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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control</title><author><name sortKey="Li, Zhenyu" sort="Li, Zhenyu" uniqKey="Li Z" first="Zhenyu" last="Li">Zhenyu Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ge, Jingwu" sort="Ge, Jingwu" uniqKey="Ge J" first="Jingwu" last="Ge">Jingwu Ge</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Meiling" sort="Yang, Meiling" uniqKey="Yang M" first="Meiling" last="Yang">Meiling Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feng, Jianping" sort="Feng, Jianping" uniqKey="Feng J" first="Jianping" last="Feng">Jianping Feng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qiao, Mei" sort="Qiao, Mei" uniqKey="Qiao M" first="Mei" last="Qiao">Mei Qiao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Riyue" sort="Jiang, Riyue" uniqKey="Jiang R" first="Riyue" last="Jiang">Riyue Jiang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af010">Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bi, Jiangjiang" sort="Bi, Jiangjiang" uniqKey="Bi J" first="Jiangjiang" last="Bi">Jiangjiang Bi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af015">Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan 430030, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhan, Gaofeng" sort="Zhan, Gaofeng" uniqKey="Zhan G" first="Gaofeng" last="Zhan">Gaofeng Zhan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af015">Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan 430030, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Xiaolin" sort="Xu, Xiaolin" uniqKey="Xu X" first="Xiaolin" last="Xu">Xiaolin Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af015">Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan 430030, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Long" sort="Wang, Long" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Long" last="Wang">Long Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af020">Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Qin" sort="Zhou, Qin" uniqKey="Zhou Q" first="Qin" last="Zhou">Qin Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af010">Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Chenliang" sort="Zhou, Chenliang" uniqKey="Zhou C" first="Chenliang" last="Zhou">Chenliang Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af025">Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pan, Yinbing" sort="Pan, Yinbing" uniqKey="Pan Y" first="Yinbing" last="Pan">Yinbing Pan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Shijiang" sort="Liu, Shijiang" uniqKey="Liu S" first="Shijiang" last="Liu">Shijiang Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Haiwei" sort="Zhang, Haiwei" uniqKey="Zhang H" first="Haiwei" last="Zhang">Haiwei Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Jianjun" sort="Yang, Jianjun" uniqKey="Yang J" first="Jianjun" last="Yang">Jianjun Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af030">Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Bin" sort="Zhu, Bin" uniqKey="Zhu B" first="Bin" last="Zhu">Bin Zhu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af035">Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Yimin" sort="Hu, Yimin" uniqKey="Hu Y" first="Yimin" last="Hu">Yimin Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af040">Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hashimoto, Kenji" sort="Hashimoto, Kenji" uniqKey="Hashimoto K" first="Kenji" last="Hashimoto">Kenji Hashimoto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af045">Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jia, Yan" sort="Jia, Yan" uniqKey="Jia Y" first="Yan" last="Jia">Yan Jia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af050">Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Haofei" sort="Wang, Haofei" uniqKey="Wang H" first="Haofei" last="Wang">Haofei Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af055">Department of Psychology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Rong" sort="Wang, Rong" uniqKey="Wang R" first="Rong" last="Wang">Rong Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af060">Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Cunming" sort="Liu, Cunming" uniqKey="Liu C" first="Cunming" last="Liu">Cunming Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Chun" sort="Yang, Chun" uniqKey="Yang C" first="Chun" last="Yang">Chun Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32169498</idno><idno type="pmc">7102670</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102670</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7102670</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000176</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000176</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control</title><author><name sortKey="Li, Zhenyu" sort="Li, Zhenyu" uniqKey="Li Z" first="Zhenyu" last="Li">Zhenyu Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ge, Jingwu" sort="Ge, Jingwu" uniqKey="Ge J" first="Jingwu" last="Ge">Jingwu Ge</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Meiling" sort="Yang, Meiling" uniqKey="Yang M" first="Meiling" last="Yang">Meiling Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feng, Jianping" sort="Feng, Jianping" uniqKey="Feng J" first="Jianping" last="Feng">Jianping Feng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qiao, Mei" sort="Qiao, Mei" uniqKey="Qiao M" first="Mei" last="Qiao">Mei Qiao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Riyue" sort="Jiang, Riyue" uniqKey="Jiang R" first="Riyue" last="Jiang">Riyue Jiang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af010">Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bi, Jiangjiang" sort="Bi, Jiangjiang" uniqKey="Bi J" first="Jiangjiang" last="Bi">Jiangjiang Bi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af015">Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan 430030, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhan, Gaofeng" sort="Zhan, Gaofeng" uniqKey="Zhan G" first="Gaofeng" last="Zhan">Gaofeng Zhan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af015">Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan 430030, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Xiaolin" sort="Xu, Xiaolin" uniqKey="Xu X" first="Xiaolin" last="Xu">Xiaolin Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af015">Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan 430030, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Long" sort="Wang, Long" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Long" last="Wang">Long Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af020">Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Qin" sort="Zhou, Qin" uniqKey="Zhou Q" first="Qin" last="Zhou">Qin Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af010">Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Chenliang" sort="Zhou, Chenliang" uniqKey="Zhou C" first="Chenliang" last="Zhou">Chenliang Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af025">Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pan, Yinbing" sort="Pan, Yinbing" uniqKey="Pan Y" first="Yinbing" last="Pan">Yinbing Pan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Shijiang" sort="Liu, Shijiang" uniqKey="Liu S" first="Shijiang" last="Liu">Shijiang Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Haiwei" sort="Zhang, Haiwei" uniqKey="Zhang H" first="Haiwei" last="Zhang">Haiwei Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Jianjun" sort="Yang, Jianjun" uniqKey="Yang J" first="Jianjun" last="Yang">Jianjun Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af030">Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Bin" sort="Zhu, Bin" uniqKey="Zhu B" first="Bin" last="Zhu">Bin Zhu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af035">Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Yimin" sort="Hu, Yimin" uniqKey="Hu Y" first="Yimin" last="Hu">Yimin Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af040">Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hashimoto, Kenji" sort="Hashimoto, Kenji" uniqKey="Hashimoto K" first="Kenji" last="Hashimoto">Kenji Hashimoto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af045">Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jia, Yan" sort="Jia, Yan" uniqKey="Jia Y" first="Yan" last="Jia">Yan Jia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af050">Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Haofei" sort="Wang, Haofei" uniqKey="Wang H" first="Haofei" last="Wang">Haofei Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af055">Department of Psychology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Rong" sort="Wang, Rong" uniqKey="Wang R" first="Rong" last="Wang">Rong Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af060">Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Cunming" sort="Liu, Cunming" uniqKey="Liu C" first="Cunming" last="Liu">Cunming Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Chun" sort="Yang, Chun" uniqKey="Yang C" first="Chun" last="Yang">Chun Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af005">Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Brain, Behavior, and Immunity</title><idno type="ISSN">0889-1591</idno><idno type="eISSN">1090-2139</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Highlights</title><p><list list-type="simple" id="l0005"><list-item id="o0005"><label>•</label><p id="p0005">The vicarious traumatization scores for front-line nurses were significantly lower than those of non-front-line nurses;</p></list-item><list-item id="o0010"><label>•</label><p id="p0010">The vicarious traumatization scores for the general public were significantly higher than those of front-line nurses.</p></list-item><list-item id="ce.list-item_yzc_s15_zkb"><label>•</label><p id="ce.para_vbg_s15_zkb">Strategies that aim to prevent and treat vicarious traumatization in medical staff and general public are necessary.</p></list-item></list></p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Borenstein, M" uniqKey="Borenstein M">M. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Brain Behav Immun</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Brain Behav. Immun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Brain, Behavior, and Immunity</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0889-1591</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1090-2139</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32169498</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7102670</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0889-1591(20)30309-3</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au005"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Zhenyu</given-names></name><xref rid="af005" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="fn1" ref-type="fn">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au010"><name><surname>Ge</surname><given-names>Jingwu</given-names></name><xref rid="af005" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="fn1" ref-type="fn">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au015"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Meiling</given-names></name><xref rid="af005" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="fn1" ref-type="fn">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au020"><name><surname>Feng</surname><given-names>Jianping</given-names></name><xref rid="af005" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="fn1" ref-type="fn">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au025"><name><surname>Qiao</surname><given-names>Mei</given-names></name><xref rid="af005" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au030"><name><surname>Jiang</surname><given-names>Riyue</given-names></name><xref rid="af010" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au035"><name><surname>Bi</surname><given-names>Jiangjiang</given-names></name><xref rid="af015" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au040"><name><surname>Zhan</surname><given-names>Gaofeng</given-names></name><xref rid="af015" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au045"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Xiaolin</given-names></name><xref rid="af015" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au050"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Long</given-names></name><xref rid="af020" ref-type="aff">d</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au055"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Qin</given-names></name><xref rid="af010" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au060"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Chenliang</given-names></name><xref rid="af025" ref-type="aff">e</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au065"><name><surname>Pan</surname><given-names>Yinbing</given-names></name><xref rid="af005" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au070"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Shijiang</given-names></name><xref rid="af005" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au075"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Haiwei</given-names></name><xref rid="af005" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au080"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Jianjun</given-names></name><xref rid="af030" ref-type="aff">f</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au085"><name><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>Bin</given-names></name><xref rid="af035" ref-type="aff">g</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au090"><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>Yimin</given-names></name><xref rid="af040" ref-type="aff">h</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au095"><name><surname>Hashimoto</surname><given-names>Kenji</given-names></name><xref rid="af045" ref-type="aff">i</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au100"><name><surname>Jia</surname><given-names>Yan</given-names></name><xref rid="af050" ref-type="aff">j</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au105"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Haofei</given-names></name><xref rid="af055" ref-type="aff">k</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au110"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Rong</given-names></name><email>wangrong_nj@163.com</email><xref rid="af060" ref-type="aff">l</xref><xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au115"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Cunming</given-names></name><email>mingliu870@sohu.com</email><xref rid="af005" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au120"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Chun</given-names></name><email>chunyang@njmu.edu.cn</email><xref rid="af005" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af005"><label>a</label>Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</aff><aff id="af010"><label>b</label>Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China</aff><aff id="af015"><label>c</label>Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan 430030, China</aff><aff id="af020"><label>d</label>Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China</aff><aff id="af025"><label>e</label>Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China</aff><aff id="af030"><label>f</label>Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China</aff><aff id="af035"><label>g</label>Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China</aff><aff id="af040"><label>h</label>Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China</aff><aff id="af045"><label>i</label>Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan</aff><aff id="af050"><label>j</label>Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</aff><aff id="af055"><label>k</label>Department of Psychology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</aff><aff id="af060"><label>l</label>Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>⁎</label>Corresponding authors. <email>wangrong_nj@163.com</email><email>mingliu870@sohu.com</email><email>chunyang@njmu.edu.cn</email></corresp><fn id="fn1"><label>1</label><p id="np010">The authors contributed equally to this work.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>10</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><elocation-id></elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>7</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>9</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>9</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Elsevier Inc.</copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract abstract-type="author-highlights" id="ab005"><title>Highlights</title><p><list list-type="simple" id="l0005"><list-item id="o0005"><label>•</label><p id="p0005">The vicarious traumatization scores for front-line nurses were significantly lower than those of non-front-line nurses;</p></list-item><list-item id="o0010"><label>•</label><p id="p0010">The vicarious traumatization scores for the general public were significantly higher than those of front-line nurses.</p></list-item><list-item id="ce.list-item_yzc_s15_zkb"><label>•</label><p id="ce.para_vbg_s15_zkb">Strategies that aim to prevent and treat vicarious traumatization in medical staff and general public are necessary.</p></list-item></list></p></abstract><abstract id="ab010"><p>Since December 2019, more than 79,000 people have been diagnosed with infection of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). A large number of medical staff was sent to Wuhan city and Hubei province to aid COVID-19 control. Psychological stress, especially vicarious traumatization caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, should not be ignored. To address this concern, the study employed a total of 214 general public and 526 nurses (i.e., 234 front-line nurses and 292 non-front-line nurses) to evaluate vicarious traumatization scores via a mobile app-based questionnaire. Front-line nurses are engaged in the process of providing care for patients with COVID-19. The results showed that the vicarious traumatization scores for front-line nurses including scores for physiological and psychological responses, were significantly lower than those of non-front-line nurses (<italic>P</italic> < 0.001). Interestingly, the vicarious traumatization scores of the general public were significantly higher than those of the front-line nurses (<italic>P</italic> < 0.001); however, no statistical difference was observed compared to the scores of non-front-line nurses (<italic>P</italic> > 0.05). Therefore, increased attention should be paid to the psychological problems of the medical staff, especially non-front-line nurses, and general public under the situation of the spread and control of COVID-19. Early strategies that aim to prevent and treat vicarious traumatization in medical staff and general public are extremely necessary.</p></abstract><kwd-group id="kg005"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>Vicarious traumatization</kwd><kwd>Front-line nurses</kwd><kwd>Non-front-line nurses</kwd><kwd>General public</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s0005"><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><p id="p0015">Since December 2019, the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan has infected more than 70,000 individuals. China has taken active and effective actions to provide medical support for aiding in the control of the rapid spread of COVID-19. From January 24, 2020 (Chinese New Year’s Eve), China has sent more than 30,000 medical staff to Wuhan city and Hubei province to provide medical support. Researchers have validated that these efficient and feasible strategies and measures are timely and effective. Medical staff often has a variety of psychological problems under a high-pressure and risk anti-pandemic situation (<xref rid="b0030" ref-type="bibr">Kang et al., 2015</xref>). Therefore, psychological assessment and intervention in victims and rescuers, such as medical staff and volunteers, are of great importance for the control of large-scale disasters and pandemics. This notion is not only beneficial for early actions and measures for psychological intervention, but also for tremendously improving disaster and pandemic control and rapid social recovery (<xref rid="b0040" ref-type="bibr">Liu et al., 2013</xref>).</p><p id="p0020">In 1996, Saakvitne and Pearlman first proposed vicarious traumatization (<xref rid="b0020" ref-type="bibr">Geeta Patel-Kerai, 2017</xref>). The term initially referred to the phenomenon where professional psychotherapists are involuntarily affected by the bidirectional interactions of the relationship between consultation and interview due to long-term contact with patients with mental diseases. In other words, psychotherapists experienced mental symptoms similar to psychological trauma (<xref rid="b0010" ref-type="bibr">Collins and Long, 2003</xref>). Currently, the scope of application of vicarious traumatization is extended to a large number of cruel and destructive disasters, where the degree of damage exceeds psychological and emotional tolerance and indirectly leads to various psychological abnormalities (<xref rid="b0045" ref-type="bibr">Mathieu, 2014</xref>). These psychological abnormalities are derived from sympathy for survivors of a trauma, which causes serious physical and mental distress, even mental breakdown (<xref rid="b0060" ref-type="bibr">Sinclair and Hamill, 2007</xref>).</p><p id="p0025">The main symptoms of vicarious traumatization such as loss of appetite, fatigue, physical decline, sleep disorder, irritability, inattention, numbness, fear, and despair are well recognized to be experienced by all individuals. Frequently, these symptoms are accompanied by trauma responses and interpersonal conflicts that even compel others to commit suicide (<xref rid="b0015" ref-type="bibr">Creighton et al., 2018</xref>). In this regard, the study proposes that medical staff, volunteers, and the general public will more or less experience vicarious traumatization during the spread and control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, identifying and providing intervention for vicarious traumatization at an early stage is important.</p><p id="p0030">In this study, 214 general public and 526 nurses (i.e., 234 front-line nurses and 292 non-front-line nurses), were employed and evaluated via the Chinese version of the vicarious traumatization evaluation scale. In addition, risk factors finally leading to vicarious traumatization among medical staff were evaluated. Therefore, our findings can likely provide theoretical basis and viable strategies for early psychological interventions during COVID-19 control.</p></sec><sec id="s0010"><label>2</label><title>Methods</title><sec id="s0015"><label>2.1</label><title>Settings and participants</title><p id="p0035">The study is descriptive in nature, utilizes a mobile phone app-based questionnaire survey, and was carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic from February 17, 2020 to Feb 21, 2020 (i.e., five weekdays). The Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University approved the study (approval number: 2020-SR-101). The study employed licensed registered nurses who worked in hospitals and general public (non-medical staff). Front-line nurses are engaged in the process of providing care for patients with COVID-19. Owing to the fact that the investigation was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, the current isolation policy calls for reduced face-to-face contact and communication and avoidance of large gatherings and activities. Therefore, an anonymous questionnaire was structured using a mobile app called “Sojump” (www.sojump.com) and pushed to individuals via WeChat after obtaining informed consent. Finally, a total of 740 individuals (i.e., 526 nurses and 214 general public), filled in the questionnaire.</p></sec><sec id="s0020"><label>2.2</label><title>Demographic data and vicarious traumatization questionnaire</title><p id="p0040">Demographic data included gender, age, hospital classification, years of working, departments, professional titles, undertaking management work or not, educational background, marriage status, and single child or not. The Chinese version of the vicarious traumatization questionnaire was compiled based on qualitative interviews with rescuers in the Wenchuan earthquake in China and existing international trauma-related scales, such as the Traumatic Stress Institute Belief Scale, Impact of Event Scale, and Vicarious Trauma Scale (<xref rid="b0050" ref-type="bibr">Pearlman, 1990</xref>, <xref rid="b0055" ref-type="bibr">Sharon Rae Jenkins, 2002</xref>, <xref rid="b0070" ref-type="bibr">Vrklevski and Franklin, 2008</xref>). The vicarious traumatization questionnaire adopted in the current study has a total of 38 items, which are composed of two dimensions, namely, physiological responses (11 items) and psychological responses [i.e., emotional responses (nine items), behavioral responses (seven items), cognitive responses (five items), and life belief (six items)]. Each question score ranged from 0 (never) to 5 (always). Cranach’s alpha for the questionnaire reached 0.93, whereas that for each dimension ranged from 0.73 to 0.92. The cumulative variance contribution rate reached 52.56%, which indicates positive reliability and validity.</p></sec><sec id="s0025"><label>2.3</label><title>Statistical analysis</title><p id="p0045">In this study, continuous and abnormally distributed data were described using the median and interquartile range (IQR: 25%–75%), whereas the Mann–Whitney U test or Kruskal–Wallis H-test was used to assess group differences. Descriptive statistics involved frequencies (%) for categorical variables, and the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used to assess group differences. Data were considered statistically significant when <italic>P</italic> < 0.05. Analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0 (IBM Co. LTD, Chicago, IL, USA).</p></sec></sec><sec id="s0030"><label>3</label><title>Results</title><sec id="s0035"><label>3.1</label><title>Comparison of general characteristic between general public, front-line nurses, and non-front-line nurses</title><p id="p0050">In this study, a total of 740 individuals (i.e., 214 general public, 234 front-line nurses, and 292 non-front-line nurses) were enrolled in the study. Gender, age, marriage status, and single child or not pointed to a significantly statistical difference between the general public, front-line nurses, and non-front-line nurses. Furthermore, results showed a statistical difference in hospital classification, departments, and professional titles between front-line and non-front-line nurses (<xref rid="t0005" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).<table-wrap position="float" id="t0005"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Comparison of general characteristics between the general public, front-line nurses and non-front-line nurses.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th></th><th>GP (n = 214)</th><th>FLNs (n = 234)</th><th>nFLNs (n = 292)</th><th><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><bold>Gender, %</bold></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>＜0.001<xref rid="tblfn1" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Male</td><td>86 (40.19)</td><td>28 (11.97)</td><td>48 (16.44)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Female</td><td>128 (59.81)</td><td>206 (88.03)</td><td>244 (83.56)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><bold>Age, median (IQR), yr</bold></td><td>25 (22–38.3)</td><td>29.5 (26–34)</td><td>29 (25–34)</td><td>＜0.001<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td><bold>Hospital classification, %</bold></td><td>NA</td><td></td><td></td><td>＜0.001<sup>c</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Grade 3A</td><td></td><td>152 (64.96)</td><td>235 (80.48)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Grade 3B</td><td></td><td>29 (12.39)</td><td>37 (12.67)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Grade 2A</td><td></td><td>38 (16.24)</td><td>15 (5.14)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Grade 2B</td><td></td><td>7 (2.99)</td><td>2 (0.68)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Others</td><td></td><td>8 (3.42)</td><td>3 (1.03)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><bold>Years of working, median (IQR), yr</bold></td><td>NA</td><td>8 (3.8–13)</td><td>7.5 (3–11)</td><td>0.187<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td><bold>Departments, %</bold></td><td>NA</td><td></td><td></td><td>＜0.001<xref rid="tblfn1" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Internal medicine</td><td></td><td>60 (25.64)</td><td>62 (21.23)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgery</td><td></td><td>39 (16.67)</td><td>142 (48.63)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Emergency</td><td></td><td>13 (5.56)</td><td>11 (3.77)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Critical care medicine</td><td></td><td>96 (41.03)</td><td>32 (10.96)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gynecology & Pediatrics</td><td></td><td>12 (5.13)</td><td>19 (6.51)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Others</td><td></td><td>14 (5.98)</td><td>26 (8.9)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><bold>Professional titles, %</bold></td><td>NA</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.044<xref rid="tblfn1" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Nurse</td><td></td><td>31 (13.25)</td><td>61 (20.89)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Senior nurse</td><td></td><td>128 (54.7)</td><td>129 (44.18)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nurse-in-charge</td><td></td><td>61 (26.07)</td><td>87 (29.79)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deputy chief or higher</td><td></td><td>14 (5.98)</td><td>15 (5.14)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><bold>Management work, %</bold></td><td>NA</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.182<xref rid="tblfn1" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Yes</td><td></td><td>69 (29.49)</td><td>71 (24.32)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td></td><td>165 (70.51)</td><td>221 (75.68)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><bold>Education background, %</bold></td><td>NA</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.115<xref rid="tblfn1" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></td></tr><tr><td>College degree</td><td></td><td>43 (18.38)</td><td>39 (13.36)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bachelor or higher degree</td><td></td><td>191 (81.62)</td><td>253 (86.65)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><bold>Marriage, %</bold></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>＜0.001<sup>c</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Unmarried</td><td>124 (57.94)</td><td>105 (44.87)</td><td>113 (38.7)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Married</td><td>88 (41.12)</td><td>123 (52.56)</td><td>176 (60.27)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Divorce or others</td><td>2 (0.01)</td><td>6 (2.56)</td><td>3 (1.03)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><bold>Single-child, %</bold></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.001<xref rid="tblfn1" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Yes</td><td>80 (37.38)</td><td>78 (33.33)</td><td>143 (48.97)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>134 (62.62)</td><td>156 (66.67)</td><td>149 (51.03)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Abbreviations: FLNs, front-line nurses; GP, general public; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable; nFLNs, non-front-line nurses.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn1"><label>a</label><p id="np005">Chi-square test; <sup>b</sup> Mann–Whitney <italic>U</italic> test; <sup>c</sup> Fisher’s exact test.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="s0040"><label>3.2</label><title>Comparison of vicarious traumatization scores between the general public, front-line nurses, and non-front-line nurses</title><p id="p0055">The vicarious traumatization scores showed a statistical difference between the general public, front-line nurses, and non-front-line nurses (<xref rid="t0010" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>). Furthermore, vicarious traumatization scores were separately compared; front-line nurses had significantly lower vicarious traumatization scores than the general public and non-front-line nurses. However, no significant difference was noted in vicarious traumatization scores between the general public and non-front-line nurses. In addition, the vicarious traumatization scores of the front-line and non-front-line nurses were compared. Collectively, the study found that vicarious traumatization and sub-items scores showed a significant increase in non-front-line nurses than those of front-line nurses.<table-wrap position="float" id="t0010"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Comparison of vicarious traumatization severity between the general public, front-line nurses and non-front-line nurses.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th></th><th>GP (n = 214)</th><th>FLNs (n = 234)</th><th>nFLNs (n = 292)</th><th>Z scores</th><th><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Vicarious traumatization</td><td>75.5 (62–88.3)</td><td>64 (52–75)</td><td>75.5 (63–92)</td><td>57.258</td><td>＜0.001</td></tr><tr><td>Physiological responses</td><td>18 (13–24)</td><td>17 (12–21)</td><td>19 (13.3–25)</td><td>15.875</td><td>＜0.001</td></tr><tr><td>Psychological responses</td><td>57 (47–65.3)</td><td>46.5 (38–55)</td><td>56.5 (47–68.8)</td><td>70.729</td><td>＜0.001</td></tr><tr><td>Behavioral responses</td><td>15 (12–18)</td><td>13 (10–15)</td><td>15 (12–18)</td><td>39.421</td><td>＜0.001</td></tr><tr><td>Emotional responses</td><td>19 (15–23)</td><td>15 (12–18.3)</td><td>19 (15.3–23)</td><td>73.992</td><td>＜0.001</td></tr><tr><td>Cognitive responses</td><td>8 (6–10)</td><td>7 (5–9)</td><td>9 (7–11)</td><td>23.680</td><td>＜0.001</td></tr><tr><td>Life beliefs</td><td>13.5 (11–17)</td><td>11 (9–13)</td><td>14 (11–17)</td><td>79.529</td><td>＜0.001</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><italic>Abbreviations:</italic> FLNs, front-line nurses; GP, general public; nFLNs, non-front-line nurses.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p></sec></sec><sec id="s0045"><label>4</label><title>Discussion</title><p id="p0060">The results showed that the severity of vicarious traumatization in front-line nurses, non-front-line nurses, and the general public is relatively differential. The study found that although no significant differences were observed between the severity of vicarious traumatization in the non-front-line nurses and the general public, its severity was significantly higher than that of the front-line nurses who came in close contact with patients with COVID-19. In addition, the results demonstrated that the severity of vicarious traumatization in non-front-line nurses was more serious, whereas that of married and divorced or widowed nurses were higher than that of unmarried nurses. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to focus on the psychological status, especially vicarious traumatization, of nurses aiding in COVID-19 control.</p><p id="p0065">Although the severity of vicarious traumatization in the general public is higher than that of the front-line nurses, the study must emphasize that no difference was observed in the scores of vicarious traumatization between the general public and non-front-line nurses. This finding may be highly related to the fact that China has adopted a strict isolation policy to deal with the epidemic, thus calling on the public to reduce face-to-face contact and communication to reduce the probability of viral transmission. During this period of COVID-19 proliferation, the majority of the general public is staying at home for isolation. Thus, they gained more time to gather knowledge about the epidemic and the lives of other people, especially those of patients with COVID-19, through the internet and media (<xref rid="b0025" ref-type="bibr">Hu et al., 2015</xref>). The general public not only feels sympathy for patients with COVID-19 but is also concerned about the medical staff. In the issue of public health, psychological endurance is lacking. This notion suggests that during the spread and control of COVID-19, propaganda strategies should be well-organized and effective. In addition, early intervention measures should be taken to alleviate the psychological issues faced by the general public (<xref rid="b0035" ref-type="bibr">Kang et al., 2018</xref>).</p><p id="p0070">Results of the analysis indicate that the front-line nurses mainly originated from 3A and 3B hospitals (China’s hospital classification) and from critical care medicine and internal medicine departments. This group is mainly composed of middle-level backbone members, where most of them are single children and have not given birth. Close contact with patients with COVID-19 and direct exposure to the patients' physical and psychological sufferings have been well recognized to render front-line nurses prone to suffer from vicarious traumatization; therefore, the society and psychotherapists should actively pay more attention to the psychological problems of front-line nurses (<xref rid="b0005" ref-type="bibr">Borenstein, 2018</xref>, <xref rid="b0065" ref-type="bibr">Taylor et al., 2016</xref>). However, the results of the study imply that the vicarious traumatization severity of non-front-line nurses, regardless of physical or psychological responses, is more serious than that of front-line nurses. This finding suggests that non-front-line nurses are more likely to suffer from psychological problems, whereas the psychological endurance of front-line nurses is stronger. This notion may be due to the fact that front-line nurses are voluntarily selected and provided with sufficient psychological preparation. Second, the selected front-line nurses are mainly middle-level backbone staff with working experience and psychological capacity. In addition, the vicarious traumatization of front-line nurses is typically derived from sympathy for patients with COVID-19, whereas non-front-line nurses not only feel sympathy for patients with COVID-19, but also bear the worry and sympathy for front-line colleagues. Finally, the front-line nurses are more knowledgeable about the epidemic than the general public and non-front-line nurses. Therefore, a transparent announcement of epidemic information is very beneficial to social and psychological constructs and psychological intervention at a later time (<xref rid="b0075" ref-type="bibr">Wang et al., 2006</xref>). Collectively, the abovementioned factors may be possible reasons for the higher severity of vicarious traumatization in non-front-line nurses than in front-line nurses.</p><p id="p0075">The study has certain limitations. First, the observational objects are mainly nurses. The reason for this option is that the proportion of nurses in the medical teams for COVID-19 control constitutes more than 70%, such that investigating nurses is representative. Secondly, this study is a descriptive cross-sectional one, which is unable to explore the causal linkage between factors. Therefore, carrying out a longitudinal large-sized intervention study and enrolling clinical doctors and other medical workers, such as technicians, is necessary to further explore the pathogenesis, therapeutic strategies, and mechanisms of vicarious traumatization.</p><p id="p0080">In summary, the results suggest that the general public and medical staff suffer from vicarious traumatization. However, the vicarious traumatization of non-front-line medical staff is more serious than that of front-line medical staff. 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Xing. Bing. Xue. Za. Zhi</source><volume>27</volume><year>2006</year><fpage>503</fpage><lpage>507</lpage></element-citation></ref></ref-list><ack id="ak005"><sec id="s0050"><title>Acknowledgment</title><p id="p0090">This work was supported by grants from the <funding-source id="gp005">National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source> (grant numbers: 81703482 and 81974171 to C. Y.).</p></sec><sec id="s0055"><title>Author contribution</title><p id="p0095"><italic>Concept and design:</italic> Z. Li, J. Ge, M. Yang, J. Feng, R. Wang, C. Liu, C. Yang.</p><p id="p0100"><italic>Acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data:</italic> Z. Li, J. Ge, M. Yang, J. Feng, M. Qiao, R. Jiang, J. Bi, G. Zhan, X. Xu, L. Wang, Q. Zhou, C. Zhou, Y. Pan, S. Liu, H. Zhang, J. Yang, B. Zhu, Y. Hu, K. Hashimoto, Y. Jia, H. Wang, R. Wang, C. Liu, C. Yang. <italic>Drafting of the manuscript:</italic> Z. Li, J. Ge, C. Yang. <italic>Critical revision of the manuscript:</italic> Z. Li, J. Ge, M. Yang, J. Feng, R. Wang, C. Liu, C. Yang.</p><p id="p0105"><italic>Statistical analysis</italic>: Z. Li, J. Ge, C. Yang. <italic>Supervision:</italic> R. Wang, C. Liu, C. Yang</p></sec></ack></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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