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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Chinese Society of Anesthesiology Expert Consensus on Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Surgical Patients With Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019</title><author><name sortKey="He, Yi" sort="He, Yi" uniqKey="He Y" first="Yi" last="He">Yi He</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wei, Jinfeng" sort="Wei, Jinfeng" uniqKey="Wei J" first="Jinfeng" last="Wei">Jinfeng Wei</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bian, Jinjun" sort="Bian, Jinjun" uniqKey="Bian J" first="Jinjun" last="Bian">Jinjun Bian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0002">Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Kefang" sort="Guo, Kefang" uniqKey="Guo K" first="Kefang" last="Guo">Kefang Guo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Jiakai" sort="Lu, Jiakai" uniqKey="Lu J" first="Jiakai" last="Lu">Jiakai Lu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0004">Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mei, Wei" sort="Mei, Wei" uniqKey="Mei W" first="Wei" last="Mei">Wei Mei</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Jun" sort="Ma, Jun" uniqKey="Ma J" first="Jun" last="Ma">Jun Ma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0004">Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xia, Zhongyuan" sort="Xia, Zhongyuan" uniqKey="Xia Z" first="Zhongyuan" last="Xia">Zhongyuan Xia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0006">Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Meiying" sort="Xu, Meiying" uniqKey="Xu M" first="Meiying" last="Xu">Meiying Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0007">Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yan, Fuxia" sort="Yan, Fuxia" uniqKey="Yan F" first="Fuxia" last="Yan">Fuxia Yan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0008">Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Chunhua" sort="Yu, Chunhua" uniqKey="Yu C" first="Chunhua" last="Yu">Chunhua Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0009">Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, E" sort="Wang, E" uniqKey="Wang E" first="E." last="Wang">E. Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0010">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Weijian" sort="Wang, Weijian" uniqKey="Wang W" first="Weijian" last="Wang">Weijian Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0011">Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeng, Ni" sort="Zeng, Ni" uniqKey="Zeng N" first="Ni" last="Zeng">Ni Zeng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0012">Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Sheng" sort="Wang, Sheng" uniqKey="Wang S" first="Sheng" last="Wang">Sheng Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Junmei" sort="Xu, Junmei" uniqKey="Xu J" first="Junmei" last="Xu">Junmei Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0012">Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Yuguang" sort="Huang, Yuguang" uniqKey="Huang Y" first="Yuguang" last="Huang">Yuguang Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0009">Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Jiapeng" sort="Huang, Jiapeng" uniqKey="Huang J" first="Jiapeng" last="Huang">Jiapeng Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0014">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32268984</idno><idno type="pmc">7138179</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7138179</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7138179</idno><idno type="doi">10.1053/j.jvca.2020.03.026</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000715</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000715</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Chinese Society of Anesthesiology Expert Consensus on Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Surgical Patients With Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019</title><author><name sortKey="He, Yi" sort="He, Yi" uniqKey="He Y" first="Yi" last="He">Yi He</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wei, Jinfeng" sort="Wei, Jinfeng" uniqKey="Wei J" first="Jinfeng" last="Wei">Jinfeng Wei</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bian, Jinjun" sort="Bian, Jinjun" uniqKey="Bian J" first="Jinjun" last="Bian">Jinjun Bian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0002">Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Kefang" sort="Guo, Kefang" uniqKey="Guo K" first="Kefang" last="Guo">Kefang Guo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Jiakai" sort="Lu, Jiakai" uniqKey="Lu J" first="Jiakai" last="Lu">Jiakai Lu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0004">Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mei, Wei" sort="Mei, Wei" uniqKey="Mei W" first="Wei" last="Mei">Wei Mei</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Jun" sort="Ma, Jun" uniqKey="Ma J" first="Jun" last="Ma">Jun Ma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0004">Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xia, Zhongyuan" sort="Xia, Zhongyuan" uniqKey="Xia Z" first="Zhongyuan" last="Xia">Zhongyuan Xia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0006">Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Meiying" sort="Xu, Meiying" uniqKey="Xu M" first="Meiying" last="Xu">Meiying Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0007">Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yan, Fuxia" sort="Yan, Fuxia" uniqKey="Yan F" first="Fuxia" last="Yan">Fuxia Yan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0008">Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Chunhua" sort="Yu, Chunhua" uniqKey="Yu C" first="Chunhua" last="Yu">Chunhua Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0009">Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, E" sort="Wang, E" uniqKey="Wang E" first="E." last="Wang">E. Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0010">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Weijian" sort="Wang, Weijian" uniqKey="Wang W" first="Weijian" last="Wang">Weijian Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0011">Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeng, Ni" sort="Zeng, Ni" uniqKey="Zeng N" first="Ni" last="Zeng">Ni Zeng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0012">Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Sheng" sort="Wang, Sheng" uniqKey="Wang S" first="Sheng" last="Wang">Sheng Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Junmei" sort="Xu, Junmei" uniqKey="Xu J" first="Junmei" last="Xu">Junmei Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0012">Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Yuguang" sort="Huang, Yuguang" uniqKey="Huang Y" first="Yuguang" last="Huang">Yuguang Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0009">Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Jiapeng" sort="Huang, Jiapeng" uniqKey="Huang J" first="Jiapeng" last="Huang">Jiapeng Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0014">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia</title><idno type="ISSN">1053-0770</idno><idno type="eISSN">1532-8422</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The outbreak of a new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) in China in December 2019 has brought serious challenges to disease prevention and public health. Patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who undergo cardiovascular surgery necessitate extremely high demands from anesthesia personnel, and face high risks of mortality and morbidity. Based on the current understanding of COVID-19 and the clinical characteristics of cardiovascular surgical patients, the authors provide anesthesia management guidelines for cardiovascular surgery along with the prevention and control of COVID-19.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhou, P" uniqKey="Zhou P">P. Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, X L" uniqKey="Yang X">X.L. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, X G" uniqKey="Wang X">X.G. Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lu, R" uniqKey="Lu R">R. Lu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, X" uniqKey="Zhao X">X. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1053-0770</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1532-8422</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Elsevier Inc.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32268984</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7138179</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1053-0770(20)30275-5</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1053/j.jvca.2020.03.026</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Chinese Society of Anesthesiology Expert Consensus on Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Surgical Patients With Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0001"><name><surname>He</surname><given-names>Yi</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">*</xref><xref rid="fn1" ref-type="fn">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0002"><name><surname>Wei</surname><given-names>Jinfeng</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">*</xref><xref rid="fn1" ref-type="fn">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0003"><name><surname>Bian</surname><given-names>Jinjun</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0002" ref-type="aff">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0004"><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>Kefang</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">‡</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0005"><name><surname>Lu</surname><given-names>Jiakai</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0004" ref-type="aff">§</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0006"><name><surname>Mei</surname><given-names>Wei</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">||</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0007"><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Jun</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0004" ref-type="aff">§</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0008"><name><surname>Xia</surname><given-names>Zhongyuan</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0006" ref-type="aff">¶</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0009"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Meiying</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0007" ref-type="aff">⁎⁎</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0010"><name><surname>Yan</surname><given-names>Fuxia</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0008" ref-type="aff">††</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0011"><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>Chunhua</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0009" ref-type="aff">‡‡</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0012"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0010" ref-type="aff">§§</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0013"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Weijian</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0011" ref-type="aff">||||</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0014"><name><surname>Zeng</surname><given-names>Ni</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0012" ref-type="aff">¶¶</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0015"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Sheng</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><email>shengwang_gz@163.com</email><xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">*</xref><xref rid="aff0013" ref-type="aff">***</xref><xref rid="cor0001" ref-type="corresp">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0016"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Junmei</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0012" ref-type="aff">¶¶</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0017"><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>Yuguang</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref rid="aff0009" ref-type="aff">‡‡</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0018"><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>Jiapeng</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><xref rid="aff0014" ref-type="aff">†††</xref></contrib><aff id="aff0001"><label>⁎</label>Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China</aff><aff id="aff0002"><label>†</label>Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China</aff><aff id="aff0003"><label>‡</label>Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China</aff><aff id="aff0004"><label>§</label>Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China</aff><aff id="aff0005"><label>||</label>Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China</aff><aff id="aff0006"><label>¶</label>Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China</aff><aff id="aff0007"><label>⁎⁎</label>Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China</aff><aff id="aff0008"><label>††</label>Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China</aff><aff id="aff0009"><label>‡‡</label>Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China</aff><aff id="aff0010"><label>§§</label>Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China</aff><aff id="aff0011"><label>||||</label>Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China</aff><aff id="aff0012"><label>¶¶</label>Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China</aff><aff id="aff0013"><label>⁎⁎⁎</label>Department of Anesthesiology, Linzhi People's Hospital, Linzhi, Tibet, China</aff><aff id="aff0014"><label>†††</label>Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor0001"><label>1</label><italic>Address reprint requests to</italic> Sheng Wang, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. <email>shengwang_gz@163.com</email></corresp><fn id="fn1"><label>2</label><p id="notep0001">Y. He and J. Wei contributed equally to this work.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>30</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>6</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1397</fpage><lpage>1401</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Elsevier Inc.</copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="abs0001"><p>The outbreak of a new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) in China in December 2019 has brought serious challenges to disease prevention and public health. Patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who undergo cardiovascular surgery necessitate extremely high demands from anesthesia personnel, and face high risks of mortality and morbidity. Based on the current understanding of COVID-19 and the clinical characteristics of cardiovascular surgical patients, the authors provide anesthesia management guidelines for cardiovascular surgery along with the prevention and control of COVID-19.</p></abstract><kwd-group id="keys0001"><title>Key Words</title><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>Cardiovascular surgery</kwd><kwd>Anesthesia management</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><p id="para0002">Since the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, this outbreak has spread to more than 80,000 patients in China, and more than one million patients around the world at the time of this manuscript preparation. Control of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still a grim situation, and it was defined as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March, 11, 2020.</p><p id="para0003">The entire population is prone to infection, and the person-to-person transmission route is through respiratory droplets, contact with infected items, and aerosol transmission when in a relatively closed space with high viral concentration.<xref rid="bib0001" ref-type="bibr"><sup>1</sup></xref> COVID-19 virus enters cells through the angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptor, resulting in down-regulation of ACE2 receptor function. This leads to an increase of angiotensin II activity, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and pulmonary, cardiac, or systemic dysfunction.<xref rid="bib0002" ref-type="bibr"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="bib0003" ref-type="bibr"><sup>3</sup></xref></p><p id="para0004">Cardiac surgical patients usually have multiple comorbidities, and invasive monitoring is commonly required. This creates great challenges for the perioperative cardiac surgical team, while managing suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients during cardiac surgery. The Chinese Society of Anesthesiology developed this expert consensus document on anesthetic management of cardiac surgical patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 from experts with significant experience in taking care of COVID-19 cardiac surgical patients and available literature in English and Chinese.</p><sec id="sec0001"><title>Preoperative Evaluation of COVID-19 Cardiac Surgical Patients</title><p id="para0005">The incubation period for COVID-19 is usually between 4 and 6 days and could be as long as 14 days. Patients usually present with mild symptoms, including low fever and fatigue, or they may be asymptomatic. As invasive monitoring is usually required for cardiac surgery, all patients should be treated as confirmed COVID-19 cases when the disease is suspected or when the test result is not yet available. Elective or semi-elective cardiac surgeries should be postponed until COVID-19 virus detection results are negative at least twice with a minimum of 24 hours between tests.</p><p id="para0006">For patients with indications for emergent cardiac surgery, COVID-19 status should be immediately evaluated from the patient's recent epidemiologic history, respiratory infection history, clinical manifestations, and laboratory and radiographic testing, including but not limited to temperature, respiratory pathogen testing, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) level, complete blood count, C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) level, SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid testing, and chest computed tomography (CT) scanning. If preoperative evaluation could not be completed in time before surgery, preoperative preparation should follow the guidelines for suspected/confirmed COVID-19 cases. These patients should be admitted to an airborne isolation room (single room with negative pressure and frequent air exchange). If time permits, SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid testing and chest CT scanning should be performed. The need of quarantine is based on the results of this examination.</p><p id="para0007">A multidisciplinary team consisting of cardiac surgeons, cardiac anesthesiologists, pulmonologists, infectious disease experts, perfusionists, and nursing staff shall coordinate the care and participate in the decision-making process. For healthcare providers involved in suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases, level 3 infection control precautions (consisting of disposable hat, medical masks [N95 or above], powered air purifying respirators [PAPR], scrubs, disposable gloves, and disposable shoe covers) should be practiced throughout the perioperative period. Clinical observations should be carried out closely after their clinical involvement. If there are exposure risks during the care, at least 14 days of isolation should be mandated.<xref rid="bib0004" ref-type="bibr"><sup>4</sup></xref></p></sec><sec id="sec0002"><title>Preoperative Preparation of COVID-19 Cardiac Surgical Patients</title><sec id="sec0003"><title>Personal Protective Equipment for Healthcare Providers</title><p id="para0008">It is highly recommended that all healthcare providers wear an N95 mask, surgical cap, gown, eye goggles, shoe covers, double gloves, and PAPRs or a full-face shield.<xref rid="bib0005" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="bib0006" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>, <xref rid="bib0007" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> The operating room should be converted to a negative pressure environment with airflow changes, and a warning sign should be posted outside the operating room (OR). A dedicated pathway should be used for pre- and postoperative transportation of COVID-19 patients and should be disinfected regularly.</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec0004"><title>Anesthetic Preparation for COVID-19 Patients</title><sec id="sec0005"><title>Staffing Management</title><p id="para0009">Two experienced cardiac anesthesiologists should be present inside the cardiac operating room to directly manage the patient. The third cardiac anesthesiologist should be available outside the OR serving as backup and a consultant. OR traffic should be limited to the minimum. Dedicated staff should be assigned for specimen collection and delivery. All involved healthcare providers should wear the following in this order: N95 mask, hat, scrub, gown, anti-fog goggles, shoe covers, first layer glove, isolation gown, and PAPR. Anesthesiologists must wear gloves before contacting the patient; body fluids such as blood, urine, mucus, and so on; or other contaminated objects. After that, the outer gloves should be removed and hand hygiene should be performed. Contaminated zones, semi-contaminated zones, and clean zones should be clearly defined. Protective equipment should be removed in sequence according to the hospital guidelines.</p></sec><sec id="sec0006"><title>Equipment Preparation</title><p id="para0010">Anesthesia machines, monitors, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) probes, ultrasound machines, blood gas analyzers, activated-clotting time (ACT) machines, and disposable supplies in the operating room should be prepared in advance.</p><p id="para0011">The Waste Anesthetic Gas Disposal system should be equipped with appropriate filtering and sterilizing functionalities. The Centralized Waste Anesthetic Gas Disposal system should be avoided to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus among operating rooms when standard negative pressure in the OR cannot be achieved. A negative pressure suction device should be available independently for each OR.</p><p id="para0012">It is strongly recommended to use video laryngoscopes (disposable laryngoscopes whenever possible) to improve the success rate, reduce the exposure time during tracheal intubation, and avoid unplanned emergency tracheal intubation.</p></sec><sec id="sec0007"><title>Cardiac Patient Preparation</title><p id="para0013">Patients should wear a surgical mask at all times and should be transported to the OR through a dedicated pathway. Nasal cannula oxygen therapy can be used underneath the mask when needed. A Venturi mask should not be used.<xref rid="bib0004" ref-type="bibr"><sup>4</sup></xref> In patients with severe cardiac and pulmonary dysfunction, intra-aortic balloon pump, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) might be considered.<xref rid="bib0008" ref-type="bibr"><sup>8</sup></xref></p></sec></sec><sec id="sec0008"><title>Intraoperative Management of COVID-19 Cardiac Surgical Patients</title><sec id="sec0009"><title>General Principles</title><p id="para9001"><list list-type="simple" id="celist0001"><list-item id="celistitem0001"><label>1.</label><p id="para0014">Arterial and central venous catheterization are recommended to be performed under ultrasound guidance to improve success rate and reduce procedure time.</p></list-item><list-item id="celistitem0002"><label>2.</label><p id="para0015">Awake intubation or topical airway anesthesia should be avoided when possible because coughing and nebulization might cause aerosol dispersal and virus spread.</p></list-item><list-item id="celistitem0003"><label>3.</label><p id="para0016">Rapid sequence induction and endotracheal intubation are recommended. Fast-acting muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine or rocuronium are preferred. Low-pressure mask ventilation with 100% oxygen can be given to patients with poor oxygen reservoir.</p></list-item><list-item id="celistitem0004"><label>4.</label><p id="para0017">With personal protective equipment in place, anesthesiologists cannot perform auscultation to confirm placement of the endotracheal tube (ETT). Tube position should be verified by detection of end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO<sub>2</sub>) waveform, symmetrical chest rises, pulse oximetry, and depth of the ETT.<xref rid="bib0009" ref-type="bibr"><sup>9</sup></xref></p></list-item><list-item id="celistitem0005"><label>5.</label><p id="para0018">Electrostatic heat and moisture exchange filters (HMEF) should be used in the anesthesia circuit throughout the intubation process as its virus filtration efficiency reaches 99.9995%.<xref rid="bib0010" ref-type="bibr"><sup>10</sup></xref></p></list-item><list-item id="celistitem0006"><label>6.</label><p id="para0019">For suspected patients, lower respiratory tract secretions should be collected through the ETT, and specimens should be sent for examination as soon as possible.</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="sec0010"><title>Cardiovascular Considerations in COVID-19 Patients</title><sec id="sec0011"><title>Cardiovascular Manifestations of COVID-19</title><p id="para0020">Studies have shown that patients with COVID-19 may have viral myocardial damage. Elevated cardiac injury biomarkers are most commonly found in COVID-19 patients.<xref rid="bib0011" ref-type="bibr"><sup>11</sup></xref> In addition, hypertension, heart failure (high incidence in elderly patients), hypoxia-induced myocardial injury (high incidence in patients with previous myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or history of percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI] surgery), and stunned myocardium all have been reported.<xref rid="bib0012" ref-type="bibr"><sup>12</sup></xref> It is speculated that high expression of ACE2 receptors in the heart, blood vessels, and lungs might play a role in the virus-induced activation of the RAAS system.<xref rid="bib0013" ref-type="bibr"><sup>13</sup></xref></p></sec><sec id="sec0012"><title><italic>Cardiovascular Monitoring in COVID-19</italic></title><p id="para0021">Advanced invasive hemodynamic monitoring such as PiCCO (Getinge, Wayne, NJ), FloTrac (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA), Swan-Ganz catheters (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA), and TEE is recommended to guide fluid therapy and the use of inotropic or vasoactive medications. In addition, patients with acute myocardial injury should be considered for early intra-aortic balloon pump, ventricular assist device, or ECMO mechanical circulatory support. Previous studies have shown that perioperative infusion of dexmedetomidine at a rate of 0.5 μg/kg/h can lower pulmonary systolic blood pressure (PASP), reduce the use of sedative drugs after surgery, and shorten extubation time in patients with pulmonary hypertension.<xref rid="bib0014" ref-type="bibr"><sup>14</sup></xref> It is still unclear whether dexmedetomidine is beneficial in COVID-19 patients.</p></sec><sec id="sec0013"><title>Pulmonary Considerations in COVID-19 Patients</title><p id="para0022">Patients with SARS who receive mechanical ventilation have a high incidence of pneumothorax, and it is one of the major causes of death.<xref rid="bib0015" ref-type="bibr"><sup>15</sup></xref> Based on these experiences, the authors recommend that pneumothorax should be excluded preoperatively by CT scanning. Protective mechanical ventilation strategy (target tidal volume 6 mL/kg [predicted weight], platform pressure ≤30 cm H<sub>2</sub>O, PEEP to target SaO<sub>2</sub> about 88% to 95%, and pH ≥ 7.25) should be applied in all suspected and confirmed patients.<xref rid="bib0016" ref-type="bibr"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref rid="bib0017" ref-type="bibr"><sup>17</sup></xref> Pneumothorax should be suspected when a patient's SpO<sub>2</sub> decreases with increased airway pressure, unilateral breath sounds, or sudden blood pressure decreases. Pulmonary ultrasound could be used for fast evaluation and diagnosis,<xref rid="bib0018" ref-type="bibr"><sup>18</sup></xref> and a chest tube should be placed if a pneumothorax is diagnosed. Lung re-expansion should be checked before chest closure.</p></sec><sec id="sec0014"><title>Renal Considerations in COVID-19 Patients</title><p id="para0023">Critically ill COVID-19 patients have a high incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and severe acid-base imbalances, and electrolyte abnormalities might ensue. Continuous renal replacement therapy should be performed perioperatively when indicated. Goal-directed fluid therapy is recommended to optimize fluid administration.</p></sec><sec id="sec0015"><title>Perioperative Blood Management in COVID-19 Patients</title><p id="para0024">Blood conservation strategies should be applied for COVID-19 patients, as their coagulation function is usually abnormal. Coagulation status should be evaluated routinely by platelet counts/function, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), international normalized ratio (INR), and thromboelastography. Antifibrinolytic medications, preoperative hemodilution, autologous platelet-rich plasma technology, mild hypothermia or normothermia during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and intraoperative blood salvage should be used to minimize blood transfusion and reduce transfusion-related lung injury. Coagulation factor concentrates are preferred over blood products when possible to reduce potential transfusion-related lung injuries.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="sec0016"><title>Anesthetic Management of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients</title><sec id="sec0017"><title>General Principles</title><p id="para9002"><list list-type="simple" id="celist0002"><list-item id="celistitem0007"><label>1.</label><p id="para0025">Correct hypoxemia and electrolyte imbalance in a timely manner. For patients with severe pulmonary dysfunction, acidosis should be corrected during CPB or ECMO support.</p></list-item><list-item id="celistitem0008"><label>2.</label><p id="para0026">Provide adequate sedation. Sedation can quickly relieve symptoms for COVID-19 patients on mechanical ventilation. However, anesthesia depth should be adjusted to avoid hypotension and the need for inotropic drugs.<xref rid="bib0019" ref-type="bibr"><sup>19</sup></xref></p></list-item><list-item id="celistitem0009"><label>3.</label><p id="para0027">The use of steroids in COVID-19 is controversial.<xref rid="bib0020" ref-type="bibr"><sup>20</sup></xref> Owing to limited evidence, steroids are not recommended in COVID-19 unless severe microcirculatory dysfunction caused by a cytokine storm is present. Antimicrobial prophylaxis and anti-inflammatory therapy are important to treat patients with COVID-19.</p></list-item></list></p><p id="para0028">Intraoperative TEE should be used routinely to monitor ventricular function, volume status, and valvular diseases, and guide the anesthetic management.<xref rid="bib0021" ref-type="bibr"><sup>21</sup></xref> The primary heart disease and COVID-19–induced cardiac dysfunction should be evaluated comprehensively by TEE. Right heart dysfunction might develop from increased pulmonary vascular resistance owing to pulmonary edema, left heart dysfunction, and stress cardiomyopathy in COVID-2019. Lung ultrasonography is useful to assess the severity of lung diseases by the presence of B-lines, air bronchogram, and pleural effusion. This can guide the implementation of lung-protective strategies.</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec0018"><title>Postoperative Care in COVID-19 Patients</title><sec id="sec0019"><title>Patient Transport</title><p id="para0029">A single dose of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist should be given to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting, which can cause extensive spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Before leaving the OR, all healthcare providers should take off the outer layer of personal protective equipment in the sequence as guided by hospital policy. The transportation team should wear new personal protective equipment in the clean zone. An HMEF-equipped portable ventilator and a dedicated pathway should be used to transfer the patient to an airborne isolation intensive care unit room. Only remove personal protective equipment after leaving the isolation area.</p></sec><sec id="sec0020"><title>Medical Waste Management</title><p id="para0030">All medical waste, including breathing tubes, infusion tubing, and disposable laryngoscopes, must be sealed with double-layered medical waste bags and treated as infectious medical waste.</p></sec><sec id="sec0021"><title>OR Disinfection</title><p id="para0031">The surface of the anesthesia machine and operating table should be wiped with 75% alcohol or chlorine-containing disinfectants. The inner circuit of the anesthesia machine should be removed and disinfected with 75% alcohol or hydrogen peroxide. Mixed O<sub>3</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> atomized gases or pasteurization also can also be used.<xref rid="bib0020" ref-type="bibr"><sup>20</sup></xref> The OR should maintain negative pressure for at least 30 minutes after the patient has been transferred. Filters of exhaust vent (on the ceiling) and return vent (on the wall) in the OR should be replaced. Surgery should not be started in this OR until the OR has been thoroughly disinfected as described.</p></sec><sec id="sec0022"><title>Equipment Disinfection</title><p id="para0032">The casing and monitor of ultrasound machines should be wiped with 75% alcohol. Ultraviolet light can be used as well. Quaternary ammonium disinfectants should be avoided as they can damage the casing. However, ultrasound probes can be disinfected with quaternary ammonium or hydrogen peroxide. For disinfection of the TEE probe, blood gas analyzer, and ACT machines, please refer to the manufacturer's instructions.</p></sec><sec id="sec0023"><title>Healthcare Providers</title><p id="para0033">Close observation should be carried out for all healthcare providers involved in the care of COVID-19 patients, and an Infectious Disease Report Form should be completed. If there is a potential exposure risk during the process, a 14-day quarantine is required.<xref rid="bib0022" ref-type="bibr"><sup>22</sup></xref></p><p id="para0034">In summary, COVID-19 patients present many challenges for cardiac anesthesiologists during cardiac surgery. 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