drug group</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Search terms</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of studies included</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All cytotoxic <break></break>chemotherapy</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(SARS-CoV-2 or coronavirus or COVID or betacoronavirus or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) or SARS-CoV AND <break></break>chemotherapy)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24/30</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low-dose steroids/NSAIDs</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(SARS-CoV-2 or coronavirus or COVID or betacoronavirus or MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV) AND (anti-inflammatory or ibuprofen or isobutylphenylpropionic acid or cortisone or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13/58</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Any TNF blocker</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">((SARS-CoV-2 or coronavirus or COVID or betacoronavirus or MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV) AND (TNF blocker or Anti-TNF therapy or TNFα inhibitor or infliximab or etanercept or Certolizumab or Golimumab or adalimumab))</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2/3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IL-6 blockade</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Two different search strategies were explored due to the number of agents that block the IL-6:<break></break>((SARS-CoV-2 or coronavirus or COVID or betacoronavirus or MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV) AND (Anti-IL-6 therapy or anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody or anti-interlukin-6 therapy or interlukin 6 blockage or interlukin-6 blockage or IL 6 blockage or IL-6 blockage or tocilizumab or siltuximab or Sylvant or sarilumab or olokizumab or CDP6038 or elsilimomab or BMS-945429 or ALD518 or sirukumab or CNTO 136 or CPSI-2364 or ALX-0061 or clazakizumab or olokizumab or sarilumab or sirukumab or ARGX-109 or FE301 or FM101)) <break></break>((SARS-CoV-2 or coronavirus or COVID or betacoronavirus or MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV) and (IL-6 or interlukin 6 or Anti-IL-6 therapy or IL-6 blockage or tocilizumab or siltuximab))</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0<break></break>23/108</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JAK inhibitors</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">((SARS-CoV-2 or coronavirus or COVID or betacoronavirus or MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV) and (JAK or JAK1 or JAK2 or TYK3 or tofacitinib or baricitinib or filgotinib or peficitinib or ABT494 or decernotinib))</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4/15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IL-1 blockade</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(SARS-CoV-2 or coronavirus or COVID or betacoronavirus or MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV) AND (Interleukin-1 or IL-1 or IL-1RA or canakinumab or anti-IL-1 or IL-1 antagonists or IL-1 blockers or rilonacept or IL-1 trap or ACZ885 or anakinra)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9/37</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mycophenylate</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(SARS-CoV-2 or coronavirus or COVID or betacoronavirus or MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV) AND (mycophenolate mofetil OR mycophenolate OR myfortic)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13/29</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tacrolimus</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(SARS-CoV-2 or coronavirus or COVID or betacoronavirus or MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV) AND (envarsus or tacni or tacrolimus or prograf or FK506)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3/18</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-CD20</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">((SARS-CoV-2 or coronavirus or COVID or betacoronavirus or MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV) AND (anti-cd20 monoclonal antibodies or anti-cd20 or rituximab or truxima or zevalin or ruxience or rituxan or arzerra or gazyva)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CTLA4-Ig</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">((SARS-CoV-2 or coronavirus or COVID or betacoronavirus or MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV) AND (CTLA-4 Ig or CTLA4 or CTLA-4 or Ipilimumab or yervoy)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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