COVID 2019-Suicides: A global psychological pandemic
Identifieur interne : 000448 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000447; suivant : 000449COVID 2019-Suicides: A global psychological pandemic
Auteurs : Vikram Thakur ; Anu JainSource :
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity [ 0889-1591 ] ; 2020.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.062
PubMed: 32335196
PubMed Central: 7177120
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">COVID 2019-Suicides: A global psychological pandemic</title><author><name sortKey="Thakur, Vikram" sort="Thakur, Vikram" uniqKey="Thakur V" first="Vikram" last="Thakur">Vikram Thakur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jain, Anu" sort="Jain, Anu" uniqKey="Jain A" first="Anu" last="Jain">Anu Jain</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af010">Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32335196</idno><idno type="pmc">7177120</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7177120</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7177120</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.062</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000448</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000448</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">COVID 2019-Suicides: A global psychological pandemic</title><author><name sortKey="Thakur, Vikram" sort="Thakur, Vikram" uniqKey="Thakur V" first="Vikram" last="Thakur">Vikram Thakur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jain, Anu" sort="Jain, Anu" uniqKey="Jain A" first="Anu" last="Jain">Anu Jain</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af010">Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Brain, Behavior, and Immunity</title><idno type="ISSN">0889-1591</idno><idno type="eISSN">1090-2139</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Montemurro, N" uniqKey="Montemurro N">N. Montemurro</name></author><author><name sortKey="The Emotional Impact Of Covid From Medical Staff To Common People" uniqKey="The Emotional Impact Of Covid From Medical Staff To Common People">The emotional impact of COVID-19: From medical staff to common people.</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reger, M A" uniqKey="Reger M">M.A. Reger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stanley, I H" uniqKey="Stanley I">I.H. Stanley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joiner, T E" uniqKey="Joiner T">T.E. Joiner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mamun, M A" uniqKey="Mamun M">M.A. Mamun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Griffths, M D" uniqKey="Griffths M">M.D. Griffths</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, Z" uniqKey="Li Z">Z. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ge, J" uniqKey="Ge J">J. Ge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, M" uniqKey="Yang M">M. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feng, J" uniqKey="Feng J">J. Feng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qiao, M" uniqKey="Qiao M">M. Qiao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, R" uniqKey="Jiang R">R. Jiang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vicarious Traumatization In The General Public Member And Non Members Of Medical Teams Aiding In Covid Control" uniqKey="Vicarious Traumatization In The General Public Member And Non Members Of Medical Teams Aiding In Covid Control">Vicarious traumatization in the general public, member, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control.</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kang, L" uniqKey="Kang L">L. Kang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, S" uniqKey="Ma S">S. Ma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, M" uniqKey="Chen M">M. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, J" uniqKey="Yang J">J. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, R" uniqKey="Li R">R. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Impact On Mental Health And Perceptions Of Psychological Care Among Medical And Nursing Staff In Wuhan During The Novel Coronavirus Disease Outbreak A Cross Sectional Study" uniqKey="Impact On Mental Health And Perceptions Of Psychological Care Among Medical And Nursing Staff In Wuhan During The Novel Coronavirus Disease Outbreak A Cross Sectional Study">Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study.</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="letter"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Brain Behav Immun</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Brain Behav. Immun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Brain, Behavior, and Immunity</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0889-1591</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1090-2139</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Elsevier Inc.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32335196</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7177120</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0889-1591(20)30643-7</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.062</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>COVID 2019-Suicides: A global psychological pandemic</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au005"><name><surname>Thakur</surname><given-names>Vikram</given-names></name><email>vik5atif@gmail.com</email><xref rid="af005" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au010"><name><surname>Jain</surname><given-names>Anu</given-names></name><email>jainanu1291@gmail.com</email><xref rid="af010" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><aff id="af005"><label>a</label>Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India</aff><aff id="af010"><label>b</label>Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>⁎</label>Corresponding author at: Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, PGIMER, Chandigarh, Sector-12, Pin-160012, India <email>vik5atif@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>23</day><month>4</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>4</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><history><date date-type="received"><day>21</day><month>4</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>22</day><month>4</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder></copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions></article-meta></front><body><p id="p0005">An inspiring editorial by Montemurro N (<xref rid="b0005" ref-type="bibr">Montemurro and The emotional impact of COVID-19: From medical staff to common people., 2020</xref>) entitled “<italic>The emotional impact of COVID-19: From medical staff to common people</italic>” recently published in the ‘<italic>Brain, Behavior, and Immunity’</italic> motivated us to pen down a concise yet, informative viewpoint entitled “COVID-2019-suicides: A global psychological pandemic”.<xref rid="t0005" ref-type="table">Table 1.</xref><table-wrap position="float" id="t0005"><label>Table 1</label><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th colspan="4"><bold>Factors and predictors for COVID-19 suicides</bold></th></tr><tr><th colspan="4"><bold>Social Isolation/distancing</bold></th></tr><tr><th>SN</th><th>Case History</th><th>Predictors</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1.</td><td>Santosh Kaur, a 65- year-old woman, committed suicide over the fear of the COVID-19. (<bold>India</bold>)</td><td>Person was depressed, had anxiety over COVID-19 and was alone. Her fear was just an illusion and there was no one to counsel or to console her.</td><td>https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/anxiety-over-covid-19-leads-to-phagwara womans-suicide-66466 <italic>(Accessed on 7 April 2020)</italic></td></tr><tr><td>2.</td><td>Chinese student living in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia had committed suicide by jumping from the 3<sup>rd</sup> floor of a hospital. (<bold>Saudi Arabia</bold>)</td><td>Quarantined on suspicion of being infected with the coronavirus.</td><td>https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200217-chinese-student-commits-suicide-in-saudi-after-being-quarantined-for-coronavirus/ <italic>(Accessed on 15 April 2020)</italic></td></tr><tr><td>4.</td><td>19-year-old Emily Owen, youngest suicide victim<bold>(Britain)</bold></td><td>Fear of isolation was created just by the announcement of the country lockdown</td><td>https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/covid-19-is-likely-to-lead-to-an-increase-in-suicides/ <italic>(Accessed on 8 April 2020)</italic></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><bold>Worldwide lockdown creating economic recession</bold></td></tr><tr><td>4.</td><td>Finance Minister Thomas Schaefer, 54-year-old economist. (<bold>Germany</bold>)</td><td>Could not able to bear and cope with the stress about the economic fallout of COVID-19. Turned him hopeless that he could not able to manage citizen’s expectations for financial aid.</td><td>https://www.todayonline.com/world/covid-19-german-minister-commits-suicide-after-virus-crisis-worries <italic>(Accessed on 8 April 2020)</italic></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><bold>Stress, anxiety and pressure in medical healthcare professionals</bold></td></tr><tr><td>5.</td><td>49-year-old nurse (S.L.) of Jesolo hospital committed suicide by jumping into Piave river (<bold>Italy</bold>)</td><td>Lived alone and distressed</td><td>https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/03/31/trez-m31.html <italic>(Accessed on 9 April 2020)</italic></td></tr><tr><td>6.</td><td>Daniela Trezzi, a 34-year-old nurse of the San Gerardo hospital (<bold>Italy</bold>)</td><td>Deeply traumatized, compassion fatigue, emotional burnout, hopelessness, and fear of contracting and spreading the disease to others.</td><td>https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/03/31/trez-m31.html <italic>(Accessed on 9 April 2020)</italic></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><bold>Social boycott and discrimination</bold></td></tr><tr><td>7.</td><td>Mustaffa, a 35-year-old male and Mohammad Dilshad, a 37-year-old male committed suicide. (<bold>India</bold>)</td><td>Both were facing social boycott and religious discrimination from their neighbours in the suspicion of positive COVID-19 report. Resulted in isolation, stigma and finally depression.</td><td>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/stigma-over-covid-testing-blamed-for-mans-suicide/articleshow/74939681.cms <italic>(Accessed on 8 April 2020)</italic> https://www.livemint.com/news/india/facing-social-boycott-covid-19-negative-man-commits-suicide-in-himachal-s-una-11586090515081.html <italic>(Accessed on 9 April 2020)</italic></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><p id="p0010">24,81,026 is the fearsome and huge number of COVID-19 cases with 1,70,423 deaths being reported from around the world (<xref rid="b0010" ref-type="bibr">https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ (Accessed on 21 April, 2020</xref>) is complicating the situation and difficult to control. The realization of the non-availability of vaccine and/or effective antiviral drug against SARS-CoV-2 virus, and understanding that social distancing and quarantine/self-isolation is the only available remedy to us, forced the governments of most of the countries to declare the nationwide lock down.</p><p id="p0015">So far the only advice or the option against the disastrous COVID-19 is screening of suspected person for SARS-CoV-2, if comes positive, then quarantine/self-isolation in addition to supportive treatment. However, few cases have been reported around the world where people out of fear of getting COVID-19 infection, social stigma, isolation, depression, anxiety, emotional imbalance, economic shutdown, lack and/or improper knowledge, financial and future insecurities took their lives. With recent suicide reports we can anticipate the rippling effect of this virus on worldwide suicide events. However, the basic psychology and inability of the person and the mass society to deal with the situation are the major factors behind these COVID-19 suicides pandemic.</p><sec id="s0005"><label>1</label><title>Possible factors and predictors</title><p id="p0020"><bold>Social Isolation/distancing</bold> induce a lot of anxiety in many citizens of different country. However, the most vulnerable are those with existing mental health issues like depression and older adults living in loneliness and isolation. Such people are self-judgemental, have extreme suicidal thoughts. Imposed isolation and quarantine disrupts normal social lives and created psychological fear and feeling like trapped, for an indefinite period of time. The first suicidal case was reported from south India on 12<sup>th</sup> Feb 2020, where Balakrishna, a 50-year-old man wrongly co-related his normal viral infection to COVID-19 (<xref rid="b0015" ref-type="bibr">Goyal et al., 2019</xref>). Although out of fear and love for his family, he quarantined himself, but later committed suicide, as he was psychologically disturbed after reading COVID-19 related deaths in the newspaper. In Delhi, India, one COVID-19 suspected man admitted in the isolation ward of the Safdarjung Hospital allegedly committed suicide by jumping off the seventh floor of the hospital building (<xref rid="b0020" ref-type="bibr">https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/man-suspected-of-covid-19-commits-suicide/articleshow/74700431.cmsfrom=mdr (Accessed on 9 April, 2020</xref>). Not only India, psychosocial distress linked to COVID-19 crises has swept the globe. COVID-19 worries apparently prompted a murder-suicide (<xref rid="b0025" ref-type="bibr">https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/authorities-mans-covid-19-worries-prompt-murder-suicide-69997314 (Accessed on 9 April, 2020</xref>) in Chicago where Patrick Jesernik shot Cheryl Schriefer before shooting himself. Patrick was in an illusion that two of them had SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p><sec id="s0010"><label>1.1</label><title>Worldwide lockdown creating economic recession:</title><p id="p0025">The looming economic crisis may create panic, mass unemployment, poverty and homelessness will possibly surge the suicide risk or drive an increase in the attempt to suicide rates in such patients. US already claimed a vast increase in unemployment (4.6 million) during coronavirus emergency and speculated that lockdown will cause more deaths than COVID-19 itself amid the recession (<xref rid="b0030" ref-type="bibr">Reger et al., 2020</xref>). This uncertainty of time for isolation, not only demoralize but also make people feel worthless, hopeless about present and future as exemplified by the suicide of German Hesse state Finance Minister Thomas Schaefer (<xref rid="b0035" ref-type="bibr">https://www.todayonline.com/world/covid-19-german-minister-commits-suicide-after-virus-crisis-worries (Accessed on 8 April, 2020</xref>)<bold>.</bold></p><p id="p0030"><bold>Stress, anxiety and pressure in medical healthcare professionals</bold> are at immense and at the peak. 50% of the medical staff in the British hospitals are sick, and at home, leaving high pressure on the remaining staff to deal with the situation. In King’s College Hospital, London, a young nurse took her own life while treating COVID-19 patients (<xref rid="b0040" ref-type="bibr">https://www.wzzm13.com/article/news/local/morning-features/suicide-risks-grow-during-pandemic/69-05657859-d404-44ad-bf87-c70dad3c6671 (Accessed on 9 April, 2020</xref>). Even the forefront warriors, i.e. medical professionals are constantly in close contact with COVID-19 positive and/or quarantined patients while treating them are under psychological trauma. The predictors are constant fear of getting infection, unbearable stress, helplessness and distress watching infected patients die alone.</p><p id="p0035"><bold>Social boycott and discrimination</bold> also added few cases to the list of COVID-19 suicides. Mamun MA et al., 2020 reported the first COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh, where Zahidul Islam, a 36-year-old man committed suicide due to social avoidance by the neighbours and his moral conscience to ensure not to pass on the virus to his community (<xref rid="b0045" ref-type="bibr">Mamun and Griffths, 2020</xref>). Other important cases from around the world have been described in table no. 1.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s0015"><label>2</label><title>Dealing with COVID-19 stress</title><p id="p0040">Scientists across the world are trying hard to develop vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, and antivirals like Favipiravir and Ramdesivir are now under phase III clinical trials to treat clinical manifestation of COVID-19 disease. However, a total of 6,46,675 COVID-19 infected patients had already been recovered (<xref rid="b0010" ref-type="bibr">https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ (Accessed on 21 April, 2020</xref>) and now different approaches need to be implemented to deal with COVID-19 related psychological stress. COVID-19 is a global crisis, so collective efforts are required to deal with this global pandemic. Emotional distress people need to first set the limit of COVID-19 related news consumption from local, national, international, social and digital platform and the sources must be authentic like CDC and WHO. One needs to maintain connectedness and solidarity despite the physical distance.. Individuals with the previous history of suicidal thoughts, panic and stress disorder, low self-esteem and low self-worth, are easily susceptible to catastrophic thinking like suicide in such viral pandemic. Indirect clues need to be noticed with great care, where people often say ‘I’m tired of life’, ‘no one loves me’, ‘leave me alone’ and so on. On suspecting such behaviour in person, we can pull together the people struggling with suicidal ideation to make them feel loved and protective.</p><p id="p0045">Socio-psychology needs and interventions for mental rehabilitation should be designed. Tele-counselling along with, 24x7 crisis response service for emotional, mental and behavioural support need to be implemented. However, majority of the countries are already practicing and implementing these measures. Health care policies and the perception for the COVI-19 health care professionals need to be strengthening as reported from Chinese studies (<xref rid="b0050" ref-type="bibr">Li et al., 2020</xref>, <xref rid="b0055" ref-type="bibr">Kang et al., 2020</xref>)<bold>.</bold> Government recommendations to work from home, and travel less advisories restricted our social life, but, we can spend time indoor with our families, connect to friends on social media, and engage in mindfulness activities, till we all win this battle.</p></sec><sec id="s0020"><label>3</label><title>Role of the funding source:</title><p id="p0050">None</p></sec><sec id="s0025"><label>4</label><title>Financial disclosure:</title><p id="p0055">None</p></sec><sec id="s0030"><label>5</label><title>Declaration of Competing Interest:</title><p id="p0060">The authors do not have any conflict of interest.</p><p id="p0065">The views expressed are personal and not necessarily the views of the author affiliated institute.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list id="bi005"><title>References</title><ref id="b0005"><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="h0005"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Montemurro</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>The emotional impact of COVID-19: From medical staff to common people.</surname></name></person-group><article-title>Brain</article-title><source>Behavior, and Immunity.</source><year>2020</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.032</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b0010"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" id="h0010">https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ (Accessed on 21 April 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b0015"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" id="h0015">Goyal K, Chauhan P, Chhikara K, Gupta P, Singh MP. 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JAMA</article-title><source>Psychiatry.</source><year>2020</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1060</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b0035"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" id="h0035">https://www.todayonline.com/world/covid-19-german-minister-commits-suicide-after-virus-crisis-worries (Accessed on 8 April 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b0040"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" id="h0040">https://www.wzzm13.com/article/news/local/morning-features/suicide-risks-grow-during-pandemic/69-05657859-d404-44ad-bf87-c70dad3c6671 (Accessed on 9 April 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b0045"><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="h0045"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mamun</surname><given-names>M.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Griffths</surname><given-names>M.D.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>First COVID-19 case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies</article-title><source>Asian Journal of Psychiatry 51</source><volume>2020</volume><year>2020</year><object-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">102073</object-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b0050"><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="h0050"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ge</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Feng</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Qiao</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jiang</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vicarious traumatization in the general public, member, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control.</surname></name></person-group><article-title>Brain</article-title><source>Behavior, and Immunity.</source><year>2020</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b0055"><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="h0055"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kang</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study.</surname></name></person-group><article-title>Brain</article-title><source>Behavior, and Immunity.</source><year>2020</year><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list><ack id="ak005"><title>Acknowledgements:</title><p>None</p></ack></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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