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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Care Workers in Singapore</title><author><name sortKey="Tan, Benjamin Y Q" sort="Tan, Benjamin Y Q" uniqKey="Tan B" first="Benjamin Y. Q." last="Tan">Benjamin Y. Q. Tan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chew, Nicholas W S" sort="Chew, Nicholas W S" uniqKey="Chew N" first="Nicholas W. S." last="Chew">Nicholas W. S. Chew</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Grace K H" sort="Lee, Grace K H" uniqKey="Lee G" first="Grace K. H." last="Lee">Grace K. H. Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jing, Mingxue" sort="Jing, Mingxue" uniqKey="Jing M" first="Mingxue" last="Jing">Mingxue Jing</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goh, Yihui" sort="Goh, Yihui" uniqKey="Goh Y" first="Yihui" last="Goh">Yihui Goh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yeo, Leonard L L" sort="Yeo, Leonard L L" uniqKey="Yeo L" first="Leonard L. L." last="Yeo">Leonard L. L. Yeo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Ka" sort="Zhang, Ka" uniqKey="Zhang K" first="Ka" last="Zhang">Ka Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chin, Howe Keat" sort="Chin, Howe Keat" uniqKey="Chin H" first="Howe-Keat" last="Chin">Howe-Keat Chin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmad, Aftab" sort="Ahmad, Aftab" uniqKey="Ahmad A" first="Aftab" last="Ahmad">Aftab Ahmad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Faheem Ahmed" sort="Khan, Faheem Ahmed" uniqKey="Khan F" first="Faheem Ahmed" last="Khan">Faheem Ahmed Khan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shanmugam, Ganesh Napolean" sort="Shanmugam, Ganesh Napolean" uniqKey="Shanmugam G" first="Ganesh Napolean" last="Shanmugam">Ganesh Napolean Shanmugam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Bernard P L" sort="Chan, Bernard P L" uniqKey="Chan B" first="Bernard P. L." last="Chan">Bernard P. L. Chan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sunny, Sibi" sort="Sunny, Sibi" uniqKey="Sunny S" first="Sibi" last="Sunny">Sibi Sunny</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chandra, Bharatendu" sort="Chandra, Bharatendu" uniqKey="Chandra B" first="Bharatendu" last="Chandra">Bharatendu Chandra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ong, Jonathan J Y" sort="Ong, Jonathan J Y" uniqKey="Ong J" first="Jonathan J. Y." last="Ong">Jonathan J. Y. Ong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paliwal, Prakash R" sort="Paliwal, Prakash R" uniqKey="Paliwal P" first="Prakash R." last="Paliwal">Prakash R. Paliwal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Lily Y H" sort="Wong, Lily Y H" uniqKey="Wong L" first="Lily Y. H." last="Wong">Lily Y. H. Wong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sagayanathan, Renarebecca" sort="Sagayanathan, Renarebecca" uniqKey="Sagayanathan R" first="Renarebecca" last="Sagayanathan">Renarebecca Sagayanathan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Jin Tao" sort="Chen, Jin Tao" uniqKey="Chen J" first="Jin Tao" last="Chen">Jin Tao Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ying Ng, Alison Ying" sort="Ying Ng, Alison Ying" uniqKey="Ying Ng A" first="Alison Ying" last="Ying Ng">Alison Ying Ying Ng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teoh, Hock Luen" sort="Teoh, Hock Luen" uniqKey="Teoh H" first="Hock Luen" last="Teoh">Hock Luen Teoh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ho, Cyrus S" sort="Ho, Cyrus S" uniqKey="Ho C" first="Cyrus S." last="Ho">Cyrus S. Ho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ho, Roger C" sort="Ho, Roger C" uniqKey="Ho R" first="Roger C." last="Ho">Roger C. Ho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, Vijay K" sort="Sharma, Vijay K" uniqKey="Sharma V" first="Vijay K." last="Sharma">Vijay K. Sharma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32251513</idno><idno type="pmc">7143149</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7143149</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7143149</idno><idno type="doi">10.7326/M20-1083</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000540</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000540</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Care Workers in Singapore</title><author><name sortKey="Tan, Benjamin Y Q" sort="Tan, Benjamin Y Q" uniqKey="Tan B" first="Benjamin Y. Q." last="Tan">Benjamin Y. Q. Tan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chew, Nicholas W S" sort="Chew, Nicholas W S" uniqKey="Chew N" first="Nicholas W. S." last="Chew">Nicholas W. S. Chew</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Grace K H" sort="Lee, Grace K H" uniqKey="Lee G" first="Grace K. H." last="Lee">Grace K. H. Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jing, Mingxue" sort="Jing, Mingxue" uniqKey="Jing M" first="Mingxue" last="Jing">Mingxue Jing</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goh, Yihui" sort="Goh, Yihui" uniqKey="Goh Y" first="Yihui" last="Goh">Yihui Goh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yeo, Leonard L L" sort="Yeo, Leonard L L" uniqKey="Yeo L" first="Leonard L. L." last="Yeo">Leonard L. L. Yeo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Ka" sort="Zhang, Ka" uniqKey="Zhang K" first="Ka" last="Zhang">Ka Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chin, Howe Keat" sort="Chin, Howe Keat" uniqKey="Chin H" first="Howe-Keat" last="Chin">Howe-Keat Chin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmad, Aftab" sort="Ahmad, Aftab" uniqKey="Ahmad A" first="Aftab" last="Ahmad">Aftab Ahmad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Faheem Ahmed" sort="Khan, Faheem Ahmed" uniqKey="Khan F" first="Faheem Ahmed" last="Khan">Faheem Ahmed Khan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shanmugam, Ganesh Napolean" sort="Shanmugam, Ganesh Napolean" uniqKey="Shanmugam G" first="Ganesh Napolean" last="Shanmugam">Ganesh Napolean Shanmugam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Bernard P L" sort="Chan, Bernard P L" uniqKey="Chan B" first="Bernard P. L." last="Chan">Bernard P. L. Chan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sunny, Sibi" sort="Sunny, Sibi" uniqKey="Sunny S" first="Sibi" last="Sunny">Sibi Sunny</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chandra, Bharatendu" sort="Chandra, Bharatendu" uniqKey="Chandra B" first="Bharatendu" last="Chandra">Bharatendu Chandra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ong, Jonathan J Y" sort="Ong, Jonathan J Y" uniqKey="Ong J" first="Jonathan J. Y." last="Ong">Jonathan J. Y. Ong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paliwal, Prakash R" sort="Paliwal, Prakash R" uniqKey="Paliwal P" first="Prakash R." last="Paliwal">Prakash R. Paliwal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Lily Y H" sort="Wong, Lily Y H" uniqKey="Wong L" first="Lily Y. H." last="Wong">Lily Y. H. Wong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sagayanathan, Renarebecca" sort="Sagayanathan, Renarebecca" uniqKey="Sagayanathan R" first="Renarebecca" last="Sagayanathan">Renarebecca Sagayanathan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Jin Tao" sort="Chen, Jin Tao" uniqKey="Chen J" first="Jin Tao" last="Chen">Jin Tao Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ying Ng, Alison Ying" sort="Ying Ng, Alison Ying" uniqKey="Ying Ng A" first="Alison Ying" last="Ying Ng">Alison Ying Ying Ng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teoh, Hock Luen" sort="Teoh, Hock Luen" uniqKey="Teoh H" first="Hock Luen" last="Teoh">Hock Luen Teoh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ho, Cyrus S" sort="Ho, Cyrus S" uniqKey="Ho C" first="Cyrus S." last="Ho">Cyrus S. Ho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ho, Roger C" sort="Ho, Roger C" uniqKey="Ho R" first="Roger C." last="Ho">Roger C. Ho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, Vijay K" sort="Sharma, Vijay K" uniqKey="Sharma V" first="Vijay K." last="Sharma">Vijay K. Sharma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Annals of Internal Medicine</title><idno type="ISSN">0003-4819</idno><idno type="eISSN">1539-3704</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="other"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Ann Intern Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Ann. Intern. Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">aim</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Annals of Internal Medicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0003-4819</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1539-3704</issn><publisher><publisher-name>American College of Physicians</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32251513</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7143149</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7326/M20-1083</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">aim-olf-M201083</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Letters: Observations</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="category"><subject>Hospital Medicine</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Care Workers in Singapore</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>Benjamin Y.Q.</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="fn" rid="n1-M201083">*</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chew</surname><given-names>Nicholas W.S.</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="fn" rid="n1-M201083">*</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Grace K.H.</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jing</surname><given-names>Mingxue</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Goh</surname><given-names>Yihui</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yeo</surname><given-names>Leonard L.L.</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Ka</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chin</surname><given-names>Howe-Keat</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahmad</surname><given-names>Aftab</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>Faheem Ahmed</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shanmugam</surname><given-names>Ganesh Napolean</given-names></name><degrees>MBBCh</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>Bernard P.L.</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sunny</surname><given-names>Sibi</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chandra</surname><given-names>Bharatendu</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ong</surname><given-names>Jonathan J.Y.</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Paliwal</surname><given-names>Prakash R.</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>Lily Y.H.</given-names></name><degrees>BN</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sagayanathan</surname><given-names>Renarebecca</given-names></name><degrees>BSc</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Jin Tao</given-names></name><degrees>BN</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ying Ng</surname><given-names>Alison Ying</given-names></name><degrees>Dip</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Teoh</surname><given-names>Hock Luen</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ho</surname><given-names>Cyrus S.</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ho</surname><given-names>Roger C.</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>Vijay K.</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>National University Health System and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (B.Y.T., L.L.Y., V.K.S.)</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>National University Health System, Singapore (N.W.C., M.J., Y.G., K.Z., H.C., B.P.C., S.S., B.C., J.J.O., P.R.P., L.Y.W., R.S., J.T.C., A.Y.Y., H.L.T.)</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (G.K.L.)</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore (A.A., F.A.K., G.N.S.)</aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label>National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.S.H.)</aff><aff id="aff6"><label>6</label>Institute of Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore (R.C.H.)</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>6</day><month>4</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><elocation-id>M20-1083</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder>American College of Physicians</copyright-holder><license license-type="free"><license-p>This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use for research, analyses, and text and data mining through PubMed Central. Acknowledgement of the original source shall include a notice similar to the following: "© 2020 American College of Physicians. Some rights reserved. This work permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited." These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.</license-p></license></permissions></article-meta></front><body><p><italic>Background:</italic> In response to the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Singapore raised its Disease Outbreak Response System Condition alert to “orange,” the second highest level. Between 19 February and 13 March 2020, confirmed cases rose from 84 to 200 (34.2 per 1 000 000 population), with an increase in patients in critical condition from 4 to 11 (5.5%) and no reported deaths in Singapore (<xref rid="r1-1083" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>). Understanding the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak among health care workers is crucial in guiding policies and interventions to maintain their psychological well-being.</p><p><italic>Objective:</italic> We examined the psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and stress experienced by health care workers in Singapore in the midst of the outbreak, and compared these between medically and non–medically trained hospital personnel.</p><p><italic>Methods and Findings:</italic> From 19 February to 13 March 2020, health care workers from 2 major tertiary institutions in Singapore who were caring for patients with COVID-19 were invited to participate with a self-administered questionnaire. In addition to information on demographic characteristics and medical history (<xref rid="t1-1083" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>), the questionnaire included the validated Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Impact of Events Scale–Revised (IES-R) instrument (<xref rid="r2-1083" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="r3-1083" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>). Health care workers included “medical” (physicians, nurses) and “nonmedical” personnel (allied health professionals, pharmacists, technicians, administrators, clerical staff, and maintenance workers). The primary outcome was the prevalence of depression, stress, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among all health care workers (<xref rid="t2-1083" ref-type="table">Table
2</xref>). Secondary outcomes were comparison of the prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, and PTSD, and mean DASS-21 and IES-R scores between medical and nonmedical health care workers. The Pearson χ<sup>2</sup> test and Student <italic>t</italic> test were used to compare categorical and continuous outcomes, respectively, between the 2 groups. Multivariable regression was used to adjust for the a priori defined confounders of age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, presence of comorbid conditions, and survey completion date.</p><table-wrap id="t1-1083" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1. Participant Characteristics at Baseline</label><graphic xlink:href="aim-olf-M201083-M201083tt1"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-1083" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2. Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and PTSD and Mean DASS-21 and IES-R Scores in Medical and Nonmedical Health Care Personnel (N = 470)</label><graphic xlink:href="aim-olf-M201083-M201083tt2"></graphic></table-wrap><p>Of 500 invited health care workers, 470 (94%) participated in the study; baseline characteristics are shown in <xref rid="t1-1083" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. Sixty-eight (14.5%) participants screened positive for anxiety, 42 (8.9%) for depression, 31 (6.6%) for stress, and 36 (7.7%) for clinical concern of PTSD. The prevalence of anxiety was higher among nonmedical health care workers than medical personnel (20.7% versus 10.8%; adjusted prevalence ratio, 1.85 [95% CI, 1.15 to 2.99]; <italic>P</italic> = 0.011<bold>)</bold>, after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, survey completion date, and presence of comorbid conditions. Similarly, higher mean DASS-21 anxiety and stress subscale scores and higher IES-R total and subscale scores were observed in nonmedical health care workers (<xref rid="t2-1083" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>).</p><p><italic>Discussion:</italic> Overall mean DASS-21 and IES-R scores among health care workers were lower than those in the published literature from previous disease outbreaks, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). A previous study in Singapore found higher IES scores among physicians and nurses during the SARS outbreak, and an almost 3 times higher prevalence of PTSD, than those in our study (<xref rid="r4-1083" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>). This could be attributed to increased mental preparedness and stringent infection control measures after Singapore's SARS experience.</p><p>Of note, nonmedical health care workers had higher prevalence of anxiety even after adjustment for possible confounders. Our findings are consistent with those of a recent COVID-19 study demonstrating that frontline nurses had significantly lower vicarious traumatization scores than non–frontline nurses and the general public (<xref rid="r5-1083" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>). Reasons for this may include reduced accessibility to formal psychological support, less first-hand medical information on the outbreak, less intensive training on personal protective equipment and infection control measures.</p><p>As the pandemic continues, important clinical and policy strategies are needed to support health care workers. Our study identified a vulnerable group susceptible to psychological distress. Educational interventions should target nonmedical health care workers to ensure understanding and use of infectious control measures. Psychological support could include counseling services and development of support systems among colleagues.</p><p>Our study has limitations. First, data obtained from self-reported questionnaires were not verified with medical records. Second, the study did not assess socioeconomic status, which may be helpful in evaluating associations of outcomes and tailoring specific interventions. Finally, the study was performed early in the outbreak and only in Singapore, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. Follow-up studies could help assess for progression or even a potential rebound effect of psychological manifestations once the imminent threat of COVID-19 subsides.</p><p>In conclusion, our study highlights that nonmedical health care personnel are at highest risk for psychological distress during the COVID-19 outbreak. Early psychological interventions targeting this vulnerable group may be beneficial.</p><sec><title></title></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn id="n0-M201083"><p>This article was published at Annals.org on 6 April 2020.</p></fn><fn id="n1-M201083"><p>* Drs. Tan and Chew contributed equally to this work.</p></fn></fn-group><bio id="d35e267"><p><bold>Disclosures:</bold> Disclosures can be viewed at <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M20-1083">www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M20-1083</uri>.</p><p><bold>Reproducible Research Statement: </bold><italic>Study protocol and statistical code:</italic> Available from Dr. Sharma (e-mail, <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="vijay_kumar_sharma@nuhs.edu.sg">vijay_kumar_sharma@nuhs.edu.sg</uri>). <italic>Data set:</italic> Not available.</p><p><bold>Corresponding Author:</bold> Vijay K. Sharma, MD, Division of Neurology, National University Health System, NUHS Tower Block, Level 10, 1 East Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228; e-mail, <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="vijay_kumar_sharma@nuhs.edu.sg">vijay_kumar_sharma@nuhs.edu.sg</uri>.</p></bio><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="r1-1083"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="unrecognized"><comment><bold>Ministry of Health Singapore.</bold> Updates on COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) local situation. Ministry of Health, Singapore. Accessed at <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19">www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19</uri> on 13 March 2020.</comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="r2-1083"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="unrecognized"><comment><bold>Lovibond SH. Lovibond PF.</bold> Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. 2d ed. 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[PMID: 32169498] doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007</comment></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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