Human Saliva: Non-Invasive Fluid for Detecting Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
Identifieur interne : 000552 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000551; suivant : 000553Human Saliva: Non-Invasive Fluid for Detecting Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
Auteurs : Zohaib Khurshid ; Faris Yahya Ibrahim Asiri ; Hamed Al WadaaniSource :
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [ 1661-7827 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
The breakthrough of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, a city of China, has damaged the status of health and quality of life. In the sequel of this epidemic or contagious disease, the patient experiences fever, chest paint, chills, a rapid heartbeat, breathing difficulties, pneumonia, and kidney failure. It has been suggested that this disease can spread through human-to-human transmission or by super spreading. By the help of the non-invasive fluid “saliva”, it is easy to detect the virus. This can help with the comfort of the patient as well as healthcare personnel. Under this perspective, we discuss the epidemic situation of 2019-nCOV and its relationship with human saliva.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072225
PubMed: 32224986
PubMed Central: 7178089
Links to Exploration step
PMC:7178089Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Human Saliva: Non-Invasive Fluid for Detecting Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)</title><author><name sortKey="Khurshid, Zohaib" sort="Khurshid, Zohaib" uniqKey="Khurshid Z" first="Zohaib" last="Khurshid">Zohaib Khurshid</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-17-02225">Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asiri, Faris Yahya Ibrahim" sort="Asiri, Faris Yahya Ibrahim" uniqKey="Asiri F" first="Faris Yahya Ibrahim" last="Asiri">Faris Yahya Ibrahim Asiri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-17-02225">Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University. Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;<email>fasiri@kfu.edu.sa</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Wadaani, Hamed" sort="Al Wadaani, Hamed" uniqKey="Al Wadaani H" first="Hamed" last="Al Wadaani">Hamed Al Wadaani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-17-02225">Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;<email>hwadani@hotmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32224986</idno><idno type="pmc">7178089</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7178089</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7178089</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/ijerph17072225</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000552</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000552</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Human Saliva: Non-Invasive Fluid for Detecting Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)</title><author><name sortKey="Khurshid, Zohaib" sort="Khurshid, Zohaib" uniqKey="Khurshid Z" first="Zohaib" last="Khurshid">Zohaib Khurshid</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-17-02225">Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asiri, Faris Yahya Ibrahim" sort="Asiri, Faris Yahya Ibrahim" uniqKey="Asiri F" first="Faris Yahya Ibrahim" last="Asiri">Faris Yahya Ibrahim Asiri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-17-02225">Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University. Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;<email>fasiri@kfu.edu.sa</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Wadaani, Hamed" sort="Al Wadaani, Hamed" uniqKey="Al Wadaani H" first="Hamed" last="Al Wadaani">Hamed Al Wadaani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-17-02225">Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;<email>hwadani@hotmail.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1661-7827</idno><idno type="eISSN">1660-4601</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The breakthrough of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, a city of China, has damaged the status of health and quality of life. In the sequel of this epidemic or contagious disease, the patient experiences fever, chest paint, chills, a rapid heartbeat, breathing difficulties, pneumonia, and kidney failure. It has been suggested that this disease can spread through human-to-human transmission or by super spreading. By the help of the non-invasive fluid “saliva”, it is easy to detect the virus. This can help with the comfort of the patient as well as healthcare personnel. Under this perspective, we discuss the epidemic situation of 2019-nCOV and its relationship with human saliva.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, C" uniqKey="Wang C">C. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Horby, P W" uniqKey="Horby P">P.W. Horby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hayden, F G" uniqKey="Hayden F">F.G. Hayden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, G F" uniqKey="Gao G">G.F. Gao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Y" uniqKey="Chen Y">Y. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Q" uniqKey="Liu Q">Q. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, D" uniqKey="Guo D">D. Guo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jaimes, J A" uniqKey="Jaimes J">J.A. Jaimes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Millet, J K" uniqKey="Millet J">J.K. Millet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stout, A E" uniqKey="Stout A">A.E. Stout</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andre, N M" uniqKey="Andre N">N.M. André</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whittaker, G R" uniqKey="Whittaker G">G.R. Whittaker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, N" uniqKey="Chen N">N. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, M" uniqKey="Zhou M">M. Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dong, X" uniqKey="Dong X">X. Dong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qu, J" uniqKey="Qu J">J. Qu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gong, F" uniqKey="Gong F">F. Gong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Y" uniqKey="Han Y">Y. Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qiu, Y" uniqKey="Qiu Y">Y. Qiu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J">J. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Y" uniqKey="Liu Y">Y. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wei, Y" uniqKey="Wei Y">Y. Wei</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ghosh, S" uniqKey="Ghosh S">S. Ghosh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aggarwal, K" uniqKey="Aggarwal K">K. Aggarwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vinitha, T U" uniqKey="Vinitha T">T.U. Vinitha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nguyen, T" uniqKey="Nguyen T">T. Nguyen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Han, J" uniqKey="Han J">J. Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahn, C H" uniqKey="Ahn C">C.H. Ahn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wu, P" uniqKey="Wu P">P. Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hao, X" uniqKey="Hao X">X. Hao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lau, E H Y" uniqKey="Lau E">E.H.Y. Lau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, J Y" uniqKey="Wong J">J.Y. Wong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leung, K S M" uniqKey="Leung K">K.S.M. Leung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, J T" uniqKey="Wu J">J.T. Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cowling, B J" uniqKey="Cowling B">B.J. Cowling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leung, G M" uniqKey="Leung G">G.M. Leung</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guo, H" uniqKey="Guo H">H. Guo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Y" uniqKey="Zhou Y">Y. Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, X" uniqKey="Liu X">X. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, J" uniqKey="Tan J">J. Tan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Meng, L" uniqKey="Meng L">L. Meng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hua, F" uniqKey="Hua F">F. Hua</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bian, Z" uniqKey="Bian Z">Z. Bian</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Khurshid, Z" uniqKey="Khurshid Z">Z. Khurshid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zafar, M S" uniqKey="Zafar M">M.S. Zafar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, R S" uniqKey="Khan R">R.S. Khan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Najeeb, S" uniqKey="Najeeb S">S. Najeeb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Slowey, P D" uniqKey="Slowey P">P.D. Slowey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rehman, I U" uniqKey="Rehman I">I.U. Rehman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Khurshid, Z" uniqKey="Khurshid Z">Z. Khurshid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zafar, M" uniqKey="Zafar M">M. Zafar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, E" uniqKey="Khan E">E. Khan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mali, M" uniqKey="Mali M">M. Mali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Latif, M" uniqKey="Latif M">M. Latif</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, W K" uniqKey="Wang W">W.K. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, S Y" uniqKey="Chen S">S.Y. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, I J" uniqKey="Liu I">I.J. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Y C" uniqKey="Chen Y">Y.C. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, H L" uniqKey="Chen H">H.L. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, C F" uniqKey="Yang C">C.F. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, P J" uniqKey="Chen P">P.J. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yeh, S H" uniqKey="Yeh S">S.H. Yeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kao, C L" uniqKey="Kao C">C.L. Kao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, L M" uniqKey="Huang L">L.M. Huang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, C" uniqKey="Huang C">C. Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ren, L" uniqKey="Ren L">L. Ren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, J" uniqKey="Zhao J">J. Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Y" uniqKey="Hu Y">Y. Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, L" uniqKey="Zhang L">L. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, G" uniqKey="Fan G">G. Fan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, J" uniqKey="Xu J">J. Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gu, X" uniqKey="Gu X">X. Gu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="To, K K W" uniqKey="To K">K.K.-W. To</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsang, O T Y" uniqKey="Tsang O">O.T.-Y. Tsang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chik Yan Yip, C" uniqKey="Chik Yan Yip C">C. Chik-Yan Yip</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, K H" uniqKey="Chan K">K.-H. Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, T C" uniqKey="Wu T">T.-C. Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, J M C" uniqKey="Chan J">J.M.C. Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leung, W S" uniqKey="Leung W">W.-S. Leung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chik, T S H" uniqKey="Chik T">T.S.-H. Chik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, C Y C" uniqKey="Choi C">C.Y.-C. Choi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kandamby, D H" uniqKey="Kandamby D">D.H. Kandamby</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sabino Silva, R" uniqKey="Sabino Silva R">R. Sabino-Silva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jardim, A C G" uniqKey="Jardim A">A.C.G. Jardim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Siqueira, W L" uniqKey="Siqueira W">W.L. Siqueira</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Khurshid, Z" uniqKey="Khurshid Z">Z. Khurshid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zohaib, S" uniqKey="Zohaib S">S. Zohaib</name></author><author><name sortKey="Najeeb, S" uniqKey="Najeeb S">S. Najeeb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zafar, M S" uniqKey="Zafar M">M.S. Zafar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Slowey, P D" uniqKey="Slowey P">P.D. Slowey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Almas, K" uniqKey="Almas K">K. Almas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="To, K K W" uniqKey="To K">K.K.W. To</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yip, C C Y" uniqKey="Yip C">C.C.Y. Yip</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lai, C Y W" uniqKey="Lai C">C.Y.W. Lai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, C K H" uniqKey="Wong C">C.K.H. Wong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ho, D T Y" uniqKey="Ho D">D.T.Y. Ho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pang, P K P" uniqKey="Pang P">P.K.P. Pang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ng, A C K" uniqKey="Ng A">A.C.K. Ng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leung, K H" uniqKey="Leung K">K.H. Leung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poon, R W S" uniqKey="Poon R">R.W.S. Poon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, K H" uniqKey="Chan K">K.H. Chan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Khan, R" uniqKey="Khan R">R. Khan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khurshid, Z" uniqKey="Khurshid Z">Z. Khurshid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yahya Ibrahim Asiri, F" uniqKey="Yahya Ibrahim Asiri F">F. Yahya Ibrahim Asiri</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="other"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1661-7827</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1660-4601</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32224986</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7178089</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph17072225</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph-17-02225</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Perspective</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Human Saliva: Non-Invasive Fluid for Detecting Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7998-7335</contrib-id><name><surname>Khurshid</surname><given-names>Zohaib</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-17-02225">1</xref><xref rid="c1-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Asiri</surname><given-names>Faris Yahya Ibrahim</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-17-02225">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Al Wadaani</surname><given-names>Hamed</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijerph-17-02225">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijerph-17-02225"><label>1</label>Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="af2-ijerph-17-02225"><label>2</label>Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University. Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;<email>fasiri@kfu.edu.sa</email></aff><aff id="af3-ijerph-17-02225"><label>3</label>Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;<email>hwadani@hotmail.com</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijerph-17-02225"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>drzohaibkhurshid@gmail.com</email>; Tel.: +966-558-420-410</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>7</issue><elocation-id>2225</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The breakthrough of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, a city of China, has damaged the status of health and quality of life. In the sequel of this epidemic or contagious disease, the patient experiences fever, chest paint, chills, a rapid heartbeat, breathing difficulties, pneumonia, and kidney failure. It has been suggested that this disease can spread through human-to-human transmission or by super spreading. By the help of the non-invasive fluid “saliva”, it is easy to detect the virus. This can help with the comfort of the patient as well as healthcare personnel. Under this perspective, we discuss the epidemic situation of 2019-nCOV and its relationship with human saliva.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>saliva</kwd><kwd>virus</kwd><kwd>2019-nCoV</kwd><kwd>severe acute respiratory syndrome (SERS-CoV)</kwd><kwd>acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)</kwd><kwd>diagnostics</kwd><kwd>point-of-care</kwd><kwd>COVID-2019</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-ijerph-17-02225"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>In December 2019, patients with pneumonia of unknown cause reported to hospitals in Wuhan, Hubei, China. This unknown cause of pneumonia provoked fear, stress, and panic in China. Within a day, this condition spread to other provinces in China, and health authorities started immediate investigation to characterize and isolated the virus, which, by 7 January 2020, was named the Novel Coronavirus (nCoV) [<xref rid="B1-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) named this new virus 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The infectious disease was named COVID-19 by WHO on 11 February 2020. This virus is part of a diverse family of viruses, consisting of four viral genera (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-coronaviruses) [<xref rid="B2-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. They infect different body systems of human and vertebrates like the respiratory, central nervous, hepatic, and gastrointestinal systems [<xref rid="B3-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijerph-17-02225-f001">Figure 1</xref> shows the essential events related to the 2019-nCoV outbreak. </p><p>The clinical features of COVID-19, as determined from 99 patients in Wuhan city, China are fever (83%), cough (82%), shortness of breath (31%), muscle pain (11%), confusion (9%), headache (8%), sore throat (5%), rhinorrhea (4%), chest pain (2%), diarrhea (2%), and nausea and vomiting (1%) [<xref rid="B4-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. A study revealed that reported patients tended to be older males who had the fatal condition of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [<xref rid="B4-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. As of 28 February 2020, the day on which this perspective was finalized, a total of 46 countries other than China have reported to have 2019-nCoV cases (Source WHO Situation Report-38). According to the WHO situation report, globally, 179,000 thousand cases have been confirmed and the number is increasing every hour. Understanding the disease etiology, epidemics, genomics, clinical findings, and treatment options requires extensive data from sampling, laboratory work, and clinical trials [<xref rid="B5-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="B6-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]. Rapid findings can help to control the disease spread as well as further outbreaks of contagious viruses. COVID-2019 transmission occurs person-to-person, either through direct transmission by sneeze, cough, or droplet inhalation, or contact transmission such as ocular contact or through mucous membranes of the eyes and nose and saliva [<xref rid="B7-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="B8-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>].</p><p>In this perspective, we highlight the hidden capability of saliva for the early detection of any viral, bacterial, or systemic disease [<xref rid="B9-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. In the past, saliva was proven to be an ideal role for the isolation of proteins, peptides, and sheds of viruses via many molecular assays [<xref rid="B10-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]. The composition of saliva is very informative for analysis or to compare the physiology or pathology of the human body. Currently, salivary biomarkers are helping in the detection of oral cancer, dental caries, periodontal diseases, diabetes, breast cancer, and lung cancer [<xref rid="B9-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]. The oral cavity is kept wet by salivary flow, and the normal physiological activities of the oral cavity are maintained by a saliva washout mechanism [<xref rid="B9-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. A study revealed a large amount of RNA isolation from the saliva of a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus patient in National Taiwan University Hospital [<xref rid="B11-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]. In this study, quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was used to investigate the load of SARS-CoV in the saliva samples. Samples of saliva from 17 patients were confirmed to have lymphopenia, elevated levels of creatine kinase, and thrombocytopenia. On 9 January 2020, WHO published guidelines for the detection of 2019-nCoV using respiratory materials (nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab in ambulatory patients and sputum (if produced) and endotracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with more severe respiratory disease) and serum for serological testing (<uri xlink:href="https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases-20200117">https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases-20200117</uri> accessed on 28 February 2020). Testing at these sites is painful, uncomfortable, and invasive for the patients, but there is strong evidence for its use in detecting the virus’s presence. A recent paper reported only one case as part of a diagnostic evaluation of sputum from a 2019-nCoV patient, and it was a lower respiratory tract sample [<xref rid="B12-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs are not suitable for monitoring the viral loads compared with saliva samples [<xref rid="B11-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]. </p><p>On 12 February 2020, a breakthrough was reported regarding the accuracy of a human saliva sample from eleven COVID-19 patients in a Hong Kong hospital [<xref rid="B13-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]. In this study, consistent detection of coronavirus was reported in the saliva of patients admitted from the first day of hospitalization. The sampling of saliva in this study was done by instructing the patient to cough out saliva from the throat into a sterile container, and this was transported to the laboratory for further analysis. This study demonstrated the advantage of saliva sampling comfortability in an epidemic situation such as COVID-2019 [<xref rid="B13-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]. Further exploring the use of saliva or oral fluid will bring new treatment strategies in the prevention and early detection of COVID-19 [<xref rid="B14-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]. By using saliva as a form of liquid biopsy, healthcare providers, doctors, nurses, and paramedic staff will be safe from the transmission of disease. This method of sampling is advantageous compared with the use of nasopharyngeal aspirates, oropharyngeal swabs, and nasopharyngeal swabs. Previously, it has been reported that the SARS-CoV RNA can be detected from saliva and throat wash [<xref rid="B11-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]. There are many saliva collection devices available in the market for safe and sterile collection without compromising the quality and quantity [<xref rid="B15-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ijerph-17-02225-f002">Figure 2</xref> shows commercially available saliva sampling devices and their company names, which can be accessed by all researchers, healthcare providers, doctors, microbiologists, and virologists for the handling of samples. Further investigation on salivary biomarkers related to COVID-2019 will open a corridor for optimizing cost-effective point-of-care (POC) technology [<xref rid="B16-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="B17-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. </p></sec><sec id="sec2-ijerph-17-02225"><title>2. Conclusions and Future Direction</title><p>Further investigation should investigate the diagnostic capability of human saliva for identifying COVID-2019, SARS-COV, MERS, ZIKV, and other viruses in the home, city, airport immigration counter or check-in, hospitals, and busy clinics in a few seconds with the cost-effective point-of-care (POC) technology. Saliva collection is quite comfortable for patients as well as being easy, cheap, and non-invasive with minimal equipment required. It should also minimize the nosocomial transmission of 2019-nCoV to healthcare workers. Right now, in this controllable pandemic situation, all research centers, health agencies, and health care providers must explore the diagnostics opportunity and rapidly develop automated molecular point-of-care assays. This write-up will help epidemiologists, virologists, and clinicians to understand the importance of saliva in diagnostic testing as well as the transmission of the disease. </p></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>We want to acknowledge the Pakistan Human Salivary Research Group (PHSRG) for helping and guiding us in the preparation of this manuscript. </p></ack><notes><title>Author Contributions</title><p>Conceptualization: Z.K. and F.Y.I.A., methodology: Z.K., F.Y.I.A. and H.A.W., writing—original draft preparation: Z.K. and F.Y.I.A, writing—review and editing: Z.K., F.Y.I.A. and H.A.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</p></notes><notes><title>Funding</title><p>This research received no external funding.</p></notes><notes notes-type="COI-statement"><title>Conflicts of Interest</title><p>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></notes><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="B1-ijerph-17-02225"><label>1.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Horby</surname><given-names>P.W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hayden</surname><given-names>F.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gao</surname><given-names>G.F.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2020</year><volume>6736</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>4</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B2-ijerph-17-02225"><label>2.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Q.</given-names></name><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis</article-title><source>J. Med. Virol.</source><year>2020</year><volume>92</volume><fpage>jmv.25681</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jmv.25681</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31967327</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B3-ijerph-17-02225"><label>3.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jaimes</surname><given-names>J.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Millet</surname><given-names>J.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stout</surname><given-names>A.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>André</surname><given-names>N.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Whittaker</surname><given-names>G.R.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A Tale of Two Viruses: The Distinct Spike Glycoproteins of Feline Coronaviruses</article-title><source>Viruses</source><year>2020</year><volume>12</volume><elocation-id>83</elocation-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v12010083</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31936749</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B4-ijerph-17-02225"><label>4.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dong</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Qu</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gong</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Qiu</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wei</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2020</year><volume>6736</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B5-ijerph-17-02225"><label>5.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ghosh</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Aggarwal</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vinitha</surname><given-names>T.U.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nguyen</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ahn</surname><given-names>C.H.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A new microchannel capillary flow assay (MCFA) platform with lyophilized chemiluminescence reagents for a smartphone-based POCT detecting malaria</article-title><source>Microsyst. Nanoeng.</source><year>2020</year><volume>6</volume><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41378-019-0108-8</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B6-ijerph-17-02225"><label>6.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hao</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lau</surname><given-names>E.H.Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>J.Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Leung</surname><given-names>K.S.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>J.T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cowling</surname><given-names>B.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Leung</surname><given-names>G.M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Real-time tentative assessment of the epidemiological characteristics of novel coronavirus infections in Wuhan, China, as at 22 January 2020</article-title><source>Eurosurveillance</source><year>2020</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000044</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B7-ijerph-17-02225"><label>7.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the utilization of emergency dental services</article-title><source>J. Dent. Sci.</source><year>2020</year><fpage>0</fpage><lpage>3</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jds.2020.02.002</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B8-ijerph-17-02225"><label>8.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Meng</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hua</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bian</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine</article-title><source>J. Dent. Res.</source><year>2020</year><volume>2019</volume><fpage>002203452091424</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0022034520914246</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32162995</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B9-ijerph-17-02225"><label>9.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Khurshid</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zafar</surname><given-names>M.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>R.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Najeeb</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Slowey</surname><given-names>P.D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rehman</surname><given-names>I.U.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Role of Salivary Biomarkers in Oral Cancer Detection</article-title><source>Adv. Clin. Chem.</source><year>2018</year><volume>86</volume><fpage>23</fpage><lpage>70</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/bs.acc.2018.05.002</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30144841</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B10-ijerph-17-02225"><label>10.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Khurshid</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zafar</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mali</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Latif</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Human saliva can be a diagnostic tool for Zika virus detection</article-title><source>J. Infect. Public Health</source><year>2019</year><volume>12</volume><fpage>601</fpage><lpage>604</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jiph.2019.05.004</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31129010</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B11-ijerph-17-02225"><label>11.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>W.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>S.Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>I.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Y.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>H.L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>C.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>P.J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yeh</surname><given-names>S.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kao</surname><given-names>C.L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>L.M.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Detection of SARS-associated coronavirus in throat wash and saliva in early diagnosis</article-title><source>Emerg. Infect. Dis.</source><year>2004</year><volume>10</volume><fpage>1213</fpage><lpage>1219</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3201/eid1007.031113</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15324540</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B12-ijerph-17-02225"><label>12.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ren</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fan</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gu</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2020</year><volume>6736</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B13-ijerph-17-02225"><label>13.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>To</surname><given-names>K.K.-W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tsang</surname><given-names>O.T.-Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chik-Yan Yip</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>K.-H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>T.-C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>J.M.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Leung</surname><given-names>W.-S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chik</surname><given-names>T.S.-H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>C.Y.-C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kandamby</surname><given-names>D.H.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva</article-title><source>Clin. Infect. Dis.</source><year>2020</year><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cid/ciaa149</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32047895</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B14-ijerph-17-02225"><label>14.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sabino-Silva</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jardim</surname><given-names>A.C.G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Siqueira</surname><given-names>W.L.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis</article-title><source>Clin. Oral Investig.</source><year>2020</year><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>3</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00784-020-03248-x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32078048</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B15-ijerph-17-02225"><label>15.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Khurshid</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zohaib</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Najeeb</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zafar</surname><given-names>M.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Slowey</surname><given-names>P.D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Almas</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Human saliva collection devices for proteomics: An update</article-title><source>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</source><year>2016</year><volume>17</volume><elocation-id>846</elocation-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms17060846</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27275816</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B16-ijerph-17-02225"><label>16.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>To</surname><given-names>K.K.W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yip</surname><given-names>C.C.Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lai</surname><given-names>C.Y.W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>C.K.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ho</surname><given-names>D.T.Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pang</surname><given-names>P.K.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ng</surname><given-names>A.C.K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Leung</surname><given-names>K.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Poon</surname><given-names>R.W.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>K.H.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Saliva as a diagnostic specimen for testing respiratory virus by a point-of-care molecular assay: A diagnostic validity study</article-title><source>Clin. Microbiol. Infect.</source><year>2019</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>372</fpage><lpage>378</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cmi.2018.06.009</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29906597</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="B17-ijerph-17-02225"><label>17.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Khurshid</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yahya Ibrahim Asiri</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Advancing Point-of-Care (PoC) Testing Using Human Saliva as Liquid Biopsy</article-title><source>Diagnostics</source><year>2017</year><volume>7</volume><elocation-id>39</elocation-id><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/diagnostics7030039</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28677648</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><fig id="ijerph-17-02225-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Events related to the 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-CoV) outbreak.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijerph-17-02225-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="ijerph-17-02225-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Representation of different saliva collection devices used in the sampling of contagious infectious diseases. (<bold>A</bold>) Salivette<sup>®</sup> (Sarstedt); (<bold>B</bold>) Quantisal<sup>®</sup> (Immunalysis); (<bold>C</bold>) SCS<sup>®</sup> (Greiner-BioOne), (<bold>D</bold>) Versi•SAL<sup>®</sup>, and (<bold>E</bold>) Super•SAL™ by Oasis Diagnostics<sup>®</sup> Corporation [<xref rid="B11-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="B16-ijerph-17-02225" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>].</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijerph-17-02225-g002"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/StressCovidV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000552 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000552 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Sante
|area= StressCovidV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:7178089
|texte= Human Saliva: Non-Invasive Fluid for Detecting Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:32224986" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a StressCovidV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |