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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The Psychological effect of COVID-19 on the Elderly in China</title><author><name sortKey="Meng, Hui" sort="Meng, Hui" uniqKey="Meng H" first="Hui" last="Meng">Hui Meng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Yang" sort="Xu, Yang" uniqKey="Xu Y" first="Yang" last="Xu">Yang Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dai, Jiali" sort="Dai, Jiali" uniqKey="Dai J" first="Jiali" last="Dai">Jiali Dai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Yang" sort="Zhang, Yang" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Yang" last="Zhang">Yang Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Baogeng" sort="Liu, Baogeng" uniqKey="Liu B" first="Baogeng" last="Liu">Baogeng Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Haibo" sort="Yang, Haibo" uniqKey="Yang H" first="Haibo" last="Yang">Haibo Yang</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmc">7151427</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151427</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7151427</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112983</idno><idno type="pmid">NONE</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000506</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000506</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The Psychological effect of COVID-19 on the Elderly in China</title><author><name sortKey="Meng, Hui" sort="Meng, Hui" uniqKey="Meng H" first="Hui" last="Meng">Hui Meng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Yang" sort="Xu, Yang" uniqKey="Xu Y" first="Yang" last="Xu">Yang Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dai, Jiali" sort="Dai, Jiali" uniqKey="Dai J" first="Jiali" last="Dai">Jiali Dai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Yang" sort="Zhang, Yang" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Yang" last="Zhang">Yang Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Baogeng" sort="Liu, Baogeng" uniqKey="Liu B" first="Baogeng" last="Liu">Baogeng Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Haibo" sort="Yang, Haibo" uniqKey="Yang H" first="Haibo" last="Yang">Haibo Yang</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Psychiatry Research</title><idno type="ISSN">0165-1781</idno><idno type="eISSN">1872-7123</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Highlight</title><p><list list-type="simple" id="celist0001"><list-item id="celistitem0001"><label>•</label><p id="para0001">The results showed that there was a gender difference in the emotional response of older Chinese to 2019-ncov pneumonia(p <0.05).</p></list-item></list></p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Qiu, Jianyin" uniqKey="Qiu J">Jianyin Qiu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Bin" uniqKey="Shen B">Bin Shen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Min" uniqKey="Zhao M">Min Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhenwang, Binxie" uniqKey="Zhenwang B">BinXie ZhenWang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Yifeng" uniqKey="Xu Y">Yifeng Xu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, Xiang Dong" uniqKey="Wang X">Xiang Dong Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Xi Lin" uniqKey="Wang X">Xi Lin Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Hong" uniqKey="Ma H">Hong Ma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yanhua, Li" uniqKey="Yanhua L">Li Yanhua</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shiwen, Wang" uniqKey="Shiwen W">Wang Shiwen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aijun, Fang" uniqKey="Aijun F">Fang Aijun</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Jun" uniqKey="Zhang J">Jun Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Weili" uniqKey="Wu W">Weili Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Xin" uniqKey="Zhao X">Xin Zhao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="letter"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Psychiatry Res</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Psychiatry Res</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Psychiatry Research</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0165-1781</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1872-7123</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Elsevier B.V.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7151427</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0165-1781(20)30603-X</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112983</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">112983</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The Psychological effect of COVID-19 on the Elderly in China</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0001"><name><surname>Meng</surname><given-names>Hui</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0002"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Yang</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0003"><name><surname>Dai</surname><given-names>Jiali</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0004"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Yang</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0005"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Baogeng</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0006"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Haibo</given-names></name><email>dqyhbzy@163.com</email><xref rid="cor0001" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff0001">Department of geriatrics, Third Hospital of DaQing city, DaQing 163000, heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor0001"><label>⁎</label>Correspondence author. <email>dqyhbzy@163.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>11</day><month>4</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>4</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><elocation-id>112983</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>30</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>31</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Elsevier Ltd</copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract abstract-type="author-highlights" id="abs0001"><title>Highlight</title><p><list list-type="simple" id="celist0001"><list-item id="celistitem0001"><label>•</label><p id="para0001">The results showed that there was a gender difference in the emotional response of older Chinese to 2019-ncov pneumonia(p <0.05).</p></list-item></list></p></abstract><abstract id="abs0002"><p>To understand the emotional changes in the elderly population during the pneumonia epidemic caused by novel coronavirus infection, and to lay a foundation for the study of the psychology, intervention and nursing of the elderly.A total of 1556 elderly people were selected to conduct an epidemiological survey, and standardized survey methods were used to investigate the depression screening scale (PHQ-9) and anxiety self-rating scale (GAD-7).The anxiety and depression of different genders were different.Anxiety and depression are different in different age groups.The outbreak of pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus infection has an effect on the psychology of the elderly people, resulting in anxiety and depression.</p></abstract><kwd-group id="keys0001"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>COVID-19 pneumonia</kwd><kwd>The psychology of chinese elderly</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec0001"><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><p id="para0002">Since December 2019, multiple unexplained cases of viral pneumonia related to the South China seafood market have been discovered in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, and they have been confirmed to be caused by a novel coronavirus (2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV) infection. World Health The organization officially named the new coronavirus pneumonia caused by 2019-nCoV infection as 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). At present, the National Centers for Disease Control has included it in the national category B infectious disease, Management of prevention and control measures? According to the epidemiological characteristics of the "New Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Program Seventh Edition" points out that the population is generally susceptible? Facing the sudden outbreak of new coronary pneumonia, compared with the general population, the elderly population must not only face physiological immunity The disadvantages caused by the relatively low power, but also the challenges brought by the complex psychological environment in the special period of life? This study aims to investigate and analyze the impact of COVID-19 on the psychological characteristics of the elderly.</p></sec><sec id="sec0002"><label>2</label><title>Study</title><sec id="sec0003"><label>2.1</label><title>Object</title><p id="para0003">Psychological survey of the elderly in various parts of China during the 2020 COVID-19 period, using online questionnaires, and finally completed 1556 questionnaires,602 males and 954 females; 706 patients aged 60-64, 65-69 There were 336 cases of age, 263 cases of age 70-74, 115 cases of age 75-79, and 136 cases of age 80 and above. All general information such as gender and age composition were not statistically significant.</p></sec><sec id="sec0004"><label>2.2</label><title>Methods</title><p id="para0004">The epidemiological method was used to investigate the gender, age, depression, and anxiety of the elderly during the epidemic, and a self-developed questionnaire for the psychological status of the elderly during COVID-19 was used, including gender, age, marital status, and education, Resident status, Is there a history of chronic disease,Previous mental illness, Are there any confirmed cases of new crowns, Are you receiving knowledge training about the epidemic, Are your family members or friends unfortunately infected, PHQ-9 questionnaire, GAD-7 questionnaire. Gad-7, Phq-9 All have good content validity and internal consistency reliability (<xref rid="bib0002" ref-type="bibr">Wang et al., 1999</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="sec0005"><label>2.3</label><title>Statistical methods</title><p id="para0005">Independent sample t test conducted on the scores of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 in different sex groups. One-way analysis of variance conducted on the scores of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 in different age groups.</p><p id="para0006">As a result, there were 578 people with emotional reactions, accounting for 37.1%, and 978 people without emotional reactions, accounting for 62.9%.</p><p id="para0007"><xref rid="tbl0001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>shows the difference in anxiety and depression among different sex groups.The results show that there is a significant difference in anxiety between men and women (p <0.05).There is a significant difference in the degree of depression between men and women (p <0.05).<table-wrap position="float" id="tbl0001"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Comparison of the scores of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 in different sex groups.</p></caption><alt-text id="alt0001">Table 1</alt-text><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top"></th><th valign="top">Male (N=602)</th><th valign="top">Female (N=954)</th><th valign="top"><italic>P</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top">PHQ-9 score</td><td valign="top">12.41 ± 5.11</td><td valign="top">13.05 ± 5.76</td><td valign="top">0.022</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">GAD-7 score</td><td valign="top">10.50 ± 5.15</td><td valign="top">11.14 ± 5.70</td><td valign="top">0.022</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>By T Test</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p><p id="para0008"><xref rid="tbl0002" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>is a comparison of anxiety and depression among different age groups.The results show that it is not yet possible to believe that there is a significant difference in the level of anxiety in different age groups (p> 0.05).It is not yet possible to believe that there is a significant difference in the degree of depression in different age groups (p> 0.05).<table-wrap position="float" id="tbl0002"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Comparison of the scores of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 in different age(y) groups.</p></caption><alt-text id="alt0002">Table 2</alt-text><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top"></th><th valign="top">60-64y (N=706)</th><th valign="top">65-69y (N=336)</th><th valign="top">70-74y (N=263)</th><th valign="top">75-79y (N=115)</th><th valign="top">80y (N=136)</th><th valign="top"><italic>P</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top">PHQ-9 score</td><td valign="top">13.08 ± 5.48</td><td valign="top">12.45 ± 5.21</td><td valign="top">12.35 ± 5.65</td><td valign="top">13.02 ± 6.03</td><td valign="top">12.91 ± 5.74</td><td valign="top">0.274</td></tr><tr><td valign="top">GAD-7 score</td><td valign="top">11.20 ± 5.55</td><td valign="top">10.53 ± 5.26</td><td valign="top">10.31 ± 5.37</td><td valign="top">10.83 ± 6.08</td><td valign="top">11.34 ± 5.47</td><td valign="top">0.114</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>By One-way analysis of variance</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p></sec></sec><sec id="sec0006"><label>3</label><title>Discussion</title><p id="para0009">Since December 2019, a new type of coronavirus (2019nCoV) has been prevalent in Wuhan and spread rapidly across the country.Epidemiology of the "New Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Program Seventh Edition" is susceptible to the general population. Reduced function, and multiple chronic underlying diseases, are high-risk groups of COVID-19 infection. And the elderly are more severe after infection, so deaths are more common in the elderly and chronic underlying diseases.This factor will put pressure on the elderly And fear.</p><p id="para0010">This survey showed that 37.1% of the elderly during COVID-19 experienced depression and anxiety? The survey (35%) with Qiu Jianyu (<xref rid="bib0001" ref-type="bibr">Qiu et al., 2020</xref>) was slightly higher, and the results: the emotional response index of different age groups showed "n", that is, the emotional response of young people (18-30 years old) and old people (over 60 years old) is obvious. Most young people obtain information from media channels. A large number of epidemic reports in the media make them vulnerable to the impact of the epidemic. Have a stress response on elderly people are facing severe psychological pressure and have significant anxiety and depression.</p><p id="para0011">The China Bureau of Statistics reports (<xref rid="bib0003" ref-type="bibr">XXX 2020</xref>) that China's population aged 60 years and over has reached 254 million (accounting for 12.6% of the total population of the country).This study, which surveyed 1556 questionnaires, covered the elderly aged 60-80, Most of them are 706, accounting for 45.37%, and 75-79 are too few. The survey results show that people in different age groups have depression and anxiety, But there is no significant difference between different age groups (p> 0.05), which may be related to There is a certain relationship between the physiological changes of the elderly and their psychological characteristics (<xref rid="bib0005" ref-type="bibr">Zhang et al., 2020</xref>). Physiologically, the elderly will also experience psychological changes as their body functions decline: memory degradation, intellectual changes, emotional changes, psychological loneliness, and fear, Sense of inferiority, doubt, etc. Based on the results, our psychological intervention strategies for the elderly in this epidemic are suggested as follows: 1) Strengthening of elderly women, low education, divorced widowed, living alone, sleep problems, and history of mental and psychological diseases Psychological attention of key populations such as .2)Due to the weak physical fitness of the elderly, weakened immune function of the elderly, and more often combined with chronic basic diseases, decreased psychological coping ability, weak information receiving and processing ability, most of the deaths in this epidemic For 60.The above elderly patients with poor physical conditions, so the impact of the epidemic on the physical and mental health of the elderly is also more obvious. 3) The system and mechanism of psychological counseling and psychological crisis intervention for the elderly still need to be further improved to strengthen the mental health of the media and new entertainment methods Education to make it easier for the elderly to accept. 4) If the emotional response is too serious, it is recommended to call the psychological assistance hotline, Online consultation or visit a professional institution.</p><p id="para0012">In short, the mental health of the elderly needs more attention. When major public health emergencies, the elderly should be paid more attention to (<xref rid="bib0004" ref-type="bibr">Yanhua et al., 2003</xref>), and more humane care and psychological intervention measures should be given to them. Questions, targeted psychological crisis interventions to reduce the psychological harm caused by the epidemic and subsequent psychological problems.</p></sec><sec id="sec0007"><title>Author statement</title><p id="para0013">All authors contributed to the collection and interpretation of data and approved the final report.</p><p id="para0014"><bold>Haibo Yang</bold> conceived the idea for the Article.</p><p id="para0015"><bold>Hui Meng,Jiali Dai,Yang Zhang,Yang Xu and Baogeng Liu</bold> were coprincipal investigators and designed, implemented, and analysed the data of this study.</p><p id="para0016"><bold>Jiali Dai</bold> wrote the code, <bold>Hui Meng</bold> did the analysis for the study, and wrote the initial draft.</p><p id="para0017"><bold>Yang Xu</bold> amended the manuscript and gave suggestions for data analysis.</p></sec><sec sec-type="COI-statement"><title>Declaration of competing interest</title><p id="para0019">We declare no competing interests.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list id="cebibl1"><title>References</title><ref id="bib0001"><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0001"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Qiu</surname><given-names>Jianyin</given-names></name><name><surname>Shen</surname><given-names>Bin</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>Min</given-names></name><name><surname>ZhenWang</surname><given-names>BinXie</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Yifeng</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic:implications and policy recommendations.</article-title><source>General Psychiatry</source><year>2020</year><fpage>33</fpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0002"><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0002"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Xiang Dong</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Xi Lin</given-names></name><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Hong</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Manual of Mental Health Rating Scale [M]</article-title><source>Chinese Journal of Mental Health</source><year>1999</year><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>35</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0003"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" id="othref0001">Published by the National Bureau of Statistics on January 17, 2020.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="bib0004"><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0003"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yanhua</surname><given-names>Li</given-names></name><name><surname>Shiwen</surname><given-names>Wang</given-names></name><name><surname>Aijun</surname><given-names>Fang</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The impact of SARS on the mental health of different elderly groups [J]</article-title><source>Chinese Journal Behavioral Medical Science</source><volume>12</volume><issue>5</issue><year>2003</year></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0005"><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0004"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Jun</given-names></name><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>Weili</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>Xin</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Recommended psychological crisis intervention response to the 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak in China: a model of west China Hospital</article-title><source>Precision Clinical Medicine</source><volume>00</volume><issue>00</issue><year>2020</year><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>6</lpage></element-citation></ref></ref-list><sec id="sec0009" sec-type="supplementary-material"><label>Appendix</label><title>Supplementary materials</title><p id="para0018a"><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="ecom0001"><media xlink:href="mmc1.xml"><alt-text>Image, application 1</alt-text></media></supplementary-material></p></sec><fn-group><fn id="sec0008" fn-type="supplementary-material"><p id="para0002a">Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112983" id="interref0001">doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112983</ext-link>.</p></fn></fn-group></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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