New framework for rehabilitation – fusion of cognitive and physical rehabilitation: the hope for dancing
Identifieur interne : 000333 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000332; suivant : 000334New framework for rehabilitation – fusion of cognitive and physical rehabilitation: the hope for dancing
Auteurs : Prabhjot Dhami ; Sylvain Moreno ; Joseph F. X. DesouzaSource :
- Frontiers in Psychology [ 1664-1078 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Neurorehabilitation programs are commonly employed with the goal to help restore functionality in patients. However, many of these therapies report only having a small impact. In response to the need for more effective and innovative approaches, rehabilitative methods that take advantage of the neuroplastic properties of the brain have been used to aid with both physical and cognitive impairments. Following this path of reasoning, there has been a particular interest in the use of physical exercise as well as musical related activities. Although such therapies demonstrate potential, they also have limitations that may affect their use, calling for further exploration. Here, we propose dance as a potential parallel to physical and music therapies. Dance may be able to aid with both physical and cognitive impairments, particularly due to it combined nature of including both physical and cognitive stimulation. Not only does it incorporate physical and motor skill related activities, but it can also engage various cognitive functions such as perception, emotion, and memory, all while done in an enriched environment. Other more practical benefits, such as promoting adherence due to being enjoyable, are also discussed, along with the current literature on the application of dance as an intervention tool, as well as future directions required to evaluate the potential of dance as an alternative therapy in neurorehabilitation.
Url:
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01478
PubMed: 25674066
PubMed Central: 4309167
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4309167Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">New framework for rehabilitation – fusion of cognitive and physical rehabilitation: the hope for dancing</title><author><name sortKey="Dhami, Prabhjot" sort="Dhami, Prabhjot" uniqKey="Dhami P" first="Prabhjot" last="Dhami">Prabhjot Dhami</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Biology, York University</institution><country>Toronto, ON, Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno, Sylvain" sort="Moreno, Sylvain" uniqKey="Moreno S" first="Sylvain" last="Moreno">Sylvain Moreno</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Hospital</institution><country>Toronto, ON, Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Department of Psychology, University of Toronto</institution><country>Toronto, ON, Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desouza, Joseph F X" sort="Desouza, Joseph F X" uniqKey="Desouza J" first="Joseph F. X." last="Desouza">Joseph F. X. Desouza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Biology, York University</institution><country>Toronto, ON, Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Department of Psychology, Centre for Vision Research, York University</institution><country>Toronto, ON, Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25674066</idno><idno type="pmc">4309167</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4309167</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4309167</idno><idno type="doi">10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01478</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000333</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000333</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">New framework for rehabilitation – fusion of cognitive and physical rehabilitation: the hope for dancing</title><author><name sortKey="Dhami, Prabhjot" sort="Dhami, Prabhjot" uniqKey="Dhami P" first="Prabhjot" last="Dhami">Prabhjot Dhami</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Biology, York University</institution><country>Toronto, ON, Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno, Sylvain" sort="Moreno, Sylvain" uniqKey="Moreno S" first="Sylvain" last="Moreno">Sylvain Moreno</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Hospital</institution><country>Toronto, ON, Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Department of Psychology, University of Toronto</institution><country>Toronto, ON, Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desouza, Joseph F X" sort="Desouza, Joseph F X" uniqKey="Desouza J" first="Joseph F. X." last="Desouza">Joseph F. X. Desouza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Biology, York University</institution><country>Toronto, ON, Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Department of Psychology, Centre for Vision Research, York University</institution><country>Toronto, ON, Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Frontiers in Psychology</title><idno type="eISSN">1664-1078</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Neurorehabilitation programs are commonly employed with the goal to help restore functionality in patients. However, many of these therapies report only having a small impact. In response to the need for more effective and innovative approaches, rehabilitative methods that take advantage of the neuroplastic properties of the brain have been used to aid with both physical and cognitive impairments. Following this path of reasoning, there has been a particular interest in the use of physical exercise as well as musical related activities. Although such therapies demonstrate potential, they also have limitations that may affect their use, calling for further exploration. Here, we propose dance as a potential parallel to physical and music therapies. Dance may be able to aid with both physical and cognitive impairments, particularly due to it combined nature of including both physical and cognitive stimulation. Not only does it incorporate physical and motor skill related activities, but it can also engage various cognitive functions such as perception, emotion, and memory, all while done in an enriched environment. Other more practical benefits, such as promoting adherence due to being enjoyable, are also discussed, along with the current literature on the application of dance as an intervention tool, as well as future directions required to evaluate the potential of dance as an alternative therapy in neurorehabilitation.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abreu, M" uniqKey="Abreu M">M. Abreu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hartley, G" uniqKey="Hartley G">G. Hartley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aguiar, A S" uniqKey="Aguiar A">A. S. Aguiar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Castro, A A" uniqKey="Castro A">A. A. Castro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moreira, E L" uniqKey="Moreira E">E. L. Moreira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Glaser, V" uniqKey="Glaser V">V. Glaser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Santos, A R" uniqKey="Santos A">A. R. Santos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tasca, C I" uniqKey="Tasca C">C. I. Tasca</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahlskog, J E" uniqKey="Ahlskog J">J. E. Ahlskog</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahlskog, J E" uniqKey="Ahlskog J">J. E. Ahlskog</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geda, Y E" uniqKey="Geda Y">Y. E. Geda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graff Radford, N R" uniqKey="Graff Radford N">N. R. Graff-Radford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petersen, R C" uniqKey="Petersen R">R. C. Petersen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Altenmuller, E" uniqKey="Altenmuller E">E. Altenmüller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marco Pallares, J" uniqKey="Marco Pallares J">J. Marco-Pallares</name></author><author><name sortKey="Munte, T F" uniqKey="Munte T">T. F. Münte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schneider, S" uniqKey="Schneider S">S. Schneider</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Altenmuller, E" uniqKey="Altenmuller E">E. Altenmüller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schlaug, G" uniqKey="Schlaug G">G. Schlaug</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anderson Hanley, C" uniqKey="Anderson Hanley C">C. Anderson-Hanley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arciero, P J" uniqKey="Arciero P">P. J. Arciero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brickman, A M" uniqKey="Brickman A">A. M. Brickman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nimon, J P" uniqKey="Nimon J">J. P. Nimon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okuma, N" uniqKey="Okuma N">N. Okuma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Westen, S C" uniqKey="Westen S">S. C. Westen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Angelucci, F" uniqKey="Angelucci F">F. Angelucci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ricci, E" uniqKey="Ricci E">E. Ricci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Padua, L" uniqKey="Padua L">L. Padua</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sabino, A" uniqKey="Sabino A">A. Sabino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tonali, P A" uniqKey="Tonali P">P. A. Tonali</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Angelucci, F" uniqKey="Angelucci F">F. Angelucci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fiore, M" uniqKey="Fiore M">M. Fiore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ricci, E" uniqKey="Ricci E">E. Ricci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Padua, L" uniqKey="Padua L">L. Padua</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sabino, A" uniqKey="Sabino A">A. Sabino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tonali, P A" uniqKey="Tonali P">P. A. Tonali</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Angevaren, M" uniqKey="Angevaren M">M. Angevaren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aufdemkampe, G" uniqKey="Aufdemkampe G">G. Aufdemkampe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Verhaar, H J" uniqKey="Verhaar H">H. J. Verhaar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aleman, A" uniqKey="Aleman A">A. Aleman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vanhees, L" uniqKey="Vanhees L">L. Vanhees</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baker, L D" uniqKey="Baker L">L. D. Baker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frank, L L" uniqKey="Frank L">L. L. Frank</name></author><author><name sortKey="Foster Schubert, K" uniqKey="Foster Schubert K">K. Foster-Schubert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Green, P S" uniqKey="Green P">P. S. Green</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilkinson, C W" uniqKey="Wilkinson C">C. W. Wilkinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mctiernan, A" uniqKey="Mctiernan A">A. McTiernan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bassett, S F" uniqKey="Bassett S">S. F. Bassett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Belardinelli, R" uniqKey="Belardinelli R">R. Belardinelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lacalaprice, F" uniqKey="Lacalaprice F">F. Lacalaprice</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ventrella, C" uniqKey="Ventrella C">C. Ventrella</name></author><author><name sortKey="Volpe, L" uniqKey="Volpe L">L. Volpe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Faccenda, E" uniqKey="Faccenda E">E. Faccenda</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berrol, C F" uniqKey="Berrol C">C. F. Berrol</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ooi, W L" uniqKey="Ooi W">W. L. Ooi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katz, S S" uniqKey="Katz S">S. S. Katz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Black, J E" uniqKey="Black J">J. E. Black</name></author><author><name sortKey="Isaacs, K R" uniqKey="Isaacs K">K. R. Isaacs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, B J" uniqKey="Anderson B">B. J. Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alcantara, A A" uniqKey="Alcantara A">A. A. Alcantara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greenough, W T" uniqKey="Greenough W">W. T. Greenough</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bl Sing, B" uniqKey="Bl Sing B">B. Bläsing</name></author><author><name sortKey="Calvo Merino, B" uniqKey="Calvo Merino B">B. Calvo-Merino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cross, E S" uniqKey="Cross E">E. S. Cross</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jola, C" uniqKey="Jola C">C. Jola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Honisch, J" uniqKey="Honisch J">J. Honisch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stevens, C J" uniqKey="Stevens C">C. J. Stevens</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blood, A J" uniqKey="Blood A">A. J. Blood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zatorre, R J" uniqKey="Zatorre R">R. J. Zatorre</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brown, S" uniqKey="Brown S">S. Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez, M J" uniqKey="Martinez M">M. J. Martinez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parsons, L M" uniqKey="Parsons L">L. M. Parsons</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brown, S" uniqKey="Brown S">S. Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez, M J" uniqKey="Martinez M">M. J. Martinez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parsons, L M" uniqKey="Parsons L">L. M. Parsons</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brown, S" uniqKey="Brown S">S. Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parsons, L M" uniqKey="Parsons L">L. M. Parsons</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bruer, R A" uniqKey="Bruer R">R. A. Bruer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spitznagel, E" uniqKey="Spitznagel E">E. Spitznagel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cloninger, C R" uniqKey="Cloninger C">C. R. Cloninger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bruyneel, A V" uniqKey="Bruyneel A">A. V. Bruyneel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mesure, S" uniqKey="Mesure S">S. Mesure</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pare, J C" uniqKey="Pare J">J. C. Paré</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bertrand, M" uniqKey="Bertrand M">M. Bertrand</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Buchman, A S" uniqKey="Buchman A">A. S. Buchman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boyle, P A" uniqKey="Boyle P">P. A. Boyle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, L" uniqKey="Yu L">L. Yu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, R C" uniqKey="Shah R">R. C. Shah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, R S" uniqKey="Wilson R">R. S. Wilson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bennett, D A" uniqKey="Bennett D">D. A. Bennett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Budde, H" uniqKey="Budde H">H. Budde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Voelcker Rehage, C" uniqKey="Voelcker Rehage C">C. Voelcker-Rehage</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pietra Yk Kendziorra, S" uniqKey="Pietra Yk Kendziorra S">S. Pietraßyk-Kendziorra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ribeiro, P" uniqKey="Ribeiro P">P. Ribeiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tidow, G" uniqKey="Tidow G">G. Tidow</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bugos, J A" uniqKey="Bugos J">J. A. Bugos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perlstein, W M" uniqKey="Perlstein W">W. M. Perlstein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccrae, C S" uniqKey="Mccrae C">C. S. McCrae</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brophy, T S" uniqKey="Brophy T">T. S. Brophy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bedenbaugh, P H" uniqKey="Bedenbaugh P">P. H. Bedenbaugh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Busse, A L" uniqKey="Busse A">A. L. Busse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gil, G" uniqKey="Gil G">G. Gil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Santarem, J M" uniqKey="Santarem J">J. M. Santarém</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacob Filho, W" uniqKey="Jacob Filho W">W. Jacob Filho</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Calvo Merino, B" uniqKey="Calvo Merino B">B. Calvo-Merino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Glaser, D E" uniqKey="Glaser D">D. E. Glaser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grezes, J" uniqKey="Grezes J">J. Grèzes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Passingham, R E" uniqKey="Passingham R">R. E. Passingham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haggard, P" uniqKey="Haggard P">P. Haggard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chanda, M L" uniqKey="Chanda M">M. L. Chanda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levitin, D J" uniqKey="Levitin D">D. J. Levitin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chao, D" uniqKey="Chao D">D. Chao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Foy, C G" uniqKey="Foy C">C. G. Foy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Farmer, D" uniqKey="Farmer D">D. Farmer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Coelho, F G D M" uniqKey="Coelho F">F. G. D. M. Coelho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andrade, L P" uniqKey="Andrade L">L. P. Andrade</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pedroso, R V" uniqKey="Pedroso R">R. V. Pedroso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Santos Galduroz, R F" uniqKey="Santos Galduroz R">R. F. Santos-Galduroz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gobbi, S" uniqKey="Gobbi S">S. Gobbi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, J L R" uniqKey="Costa J">J. L. R. Costa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Colcombe, S J" uniqKey="Colcombe S">S. J. Colcombe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erickson, K I" uniqKey="Erickson K">K. I. Erickson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scalf, P E" uniqKey="Scalf P">P. E. Scalf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, J S" uniqKey="Kim J">J. S. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prakash, R" uniqKey="Prakash R">R. Prakash</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcauley, E" uniqKey="Mcauley E">E. McAuley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Colcombe, S" uniqKey="Colcombe S">S. Colcombe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kramer, A F" uniqKey="Kramer A">A. F. Kramer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Colcombe, S J" uniqKey="Colcombe S">S. J. Colcombe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kramer, A F" uniqKey="Kramer A">A. F. Kramer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erickson, K I" uniqKey="Erickson K">K. I. Erickson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scalf, P" uniqKey="Scalf P">P. Scalf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcauley, E" uniqKey="Mcauley E">E. McAuley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, N J" uniqKey="Cohen N">N. J. Cohen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cotman, C W" uniqKey="Cotman C">C. W. Cotman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berchtold, N C" uniqKey="Berchtold N">N. C. Berchtold</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cotman, C W" uniqKey="Cotman C">C. W. Cotman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berchtold, N C" uniqKey="Berchtold N">N. C. Berchtold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Christie, L A" uniqKey="Christie L">L. A. Christie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Coubard, O A" uniqKey="Coubard O">O. A. Coubard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duretz, S" uniqKey="Duretz S">S. Duretz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lefebvre, V" uniqKey="Lefebvre V">V. Lefebvre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lapalus, P" uniqKey="Lapalus P">P. Lapalus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrufino, L" uniqKey="Ferrufino L">L. Ferrufino</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crizzle, A M" uniqKey="Crizzle A">A. M. Crizzle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Newhouse, I J" uniqKey="Newhouse I">I. J. Newhouse</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cross, E S" uniqKey="Cross E">E. S. Cross</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamilton, A F D C" uniqKey="Hamilton A">A. F. D. C. Hamilton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grafton, S T" uniqKey="Grafton S">S. T. Grafton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cross, E S" uniqKey="Cross E">E. S. Cross</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kraemer, D J" uniqKey="Kraemer D">D. J. Kraemer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamilton, A F D C" uniqKey="Hamilton A">A. F. D. C. Hamilton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kelley, W M" uniqKey="Kelley W">W. M. Kelley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grafton, S T" uniqKey="Grafton S">S. T. Grafton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crotts, D" uniqKey="Crotts D">D. Crotts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thompson, B" uniqKey="Thompson B">B. Thompson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nahom, M" uniqKey="Nahom M">M. Nahom</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ryan, S" uniqKey="Ryan S">S. Ryan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Newton, R A" uniqKey="Newton R">R. A. Newton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cruise, K E" uniqKey="Cruise K">K. E. Cruise</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bucks, R S" uniqKey="Bucks R">R. S. Bucks</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loftus, A M" uniqKey="Loftus A">A. M. Loftus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Newton, R U" uniqKey="Newton R">R. U. Newton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pegoraro, R" uniqKey="Pegoraro R">R. Pegoraro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, M G" uniqKey="Thomas M">M. G. Thomas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Curlik, D M" uniqKey="Curlik D">D. M. Curlik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maeng, L Y" uniqKey="Maeng L">L. Y. Maeng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agarwal, P R" uniqKey="Agarwal P">P. R. Agarwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shors, T J" uniqKey="Shors T">T. J. Shors</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Curlik, D M" uniqKey="Curlik D">D. M. Curlik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shors, T J" uniqKey="Shors T">T. J. Shors</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dishman, R K" uniqKey="Dishman R">R. K. Dishman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Do Lee, C" uniqKey="Do Lee C">C. Do Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Folsom, A R" uniqKey="Folsom A">A. R. Folsom</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blair, S N" uniqKey="Blair S">S. N. Blair</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duncan, P" uniqKey="Duncan P">P. Duncan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richards, L" uniqKey="Richards L">L. Richards</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wallace, D" uniqKey="Wallace D">D. Wallace</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stoker Yates, J" uniqKey="Stoker Yates J">J. Stoker-Yates</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pohl, P" uniqKey="Pohl P">P. Pohl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luchies, C" uniqKey="Luchies C">C. Luchies</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duncan, P" uniqKey="Duncan P">P. Duncan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Studenski, S" uniqKey="Studenski S">S. Studenski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richards, L" uniqKey="Richards L">L. Richards</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gollub, S" uniqKey="Gollub S">S. Gollub</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lai, S M" uniqKey="Lai S">S. M. Lai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reker, D" uniqKey="Reker D">D. Reker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duncan, R P" uniqKey="Duncan R">R. P. Duncan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Earhart, G M" uniqKey="Earhart G">G. M. Earhart</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Earhart, G M" uniqKey="Earhart G">G. M. Earhart</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Egan, M F" uniqKey="Egan M">M. F. Egan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kojima, M" uniqKey="Kojima M">M. Kojima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Callicott, J H" uniqKey="Callicott J">J. H. Callicott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goldberg, T E" uniqKey="Goldberg T">T. E. Goldberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kolachana, B S" uniqKey="Kolachana B">B. S. Kolachana</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bertolino, A" uniqKey="Bertolino A">A. Bertolino</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Emery, C F" uniqKey="Emery C">C. F. Emery</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hsiao, E T" uniqKey="Hsiao E">E. T. Hsiao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, S M" uniqKey="Hill S">S. M. Hill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frid, D J" uniqKey="Frid D">D. J. Frid</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Engineer, N D" uniqKey="Engineer N">N. D. Engineer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Percaccio, C R" uniqKey="Percaccio C">C. R. Percaccio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pandya, P K" uniqKey="Pandya P">P. K. Pandya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moucha, R" uniqKey="Moucha R">R. Moucha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rathbun, D L" uniqKey="Rathbun D">D. L. Rathbun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kilgard, M P" uniqKey="Kilgard M">M. P. Kilgard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Erickson, K I" uniqKey="Erickson K">K. I. Erickson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Voss, M W" uniqKey="Voss M">M. W. Voss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prakash, R S" uniqKey="Prakash R">R. S. Prakash</name></author><author><name sortKey="Basak, C" uniqKey="Basak C">C. Basak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Szabo, A" uniqKey="Szabo A">A. Szabo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chaddock, L" uniqKey="Chaddock L">L. Chaddock</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Etnier, J L" uniqKey="Etnier J">J. L. Etnier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nowell, P M" uniqKey="Nowell P">P. M. Nowell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Landers, D M" uniqKey="Landers D">D. M. Landers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sibley, B A" uniqKey="Sibley B">B. A. Sibley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fabel, K" uniqKey="Fabel K">K. Fabel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kempermann, G" uniqKey="Kempermann G">G. Kempermann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fabel, K" uniqKey="Fabel K">K. Fabel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolf, S A" uniqKey="Wolf S">S. A. Wolf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ehninger, D" uniqKey="Ehninger D">D. Ehninger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Babu, H" uniqKey="Babu H">H. Babu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leal Galicia, P" uniqKey="Leal Galicia P">P. Leal-Galicia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kempermann, G" uniqKey="Kempermann G">G. Kempermann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fabre, C" uniqKey="Fabre C">C. Fabre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chamari, K" uniqKey="Chamari K">K. Chamari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mucci, P" uniqKey="Mucci P">P. Mucci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Masse Biron, J" uniqKey="Masse Biron J">J. Masse-Biron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prefaut, C" uniqKey="Prefaut C">C. Prefaut</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Federici, A" uniqKey="Federici A">A. Federici</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bellagamba, S" uniqKey="Bellagamba S">S. Bellagamba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rocchi, M B" uniqKey="Rocchi M">M. B. Rocchi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Findorff, M J" uniqKey="Findorff M">M. J. Findorff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wyman, J F" uniqKey="Wyman J">J. F. Wyman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gross, C R" uniqKey="Gross C">C. R. Gross</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fissler, P" uniqKey="Fissler P">P. Fissler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuster, O" uniqKey="Kuster O">O. Küster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schlee, W" uniqKey="Schlee W">W. Schlee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kolassa, I T" uniqKey="Kolassa I">I. T. Kolassa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Forbes, D" uniqKey="Forbes D">D. Forbes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Forbes, S" uniqKey="Forbes S">S. Forbes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morgan, D G" uniqKey="Morgan D">D. G. Morgan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Markle Reid, M" uniqKey="Markle Reid M">M. Markle-Reid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, J" uniqKey="Wood J">J. Wood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Culum, I" uniqKey="Culum I">I. Culum</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Foster, P P" uniqKey="Foster P">P. P. Foster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fukui, H" uniqKey="Fukui H">H. Fukui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Toyoshima, K" uniqKey="Toyoshima K">K. Toyoshima</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gaser, C" uniqKey="Gaser C">C. Gaser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schlaug, G" uniqKey="Schlaug G">G. Schlaug</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gerbino, P G" uniqKey="Gerbino P">P. G. Gerbino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Griffin, E D" uniqKey="Griffin E">E. D. Griffin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zurakowski, D" uniqKey="Zurakowski D">D. Zurakowski</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Good, C D" uniqKey="Good C">C. D. Good</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnsrude, I S" uniqKey="Johnsrude I">I. S. Johnsrude</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ashburner, J" uniqKey="Ashburner J">J. Ashburner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Henson, R N A" uniqKey="Henson R">R. N. A. Henson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Friston, K J" uniqKey="Friston K">K. J. Friston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frackowiak, R S J" uniqKey="Frackowiak R">R. S. J. Frackowiak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goodwin, V A" uniqKey="Goodwin V">V. A. Goodwin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richards, S H" uniqKey="Richards S">S. H. Richards</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, R S" uniqKey="Taylor R">R. S. Taylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, A H" uniqKey="Taylor A">A. H. Taylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, J L" uniqKey="Campbell J">J. L. Campbell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gordon, N F" uniqKey="Gordon N">N. F. Gordon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gulanick, M" uniqKey="Gulanick M">M. Gulanick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, F" uniqKey="Costa F">F. Costa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fletcher, G" uniqKey="Fletcher G">G. Fletcher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Franklin, B A" uniqKey="Franklin B">B. A. Franklin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roth, E J" uniqKey="Roth E">E. J. Roth</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gordon Salant, S" uniqKey="Gordon Salant S">S. Gordon-Salant</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gray, J T" uniqKey="Gray J">J. T. Gray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neisser, U" uniqKey="Neisser U">U. Neisser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shapiro, B A" uniqKey="Shapiro B">B. A. Shapiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kouns, S" uniqKey="Kouns S">S. Kouns</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Griesbach, G S" uniqKey="Griesbach G">G. S. Griesbach</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hovda, D A" uniqKey="Hovda D">D. A. Hovda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Molteni, R" uniqKey="Molteni R">R. Molteni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, A" uniqKey="Wu A">A. Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gomez Pinilla, F" uniqKey="Gomez Pinilla F">F. Gomez-Pinilla</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hackney, M E" uniqKey="Hackney M">M. E. Hackney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Earhart, G M" uniqKey="Earhart G">G. M. Earhart</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hackney, M E" uniqKey="Hackney M">M. E. Hackney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Earhart, G M" uniqKey="Earhart G">G. M. Earhart</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hackney, M E" uniqKey="Hackney M">M. E. Hackney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hall, C D" uniqKey="Hall C">C. D. Hall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Echt, K V" uniqKey="Echt K">K. V. Echt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolf, S L" uniqKey="Wolf S">S. L. Wolf</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hackney, M E" uniqKey="Hackney M">M. E. Hackney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kantorvich, S" uniqKey="Kantorvich S">S. Kantorvich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Earhart, H" uniqKey="Earhart H">H. Earhart</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hamer, M" uniqKey="Hamer M">M. Hamer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chida, Y" uniqKey="Chida Y">Y. Chida</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="H Nggi, J" uniqKey="H Nggi J">J. Hänggi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koeneke, S" uniqKey="Koeneke S">S. Koeneke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bezzola, L" uniqKey="Bezzola L">L. Bezzola</name></author><author><name sortKey="J Ncke, L" uniqKey="J Ncke L">L. Jäncke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hanna Pladdy, B" uniqKey="Hanna Pladdy B">B. Hanna-Pladdy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mackay, A" uniqKey="Mackay A">A. MacKay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hayes, S M" uniqKey="Hayes S">S. M. Hayes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hayes, J P" uniqKey="Hayes J">J. P. Hayes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cadden, M" uniqKey="Cadden M">M. Cadden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Verfaellie, M" uniqKey="Verfaellie M">M. Verfaellie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hegde, S" uniqKey="Hegde S">S. Hegde</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Heiberger, L" uniqKey="Heiberger L">L. Heiberger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maurer, C" uniqKey="Maurer C">C. Maurer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amtage, F" uniqKey="Amtage F">F. Amtage</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mendez Balbuena, I" uniqKey="Mendez Balbuena I">I. Mendez-Balbuena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schulte Monting, J" uniqKey="Schulte Monting J">J. Schulte-Mönting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hepp Reymond, M C" uniqKey="Hepp Reymond M">M. C. Hepp-Reymond</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hellmann Regen, J" uniqKey="Hellmann Regen J">J. Hellmann-Regen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Piber, D" uniqKey="Piber D">D. Piber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hinkelmann, K" uniqKey="Hinkelmann K">K. Hinkelmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gold, S M" uniqKey="Gold S">S. M. Gold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heesen, C" uniqKey="Heesen C">C. Heesen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spitzer, C" uniqKey="Spitzer C">C. Spitzer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Herholz, S C" uniqKey="Herholz S">S. C. Herholz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zatorre, R J" uniqKey="Zatorre R">R. J. Zatorre</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Heyn, P" uniqKey="Heyn P">P. Heyn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abreu, B C" uniqKey="Abreu B">B. C. Abreu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ottenbacher, K J" uniqKey="Ottenbacher K">K. J. Ottenbacher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hillman, C H" uniqKey="Hillman C">C. H. Hillman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erickson, K I" uniqKey="Erickson K">K. I. Erickson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kramer, A F" uniqKey="Kramer A">A. F. Kramer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hokkanen, L" uniqKey="Hokkanen L">L. Hokkanen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rantala, L" uniqKey="Rantala L">L. Rantala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Remes, A M" uniqKey="Remes A">A. M. Remes</name></author><author><name sortKey="H Rkonen, B" uniqKey="H Rkonen B">B. Härkönen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Viramo, P" uniqKey="Viramo P">P. Viramo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winblad, I" uniqKey="Winblad I">I. Winblad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hokkanen, L" uniqKey="Hokkanen L">L. Hokkanen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rantala, L" uniqKey="Rantala L">L. Rantala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Remes, A M" uniqKey="Remes A">A. M. Remes</name></author><author><name sortKey="H Rkonen, B" uniqKey="H Rkonen B">B. Härkönen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Viramo, P" uniqKey="Viramo P">P. Viramo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winblad, I" uniqKey="Winblad I">I. Winblad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hopkins, D R" uniqKey="Hopkins D">D. R. Hopkins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murrah, B" uniqKey="Murrah B">B. Murrah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoeger, W W" uniqKey="Hoeger W">W. W. Hoeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rhodes, R C" uniqKey="Rhodes R">R. C. Rhodes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Horne, J" uniqKey="Horne J">J. Horne</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hotting, K" uniqKey="Hotting K">K. Hotting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roder, B" uniqKey="Roder B">B. Röder</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Houston, S" uniqKey="Houston S">S. Houston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgill, A" uniqKey="Mcgill A">A. McGill</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hufner, K" uniqKey="Hufner K">K. Hüfner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Binetti, C" uniqKey="Binetti C">C. Binetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamilton, D A" uniqKey="Hamilton D">D. A. Hamilton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stephan, T" uniqKey="Stephan T">T. Stephan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Flanagin, V L" uniqKey="Flanagin V">V. L. Flanagin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Linn, J" uniqKey="Linn J">J. Linn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hui, E" uniqKey="Hui E">E. Hui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chui, B T K" uniqKey="Chui B">B. T. K. Chui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Woo, J" uniqKey="Woo J">J. Woo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hurt, C P" uniqKey="Hurt C">C. P. Hurt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rice, R R" uniqKey="Rice R">R. R. Rice</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcintosh, G C" uniqKey="Mcintosh G">G. C. McIntosh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thaut, M H" uniqKey="Thaut M">M. H. Thaut</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Husain, M" uniqKey="Husain M">M. Husain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mehta, M A" uniqKey="Mehta M">M. A. Mehta</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hyde, K L" uniqKey="Hyde K">K. L. Hyde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lerch, J" uniqKey="Lerch J">J. Lerch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norton, A" uniqKey="Norton A">A. Norton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Forgeard, M" uniqKey="Forgeard M">M. Forgeard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winner, E" uniqKey="Winner E">E. Winner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, A C" uniqKey="Evans A">A. C. Evans</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Intlekofer, K A" uniqKey="Intlekofer K">K. A. Intlekofer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cotman, C W" uniqKey="Cotman C">C. W. Cotman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Irish, M" uniqKey="Irish M">M. Irish</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cunningham, C J" uniqKey="Cunningham C">C. J. Cunningham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walsh, J B" uniqKey="Walsh J">J. B. Walsh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coakley, D" uniqKey="Coakley D">D. Coakley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawlor, B A" uniqKey="Lawlor B">B. A. Lawlor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robertson, I H" uniqKey="Robertson I">I. H. Robertson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Johansson, B B" uniqKey="Johansson B">B. B. Johansson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Johnson, G" uniqKey="Johnson G">G. Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Otto, D" uniqKey="Otto D">D. Otto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clair, A A" uniqKey="Clair A">A. A. Clair</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kattenstroth, J C" uniqKey="Kattenstroth J">J. C. Kattenstroth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kalisch, T" uniqKey="Kalisch T">T. Kalisch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holt, S" uniqKey="Holt S">S. Holt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tegenthoff, M" uniqKey="Tegenthoff M">M. Tegenthoff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dinse, H R" uniqKey="Dinse H">H. R. Dinse</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kattenstroth, J C" uniqKey="Kattenstroth J">J. C. Kattenstroth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kolankowska, I" uniqKey="Kolankowska I">I. Kolankowska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kalisch, T" uniqKey="Kalisch T">T. Kalisch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dinse, H R" uniqKey="Dinse H">H. R. Dinse</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kempermann, G" uniqKey="Kempermann G">G. Kempermann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fabel, K" uniqKey="Fabel K">K. Fabel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ehninger, D" uniqKey="Ehninger D">D. Ehninger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Babu, H" uniqKey="Babu H">H. Babu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leal Galicia, P" uniqKey="Leal Galicia P">P. Leal-Galicia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garthe, A" uniqKey="Garthe A">A. Garthe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kempermann, G" uniqKey="Kempermann G">G. Kempermann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuhn, H G" uniqKey="Kuhn H">H. G. Kuhn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gage, F H" uniqKey="Gage F">F. H. Gage</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Keogh, J W" uniqKey="Keogh J">J. W. Keogh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kilding, A" uniqKey="Kilding A">A. Kilding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pidgeon, P" uniqKey="Pidgeon P">P. Pidgeon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ashley, L" uniqKey="Ashley L">L. Ashley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gillis, D" uniqKey="Gillis D">D. Gillis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Keus, S H" uniqKey="Keus S">S. H. Keus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bloem, B R" uniqKey="Bloem B">B. R. Bloem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hendriks, E J" uniqKey="Hendriks E">E. J. Hendriks</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bredero Cohen, A B" uniqKey="Bredero Cohen A">A. B. Bredero-Cohen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Munneke, M" uniqKey="Munneke M">M. Munneke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kiepe, M S" uniqKey="Kiepe M">M. S. Kiepe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stockigt, B" uniqKey="Stockigt B">B. Stöckigt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keil, T" uniqKey="Keil T">T. Keil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, H" uniqKey="Kim H">H. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, M H" uniqKey="Lee M">M. H. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, H K" uniqKey="Chang H">H. K. Chang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, T H" uniqKey="Lee T">T. H. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, H H" uniqKey="Lee H">H. H. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, M C" uniqKey="Shin M">M. C. Shin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kimura, K" uniqKey="Kimura K">K. Kimura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hozumi, N" uniqKey="Hozumi N">N. Hozumi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kleim, J A" uniqKey="Kleim J">J. A. Kleim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, N R" uniqKey="Cooper N">N. R. Cooper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vandenberg, P M" uniqKey="Vandenberg P">P. M. VandenBerg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Koch, S" uniqKey="Koch S">S. Koch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kunz, T" uniqKey="Kunz T">T. Kunz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lykou, S" uniqKey="Lykou S">S. Lykou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cruz, R" uniqKey="Cruz R">R. Cruz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Koelsch, S" uniqKey="Koelsch S">S. Koelsch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kraft, E" uniqKey="Kraft E">E. Kraft</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kramer, A F" uniqKey="Kramer A">A. F. Kramer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erickson, K I" uniqKey="Erickson K">K. I. Erickson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Langdon, K D" uniqKey="Langdon K">K. D. Langdon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Corbett, D" uniqKey="Corbett D">D. Corbett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Langhammer, B" uniqKey="Langhammer B">B. Langhammer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stanghelle, J K" uniqKey="Stanghelle J">J. K. Stanghelle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Larson, E B" uniqKey="Larson E">E. B. Larson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, L" uniqKey="Wang L">L. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bowen, J D" uniqKey="Bowen J">J. D. Bowen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccormick, W C" uniqKey="Mccormick W">W. C. McCormick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Teri, L" uniqKey="Teri L">L. Teri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crane, P" uniqKey="Crane P">P. Crane</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lautenschlager, N T" uniqKey="Lautenschlager N">N. T. Lautenschlager</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cox, K L" uniqKey="Cox K">K. L. Cox</name></author><author><name sortKey="Flicker, L" uniqKey="Flicker L">L. Flicker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Foster, J K" uniqKey="Foster J">J. K. Foster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bockxmeer, F M" uniqKey="Van Bockxmeer F">F. M. van Bockxmeer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xiao, J" uniqKey="Xiao J">J. Xiao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lazarov, O" uniqKey="Lazarov O">O. Lazarov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mattson, M P" uniqKey="Mattson M">M. P. Mattson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peterson, D A" uniqKey="Peterson D">D. A. Peterson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pimplikar, S W" uniqKey="Pimplikar S">S. W. Pimplikar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Praag, H" uniqKey="Van Praag H">H. van Praag</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lin, S T" uniqKey="Lin S">S. T. Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, P" uniqKey="Yang P">P. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lai, C Y" uniqKey="Lai C">C. Y. Lai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Su, Y Y" uniqKey="Su Y">Y. Y. Su</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yeh, Y C" uniqKey="Yeh Y">Y. C. Yeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, M F" uniqKey="Huang M">M. F. Huang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lincoln, N B" uniqKey="Lincoln N">N. B. Lincoln</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parry, R H" uniqKey="Parry R">R. H. Parry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vass, C D" uniqKey="Vass C">C. D. Vass</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lustig, C" uniqKey="Lustig C">C. Lustig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, P" uniqKey="Shah P">P. Shah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seidler, R" uniqKey="Seidler R">R. Seidler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reuter Lorenz, P A" uniqKey="Reuter Lorenz P">P. A. Reuter-Lorenz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maegele, M" uniqKey="Maegele M">M. Maegele</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lippert Gruener, M" uniqKey="Lippert Gruener M">M. Lippert-Gruener</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ester Bode, T" uniqKey="Ester Bode T">T. Ester-Bode</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sauerland, S" uniqKey="Sauerland S">S. Sauerland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sch Fer, U" uniqKey="Sch Fer U">U. Schäfer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Molcanyi, M" uniqKey="Molcanyi M">M. Molcanyi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcdonnell, M N" uniqKey="Mcdonnell M">M. N. McDonnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, A E" uniqKey="Smith A">A. E. Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mackintosh, S F" uniqKey="Mackintosh S">S. F. Mackintosh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mckee, K E" uniqKey="Mckee K">K. E. McKee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hackney, M E" uniqKey="Hackney M">M. E. Hackney</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Menon, V" uniqKey="Menon V">V. Menon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levitin, D J" uniqKey="Levitin D">D. J. Levitin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mochizuki, A A" uniqKey="Mochizuki A">A. A. Mochizuki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kirino, E" uniqKey="Kirino E">E. Kirino</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moradzadeh, L" uniqKey="Moradzadeh L">L. Moradzadeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blumenthal, G" uniqKey="Blumenthal G">G. Blumenthal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wiseheart, M" uniqKey="Wiseheart M">M. Wiseheart</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mu, Y" uniqKey="Mu Y">Y. Mu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gage, F H" uniqKey="Gage F">F. H. Gage</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nagamatsu, L S" uniqKey="Nagamatsu L">L. S. Nagamatsu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, A" uniqKey="Chan A">A. Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, J C" uniqKey="Davis J">J. C. Davis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beattie, B L" uniqKey="Beattie B">B. L. Beattie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graf, P" uniqKey="Graf P">P. Graf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Voss, M W" uniqKey="Voss M">M. W. Voss</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Olshansky, M P" uniqKey="Olshansky M">M. P. Olshansky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bar, R J" uniqKey="Bar R">R. J. Bar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fogarty, M" uniqKey="Fogarty M">M. Fogarty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Desouza, J F X" uniqKey="Desouza J">J. F. X. DeSouza</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Olson, A K" uniqKey="Olson A">A. K. Olson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eadie, B D" uniqKey="Eadie B">B. D. Eadie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ernst, C" uniqKey="Ernst C">C. Ernst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Christie, B R" uniqKey="Christie B">B. R. Christie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Olsson, C J" uniqKey="Olsson C">C. J. Olsson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oswald, W D" uniqKey="Oswald W">W. D. Oswald</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gunzelmann, T" uniqKey="Gunzelmann T">T. Gunzelmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rupprecht, R" uniqKey="Rupprecht R">R. Rupprecht</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hagen, B" uniqKey="Hagen B">B. Hagen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pang, T Y" uniqKey="Pang T">T. Y. Pang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hannan, A J" uniqKey="Hannan A">A. J. Hannan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Parbery Clark, A" uniqKey="Parbery Clark A">A. Parbery-Clark</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, S" uniqKey="Anderson S">S. Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hittner, E" uniqKey="Hittner E">E. Hittner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kraus, N" uniqKey="Kraus N">N. Kraus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Parbery Clark, A" uniqKey="Parbery Clark A">A. Parbery-Clark</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strait, D L" uniqKey="Strait D">D. L. Strait</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, S" uniqKey="Anderson S">S. Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hittner, E" uniqKey="Hittner E">E. Hittner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kraus, N" uniqKey="Kraus N">N. Kraus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pekna, M" uniqKey="Pekna M">M. Pekna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pekny, M" uniqKey="Pekny M">M. Pekny</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nilsson, M" uniqKey="Nilsson M">M. Nilsson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pereira, A C" uniqKey="Pereira A">A. C. Pereira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huddleston, D E" uniqKey="Huddleston D">D. E. Huddleston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brickman, A M" uniqKey="Brickman A">A. M. Brickman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sosunov, A A" uniqKey="Sosunov A">A. A. Sosunov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hen, R" uniqKey="Hen R">R. Hen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mckhann, G M" uniqKey="Mckhann G">G. M. McKhann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peretz, I" uniqKey="Peretz I">I. Peretz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zatorre, R J" uniqKey="Zatorre R">R. J. Zatorre</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Petzinger, G M" uniqKey="Petzinger G">G. M. Petzinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fisher, B E" uniqKey="Fisher B">B. E. Fisher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcewen, S" uniqKey="Mcewen S">S. McEwen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beeler, J A" uniqKey="Beeler J">J. A. Beeler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walsh, J P" uniqKey="Walsh J">J. P. Walsh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jakowec, M W" uniqKey="Jakowec M">M. W. Jakowec</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ploughman, M" uniqKey="Ploughman M">M. Ploughman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Windle, V" uniqKey="Windle V">V. Windle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maclellan, C L" uniqKey="Maclellan C">C. L. MacLellan</name></author><author><name sortKey="White, N" uniqKey="White N">N. White</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dore, J J" uniqKey="Dore J">J. J. Doré</name></author><author><name sortKey="Corbett, D" uniqKey="Corbett D">D. Corbett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Quaney, B M" uniqKey="Quaney B">B. M. Quaney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boyd, L A" uniqKey="Boyd L">L. A. Boyd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcdowd, J M" uniqKey="Mcdowd J">J. M. McDowd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zahner, L H" uniqKey="Zahner L">L. H. Zahner</name></author><author><name sortKey="He, J" uniqKey="He J">J. He</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mayo, M S" uniqKey="Mayo M">M. S. Mayo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rein, S" uniqKey="Rein S">S. Rein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fabian, T" uniqKey="Fabian T">T. Fabian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zwipp, H" uniqKey="Zwipp H">H. Zwipp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rammelt, S" uniqKey="Rammelt S">S. Rammelt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weindel, S" uniqKey="Weindel S">S. Weindel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rhodes, R E" uniqKey="Rhodes R">R. E. Rhodes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, A D" uniqKey="Martin A">A. D. Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taunton, J E" uniqKey="Taunton J">J. E. Taunton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rhodes, E C" uniqKey="Rhodes E">E. C. Rhodes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donnelly, M" uniqKey="Donnelly M">M. Donnelly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elliot, J" uniqKey="Elliot J">J. Elliot</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rickards, H" uniqKey="Rickards H">H. Rickards</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Fornells, A" uniqKey="Rodriguez Fornells A">A. Rodriguez-Fornells</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rojo, N" uniqKey="Rojo N">N. Rojo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amengual, J L" uniqKey="Amengual J">J. L. Amengual</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ripolles, P" uniqKey="Ripolles P">P. Ripollés</name></author><author><name sortKey="Altenmuller, E" uniqKey="Altenmuller E">E. Altenmüller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Munte, T F" uniqKey="Munte T">T. F. Münte</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rowe, J W" uniqKey="Rowe J">J. W. Rowe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kahn, R L" uniqKey="Kahn R">R. L. Kahn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ruscheweyh, R" uniqKey="Ruscheweyh R">R. Ruscheweyh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Willemer, C" uniqKey="Willemer C">C. Willemer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kruger, K" uniqKey="Kruger K">K. Krüger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duning, T" uniqKey="Duning T">T. Duning</name></author><author><name sortKey="Warnecke, T" uniqKey="Warnecke T">T. Warnecke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sommer, J" uniqKey="Sommer J">J. Sommer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saarela, M V" uniqKey="Saarela M">M. V. Saarela</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hari, R" uniqKey="Hari R">R. Hari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sacks, O" uniqKey="Sacks O">O. Sacks</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Salimpoor, V N" uniqKey="Salimpoor V">V. N. Salimpoor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benovoy, M" uniqKey="Benovoy M">M. Benovoy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Larcher, K" uniqKey="Larcher K">K. Larcher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dagher, A" uniqKey="Dagher A">A. Dagher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zatorre, R J" uniqKey="Zatorre R">R. J. Zatorre</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="S Rk Mo, T" uniqKey="S Rk Mo T">T. Särkämö</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ripolles, P" uniqKey="Ripolles P">P. Ripollés</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veps L Inen, H" uniqKey="Veps L Inen H">H. Vepsäläinen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Autti, T" uniqKey="Autti T">T. Autti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silvennoinen, H M" uniqKey="Silvennoinen H">H. M. Silvennoinen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salli, E" uniqKey="Salli E">E. Salli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="S Rk Mo, T" uniqKey="S Rk Mo T">T. Särkämö</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soto, D" uniqKey="Soto D">D. Soto</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="S Rk Mo, T" uniqKey="S Rk Mo T">T. Särkämö</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tervaniemi, M" uniqKey="Tervaniemi M">M. Tervaniemi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laitinen, S" uniqKey="Laitinen S">S. Laitinen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Forsblom, A" uniqKey="Forsblom A">A. Forsblom</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soinila, S" uniqKey="Soinila S">S. Soinila</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mikkonen, M" uniqKey="Mikkonen M">M. Mikkonen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Satoh, M" uniqKey="Satoh M">M. Satoh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ogawa, J I" uniqKey="Ogawa J">J. I. Ogawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tokita, T" uniqKey="Tokita T">T. Tokita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakaguchi, N" uniqKey="Nakaguchi N">N. Nakaguchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakao, K" uniqKey="Nakao K">K. Nakao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kida, H" uniqKey="Kida H">H. Kida</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schellenberg, E G" uniqKey="Schellenberg E">E. G. Schellenberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakata, T" uniqKey="Nakata T">T. Nakata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hunter, P G" uniqKey="Hunter P">P. G. Hunter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tamoto, S" uniqKey="Tamoto S">S. Tamoto</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schlaug, G" uniqKey="Schlaug G">G. Schlaug</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schlaug, G" uniqKey="Schlaug G">G. Schlaug</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norton, A" uniqKey="Norton A">A. Norton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marchina, S" uniqKey="Marchina S">S. Marchina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zipse, L" uniqKey="Zipse L">L. Zipse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wan, C Y" uniqKey="Wan C">C. Y. Wan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schlaug, G" uniqKey="Schlaug G">G. Schlaug</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norton, A" uniqKey="Norton A">A. Norton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Overy, K" uniqKey="Overy K">K. Overy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winner, E" uniqKey="Winner E">E. Winner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schneider, S" uniqKey="Schneider S">S. Schneider</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schonle, P W" uniqKey="Schonle P">P. W. Schönle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Altenmuller, E" uniqKey="Altenmuller E">E. Altenmüller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Munte, T F" uniqKey="Munte T">T. F. Münte</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schutzer, K A" uniqKey="Schutzer K">K. A. Schutzer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graves, B S" uniqKey="Graves B">B. S. Graves</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sevdalis, V" uniqKey="Sevdalis V">V. Sevdalis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keller, P E" uniqKey="Keller P">P. E. Keller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shigematsu, R" uniqKey="Shigematsu R">R. Shigematsu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, M" uniqKey="Chang M">M. Chang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yabushita, N" uniqKey="Yabushita N">N. Yabushita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sakai, T" uniqKey="Sakai T">T. Sakai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakagaichi, M" uniqKey="Nakagaichi M">M. Nakagaichi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nho, H" uniqKey="Nho H">H. Nho</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Simmons, R W" uniqKey="Simmons R">R. W. Simmons</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Simmons Stern, N R" uniqKey="Simmons Stern N">N. R. Simmons-Stern</name></author><author><name sortKey="Budson, A E" uniqKey="Budson A">A. E. Budson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ally, B A" uniqKey="Ally B">B. A. Ally</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sluming, V" uniqKey="Sluming V">V. Sluming</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barrick, T" uniqKey="Barrick T">T. Barrick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Howard, M" uniqKey="Howard M">M. Howard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cezayirli, E" uniqKey="Cezayirli E">E. Cezayirli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mayes, A" uniqKey="Mayes A">A. Mayes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, N" uniqKey="Roberts N">N. Roberts</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smyth, M M" uniqKey="Smyth M">M. M. Smyth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pendleton, L R" uniqKey="Pendleton L">L. R. Pendleton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Snowden, M" uniqKey="Snowden M">M. Snowden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steinman, L" uniqKey="Steinman L">L. Steinman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mochan, K" uniqKey="Mochan K">K. Mochan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grodstein, F" uniqKey="Grodstein F">F. Grodstein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prohaska, T R" uniqKey="Prohaska T">T. R. Prohaska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thurman, D J" uniqKey="Thurman D">D. J. Thurman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sofi, F" uniqKey="Sofi F">F. Sofi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Valecchi, D" uniqKey="Valecchi D">D. Valecchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bacci, D" uniqKey="Bacci D">D. Bacci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abbate, R" uniqKey="Abbate R">R. Abbate</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gensini, G F" uniqKey="Gensini G">G. F. Gensini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Casini, A" uniqKey="Casini A">A. Casini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Soto, D" uniqKey="Soto D">D. Soto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Funes, M J" uniqKey="Funes M">M. J. Funes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guzman Garcia, A" uniqKey="Guzman Garcia A">A. Guzmán-García</name></author><author><name sortKey="Warbrick, T" uniqKey="Warbrick T">T. Warbrick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rotshtein, P" uniqKey="Rotshtein P">P. Rotshtein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Humphreys, G W" uniqKey="Humphreys G">G. W. Humphreys</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Soya, H" uniqKey="Soya H">H. Soya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakamura, T" uniqKey="Nakamura T">T. Nakamura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deocaris, C C" uniqKey="Deocaris C">C. C. Deocaris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kimpara, A" uniqKey="Kimpara A">A. Kimpara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iimura, M" uniqKey="Iimura M">M. Iimura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fujikawa, T" uniqKey="Fujikawa T">T. Fujikawa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Starkes, J L" uniqKey="Starkes J">J. L. Starkes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deakin, J M" uniqKey="Deakin J">J. M. Deakin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lindley, S" uniqKey="Lindley S">S. Lindley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crisp, F" uniqKey="Crisp F">F. Crisp</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stranahan, A M" uniqKey="Stranahan A">A. M. Stranahan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khalil, D" uniqKey="Khalil D">D. Khalil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gould, E" uniqKey="Gould E">E. Gould</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Suzuki, T" uniqKey="Suzuki T">T. Suzuki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shimada, H" uniqKey="Shimada H">H. Shimada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Makizako, H" uniqKey="Makizako H">H. Makizako</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doi, T" uniqKey="Doi T">T. Doi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yoshida, D" uniqKey="Yoshida D">D. Yoshida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsutsumimoto, K" uniqKey="Tsutsumimoto K">K. Tsutsumimoto</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Swain, R A" uniqKey="Swain R">R. A. Swain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, A B" uniqKey="Harris A">A. B. Harris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wiener, E C" uniqKey="Wiener E">E. C. Wiener</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dutka, M V" uniqKey="Dutka M">M. V. Dutka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morris, H D" uniqKey="Morris H">H. D. Morris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Theien, B E" uniqKey="Theien B">B. E. Theien</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tanaka, K" uniqKey="Tanaka K">K. Tanaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quadros, A C D" uniqKey="Quadros A">A. C. D. Quadros</name></author><author><name sortKey="Santos, R F" uniqKey="Santos R">R. F. Santos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stella, F" uniqKey="Stella F">F. Stella</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gobbi, L T B" uniqKey="Gobbi L">L. T. B. Gobbi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gobbi, S" uniqKey="Gobbi S">S. Gobbi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thaut, M H" uniqKey="Thaut M">M. H. Thaut</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abiru, M" uniqKey="Abiru M">M. Abiru</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thaut, M H" uniqKey="Thaut M">M. H. Thaut</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gardiner, J C" uniqKey="Gardiner J">J. C. Gardiner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holmberg, D" uniqKey="Holmberg D">D. Holmberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Horwitz, J" uniqKey="Horwitz J">J. Horwitz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kent, L" uniqKey="Kent L">L. Kent</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andrews, G" uniqKey="Andrews G">G. Andrews</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thaut, M H" uniqKey="Thaut M">M. H. Thaut</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcintosh, G C" uniqKey="Mcintosh G">G. C. McIntosh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rice, R R" uniqKey="Rice R">R. R. Rice</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, R A" uniqKey="Miller R">R. A. Miller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rathbun, J" uniqKey="Rathbun J">J. Rathbun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brault, J M" uniqKey="Brault J">J. M. Brault</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thompson, R G" uniqKey="Thompson R">R. G. Thompson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moulin, C J A" uniqKey="Moulin C">C. J. A. Moulin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hayre, S" uniqKey="Hayre S">S. Hayre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, R W" uniqKey="Jones R">R. W. Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thompson, W F" uniqKey="Thompson W">W. F. Thompson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schellenberg, E G" uniqKey="Schellenberg E">E. G. Schellenberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Husain, G" uniqKey="Husain G">G. Husain</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tsai, P L" uniqKey="Tsai P">P. L. Tsai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, M C" uniqKey="Chen M">M. C. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Y T" uniqKey="Huang Y">Y. T. Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, K C" uniqKey="Lin K">K. C. Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, K L" uniqKey="Chen K">K. L. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hsu, Y W" uniqKey="Hsu Y">Y. W. Hsu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van De Winckel, A" uniqKey="Van De Winckel A">A. Van de Winckel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feys, H" uniqKey="Feys H">H. Feys</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Weerdt, W" uniqKey="De Weerdt W">W. De Weerdt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dom, R" uniqKey="Dom R">R. Dom</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Der Bij, A K" uniqKey="Van Der Bij A">A. K. Van Der Bij</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laurant, M G" uniqKey="Laurant M">M. G. Laurant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wensing, M" uniqKey="Wensing M">M. Wensing</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vankova, H" uniqKey="Vankova H">H. Vankova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holmerova, I" uniqKey="Holmerova I">I. Holmerova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Machacova, K" uniqKey="Machacova K">K. Machacova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Volicer, L" uniqKey="Volicer L">L. Volicer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veleta, P" uniqKey="Veleta P">P. Veleta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Celko, A M" uniqKey="Celko A">A. M. Celko</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Praag, H" uniqKey="Van Praag H">H. van Praag</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Praag, H" uniqKey="Van Praag H">H. van Praag</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Praag, H" uniqKey="Van Praag H">H. van Praag</name></author><author><name sortKey="Christie, B R" uniqKey="Christie B">B. R. Christie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sejnowski, T J" uniqKey="Sejnowski T">T. J. Sejnowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gage, F H" uniqKey="Gage F">F. H. Gage</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Praag, H" uniqKey="Van Praag H">H. van Praag</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kempermann, G" uniqKey="Kempermann G">G. Kempermann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gage, F H" uniqKey="Gage F">F. H. Gage</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Praag, H" uniqKey="Van Praag H">H. van Praag</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shubert, T" uniqKey="Shubert T">T. Shubert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, C" uniqKey="Zhao C">C. Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gage, F H" uniqKey="Gage F">F. H. Gage</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vaughan, S" uniqKey="Vaughan S">S. Vaughan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wallis, M" uniqKey="Wallis M">M. Wallis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Polit, D" uniqKey="Polit D">D. Polit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steele, M" uniqKey="Steele M">M. Steele</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shum, D" uniqKey="Shum D">D. Shum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morris, N" uniqKey="Morris N">N. Morris</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vaynman, S" uniqKey="Vaynman S">S. Vaynman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gomez Pinilla, F" uniqKey="Gomez Pinilla F">F. Gomez-Pinilla</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vaynman, S" uniqKey="Vaynman S">S. Vaynman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ying, Z" uniqKey="Ying Z">Z. Ying</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gomez Pinilla, F" uniqKey="Gomez Pinilla F">F. Gomez-Pinilla</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Verghese, J" uniqKey="Verghese J">J. Verghese</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Verghese, J" uniqKey="Verghese J">J. Verghese</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lipton, R B" uniqKey="Lipton R">R. B. Lipton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katz, M J" uniqKey="Katz M">M. J. Katz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hall, C B" uniqKey="Hall C">C. B. Hall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Derby, C A" uniqKey="Derby C">C. A. Derby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuslansky, G" uniqKey="Kuslansky G">G. Kuslansky</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vink, A C" uniqKey="Vink A">A. C. Vink</name></author><author><name sortKey="Birks, J S" uniqKey="Birks J">J. S. Birks</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bruinsma, M S" uniqKey="Bruinsma M">M. S. Bruinsma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scholten, R J" uniqKey="Scholten R">R. J. Scholten</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Voelcker Rehage, C" uniqKey="Voelcker Rehage C">C. Voelcker-Rehage</name></author><author><name sortKey="Godde, B" uniqKey="Godde B">B. Godde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Staudinger, U M" uniqKey="Staudinger U">U. M. Staudinger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Voss, M W" uniqKey="Voss M">M. W. Voss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Viviar, C" uniqKey="Viviar C">C. Viviar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kramer, A F" uniqKey="Kramer A">A. F. Kramer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Praag, H" uniqKey="Van Praag H">H. van Praag</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wankel, L M" uniqKey="Wankel L">L. M. Wankel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Westheimer, O" uniqKey="Westheimer O">O. Westheimer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Will, B" uniqKey="Will B">B. Will</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galani, R" uniqKey="Galani R">R. Galani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kelche, C" uniqKey="Kelche C">C. Kelche</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenzweig, M R" uniqKey="Rosenzweig M">M. R. Rosenzweig</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Woldag, H" uniqKey="Woldag H">H. Woldag</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hummelsheim, H" uniqKey="Hummelsheim H">H. Hummelsheim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Xu, Q" uniqKey="Xu Q">Q. Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Y" uniqKey="Park Y">Y. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, X" uniqKey="Huang X">X. Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hollenbeck, A" uniqKey="Hollenbeck A">A. Hollenbeck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blair, A" uniqKey="Blair A">A. Blair</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schatzkin, A" uniqKey="Schatzkin A">A. Schatzkin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zatorre, R" uniqKey="Zatorre R">R. Zatorre</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Front Psychol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Front Psychol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Front. Psychol.</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Frontiers in Psychology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1664-1078</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Frontiers Media S.A.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25674066</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4309167</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01478</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>New framework for rehabilitation – fusion of cognitive and physical rehabilitation: the hope for dancing</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dhami</surname><given-names>Prabhjot</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://community.frontiersin.org/people/u/138925"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moreno</surname><given-names>Sylvain</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://community.frontiersin.org/people/u/74988"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>DeSouza</surname><given-names>Joseph F. X.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn001"><sup>*</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://community.frontiersin.org/people/u/15490"></uri></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><sup>1</sup><institution>Department of Biology, York University</institution><country>Toronto, ON, Canada</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>2</sup><institution>Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Hospital</institution><country>Toronto, ON, Canada</country></aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>3</sup><institution>Department of Psychology, University of Toronto</institution><country>Toronto, ON, Canada</country></aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>4</sup><institution>Department of Psychology, Centre for Vision Research, York University</institution><country>Toronto, ON, Canada</country></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by: <italic>Eduardo Martínez-Montes, Cuban Neuroscience Center, Cuba</italic></p></fn><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Reviewed by: <italic>Jan-Christoph Kattenstroth, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany; Lawrence Mitchell Parsons, University of Sheffield, UK</italic></p></fn><corresp id="fn001">*Correspondence: <italic>Joseph F. X. DeSouza, Department of Psychology, Centre for Vision Research, York University, Lassonde Building, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada e-mail: <email xlink:type="simple">desouza@yorku.ca</email></italic></corresp><fn fn-type="other" id="fn002"><p>This article was submitted to Cognitive Science, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>1</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><elocation-id>1478</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Dhami, Moreno and DeSouza.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p> This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Neurorehabilitation programs are commonly employed with the goal to help restore functionality in patients. However, many of these therapies report only having a small impact. In response to the need for more effective and innovative approaches, rehabilitative methods that take advantage of the neuroplastic properties of the brain have been used to aid with both physical and cognitive impairments. Following this path of reasoning, there has been a particular interest in the use of physical exercise as well as musical related activities. Although such therapies demonstrate potential, they also have limitations that may affect their use, calling for further exploration. Here, we propose dance as a potential parallel to physical and music therapies. Dance may be able to aid with both physical and cognitive impairments, particularly due to it combined nature of including both physical and cognitive stimulation. Not only does it incorporate physical and motor skill related activities, but it can also engage various cognitive functions such as perception, emotion, and memory, all while done in an enriched environment. Other more practical benefits, such as promoting adherence due to being enjoyable, are also discussed, along with the current literature on the application of dance as an intervention tool, as well as future directions required to evaluate the potential of dance as an alternative therapy in neurorehabilitation.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>neurorehabilitation</kwd><kwd>dance</kwd><kwd>combined therapy</kwd><kwd>plasticity</kwd><kwd>music therapy</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="0"></fig-count><table-count count="0"></table-count><equation-count count="0"></equation-count><ref-count count="206"></ref-count><page-count count="15"></page-count><word-count count="0"></word-count></counts></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Neurological disorders have been estimated to affect as many as a billion people worldwide, with this number expected to increase in the upcoming years (<xref rid="B204" ref-type="bibr">World Health Organization, 2006</xref>). Such disorders can be heterogeneous in regards to their symptoms and can include any combination of impairments related to physical and cognitive functioning, or issues with behavior, all of which can impact the basic daily living capability of individuals. Unfortunately, there are no current treatments that can address all symptoms in a meaningful manner. Surgical and pharmacological therapies for prevalent neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, have been developed, but may only address a subset of symptoms, and even then, do so with limited efficacy (<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">Ahlskog, 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">Ahlskog et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">Intlekofer and Cotman, 2013</xref>). Adjunct conventional rehabilitative programs have been used as part of treatment regimes, although the effectiveness of such conventional therapies may also be limited (<xref rid="B121" ref-type="bibr">Lincoln et al., 1999</xref>; <xref rid="B116" ref-type="bibr">Langhammer and Stanghelle, 2000</xref>; <xref rid="B203" ref-type="bibr">Woldag and Hummelsheim, 2002</xref>; <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">Bassett, 2003</xref>).</p><p>Recently, scientists have highlighted that exercise and music related activities can induce neuroplasticity, and are capable of aiding with physical and cognitive impairments across various neurological patient groups, including in those suffering from dementia and Alzheimer’s (<xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">Heyn et al., 2004</xref>; <xref rid="B181" ref-type="bibr">Thompson et al., 2005</xref>; <xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">Irish et al., 2006</xref>; <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">Bruer et al., 2007</xref>; <xref rid="B118" ref-type="bibr">Lautenschlager et al., 2008</xref>), stroke (<xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">Duncan et al., 1998</xref>, <xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">2003</xref>; <xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">Gordon et al., 2004</xref>; <xref rid="B161" ref-type="bibr">Schneider et al., 2007</xref>; <xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">Särkämö et al., 2008</xref>; <xref rid="B143" ref-type="bibr">Quaney et al., 2009</xref>), and Parkinson’s disease (<xref rid="B180" ref-type="bibr">Thaut et al., 1996</xref>; <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">Crizzle and Newhouse, 2006</xref>; <xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">Goodwin et al., 2008</xref>; <xref rid="B177" ref-type="bibr">Tanaka et al., 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">Cruise et al., 2011</xref>). However, the uses of such therapies are also faced with inherent limitations, creating the need to explore for further options.</p><p>Here, we propose dance as an intriguing alternative to physical and musical therapies as used in neurorehabilitation. As a physical activity, dance may be able to aid with physical functioning. However, other elements found in dance may contribute to it being a cognitively stimulating activity as well. This may allow dance to have a positive impact on not only physical, but cognitive functioning as well, in part due to fitting the framework of what are known as combined, or multimodal, therapies, which incorporate simultaneous physical and cognitive activity in a stimulating environment (<xref rid="B122" ref-type="bibr">Lustig et al., 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B113" ref-type="bibr">Kraft, 2012</xref>). Dance may also be able to overcome some of the more practical limitations associated with other alternative therapies. In the following sections, the current literature on the use of physical and musical activities in neurorehabilitation is discussed, along with the limitations associated with such therapies, as well as how dance can be a potential alternative in neurorehabilitation.</p></sec><sec><title>PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND NEUROREHABILITATION</title><p>Physical activity, particularly aerobic exercise, has recently drawn interest for its potential use in neurorehabilitation. Engagement in physical exercise has been commonly reported as being associated with a reduction in risk for various neurological disorders, notably for cognitive decline, dementia and Alzheimer’s (<xref rid="B117" ref-type="bibr">Larson et al., 2006</xref>; <xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">Hamer and Chida, 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B170" ref-type="bibr">Sofi et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">Buchman et al., 2012</xref>). There is also support linking engagement in physical exercise to a reduced risk for onset of Parkinson’s (<xref rid="B205" ref-type="bibr">Xu et al., 2010</xref>) as well as stroke incidence (<xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">Do Lee et al., 2003</xref>), although these findings are not as robust as those for dementia and cognitive decline. Such epidemiological related studies suggest exercise having a neuroprotective effect in relation to the onset of various neurological disorders (<xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">Hillman et al., 2008</xref>). However, these findings do not offer support for how physical exercise can be used an as intervention for those who already suffer from such disorders. Rather, the interest in using exercise for neurorehabilitation stems from training based animal and human studies, which have helped demonstrate the widespread impact exercise can have on cognition, plasticity and overall brain health, particularly on the aging brain.</p><p>Although not directly translatable to humans, studies in animals have helped elucidate the fine neural changes that occur in the brain as a result of exercise. The impact of exercise on neurogenesis has been one of the focal points of such studies. Although a decline in neurogenesis is associated with aging, one of the most consistent findings in animal models is an increase in neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus as a result of exercise (<xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">Hillman et al., 2008</xref>; <xref rid="B187" ref-type="bibr">van Praag, 2008</xref>), which is associated with improvements in cognition, particularly in learning and memory (<xref rid="B189" ref-type="bibr">van Praag et al., 1999</xref>, <xref rid="B191" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>; <xref rid="B194" ref-type="bibr">Vaynman et al., 2004</xref>; <xref rid="B188" ref-type="bibr">van Praag, 2009</xref>). As for the clinical significance, it has been hypothesized that a reduction in neurogenesis, as found in Alzheimer’s (<xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">Hillman et al., 2008</xref>), may exacerbate memory impairments, possibly through interfering with hippocampal neural circuits (<xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">Lazarov et al., 2010</xref>); exercise may represent an endogenous approach for the restoration of cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. However, the impact of exercise on neurogenesis and how this relates to improving cognitive impairments remains unclear (<xref rid="B187" ref-type="bibr">van Praag, 2008</xref>, <xref rid="B188" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>; <xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">Lazarov et al., 2010</xref>; <xref rid="B129" ref-type="bibr">Mu and Gage, 2011</xref>).</p><p>Exercise can also impact brain vasculature, particularly by increasing angiogenesis throughout the brain (<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">Cotman et al., 2007</xref>; <xref rid="B199" ref-type="bibr">Voss et al., 2013</xref>), including in regions such as the hippocampus (<xref rid="B114" ref-type="bibr">Kramer and Erickson, 2007</xref>), motor cortex (<xref rid="B110" ref-type="bibr">Kleim et al., 2002</xref>; <xref rid="B176" ref-type="bibr">Swain et al., 2003</xref>), and cerebellum (<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">Black et al., 1990</xref>). Brain health can be impacted via new blood vessels being used to deliver necessary nutrients to both new and old neurons in the brain (<xref rid="B114" ref-type="bibr">Kramer and Erickson, 2007</xref>). Neurotrophic factors, which promote plasticity, such as insulin-like growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 2, and brain derived neurotrophic factors (BDNFs), have also been shown to be upregulated following exercise treatments (<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">Cotman and Berchtold, 2002</xref>; <xref rid="B193" ref-type="bibr">Vaynman and Gomez-Pinilla, 2005</xref>). BDNF has been of particular interest due to its potential role in promoting neural reorganization and regeneration in an impaired central nervous system (<xref rid="B193" ref-type="bibr">Vaynman and Gomez-Pinilla, 2005</xref>). Its impact on neurorehabilitation may stem from its crucial role in hippocampal learning and memory formation through long term potentiation (<xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">Egan et al., 2003</xref>; <xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">Hillman et al., 2008</xref>), its involvement in neuroprotection and promotion of cell survival (<xref rid="B114" ref-type="bibr">Kramer and Erickson, 2007</xref>), as well as recovery of motor functions (<xref rid="B71" ref-type="bibr">Griesbach et al., 2004</xref>; <xref rid="B142" ref-type="bibr">Ploughman et al., 2009</xref>).</p><p>Intervention based human studies, with a focus on healthy older adults, have also been able to show that exercise training can enhance brain plasticity and cognition. In a meta-analysis, <xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">Colcombe and Kramer (2003)</xref> surveyed 18 studies that included randomized aerobic fitness training in older adults, and reported a moderate effect size for the impact of fitness training on cognition. Specifically, greater executive, controlled, spatial and speed processes were linked to fitness training, with executive control showing the largest effect size. Intervention based neuroimaging studies in healthy adults have also shown that physical exercise can lead to various changes in the brain, including increased functional activity in frontal and parietal regions and decreased functional activity in anterior cingulate cortex regions (<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">Colcombe et al., 2004</xref>), increased gray matter volume in regions of the frontal and superior temporal lobe (<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">Colcombe et al., 2006</xref>) as well as in the hippocampus (<xref rid="B53" ref-type="bibr">Erickson et al., 2011</xref>), and significant increases in the blood volume of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (<xref rid="B139" ref-type="bibr">Pereira et al., 2007</xref>). Such changes, particularly those in the hippocampus, have also been found to be correlated to improvements in cognition (<xref rid="B139" ref-type="bibr">Pereira et al., 2007</xref>; <xref rid="B53" ref-type="bibr">Erickson et al., 2011</xref>). Thus, both animal and human studies have helped elucidate the various ways in which exercise can have an impact on the brain.</p><p>In regards to application to neurological groups, exercise has been found to aid with physical and functional impairments, including in stroke (<xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">Duncan et al., 1998</xref>, <xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">2003</xref>; <xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">Gordon et al., 2004</xref>), Parkinson’s (<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">Crizzle and Newhouse, 2006</xref>; <xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">Goodwin et al., 2008</xref>), and dementia patients (<xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">Heyn et al., 2004</xref>). Some studies suggest that exercise can also improve cognitive functioning in neurological groups (<xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">Heyn et al., 2004</xref>; <xref rid="B143" ref-type="bibr">Quaney et al., 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B177" ref-type="bibr">Tanaka et al., 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">Baker et al., 2010</xref>; <xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">Cruise et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B130" ref-type="bibr">Nagamatsu et al., 2013</xref>), although the current evidence has also been viewed as being mixed (<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Angevaren et al., 2008</xref>; <xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">Forbes et al., 2008</xref>; <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">Busse et al., 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B124" ref-type="bibr">McDonnell et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B169" ref-type="bibr">Snowden et al., 2011</xref>). Reports of small effect sizes (<xref rid="B118" ref-type="bibr">Lautenschlager et al., 2008</xref>), gender effects (<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">Baker et al., 2010</xref>), variance in what cognitive domains are reported to be improved (<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Angevaren et al., 2008</xref>), as well as methodological differences (<xref rid="B124" ref-type="bibr">McDonnell et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B169" ref-type="bibr">Snowden et al., 2011</xref>), are current limitations as reported in the literature, making it difficult to interpret the potential efficacy of exercise in neurorehabilitation.</p><p>There may also be limitations associated with transferring the use of exercise to real world clinical applications. For example, some of the studies discussed used moderate to high intensity exercises (<xref rid="B118" ref-type="bibr">Lautenschlager et al., 2008</xref>; <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">Baker et al., 2010</xref>; <xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">Cruise et al., 2011</xref>), although those with more severe symptoms may not be able to be active at such levels (<xref rid="B169" ref-type="bibr">Snowden et al., 2011</xref>). Also, adherence issues may impact the use of conventional exercise as a therapy. It has been estimated that over 50% of participants who begin an exercise program will drop out within the first 6 months (<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">Dishman, 1988</xref>). This is particularly prominent in older adults, who may initially be willing to participate in an exercise program, but only do so for the short term, eventually stopping (<xref rid="B185" ref-type="bibr">Van Der Bij et al., 2002</xref>). Unfortunately, the benefits of exercise require continued participation, making the issue of adherence that much more important. Given that neurological disorders affect patients for the long term, it is important that any therapy used is capable of promoting continuous commitment that ends up becoming part of the person’s weekly routine. Various factors that may contribute to whether someone will continuously participate in an exercise program include social support, health, personal beliefs, as well as motivation and enjoyment (<xref rid="B145" ref-type="bibr">Rhodes et al., 1999</xref>). However, traditional exercise programs may not fulfill many of these needs; in particular, conventional methods of exercise may not be seen as enjoyable by participants, which can have a significant impact on adherence (<xref rid="B145" ref-type="bibr">Rhodes et al., 1999</xref>; <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">Belardinelli et al., 2008</xref>; <xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">Findorff et al., 2009</xref>). Such issues are important to keep in mind when promoting the use of physical exercise for neurorehabilitation.</p><p>In summary, there is strong support from both animal and human studies that physical exercise can be beneficial for the brain. It is important to note that the vast majority of these studies are based on the use of exercise in healthy populations, where a major focus has been on its potential role in healthy aging. Unfortunately, the efficacy of exercise for aiding with cognition in neurological disorders remains difficult to interpret. Both animal and human clinical studies have yet to produce the robust findings of the impact of exercise as found in their healthy counterparts. Methodological differences found between studies also contribute to the effect of exercise being unclear. Other more practical factors, such as the intensity of exercise needed to produce meaningful results, as well as enjoyment and adherence issues, also pose potential limitations for the application of exercise in neurorehabilitation.</p></sec><sec><title>MUSICAL ACTIVITIES AND NEUROREHABILITATION</title><p>Music has been described as a powerful multimodal stimulus in humans (<xref rid="B151" ref-type="bibr">Sacks, 2006</xref>), invoking the widespread activity of various brain regions related to sensorimotor, higher order cognitive and emotional processes (<xref rid="B126" ref-type="bibr">Menon and Levitin, 2005</xref>; <xref rid="B112" ref-type="bibr">Koelsch, 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">Herholz and Zatorre, 2012</xref>). Such processes can include auditory processing, attention, memory and sensory-motor integration, leading to the involvement of networks that consist of frontal, temporal, parietal and subcortical regions (<xref rid="B206" ref-type="bibr">Zatorre, 2005</xref>; <xref rid="B158" ref-type="bibr">Schlaug, 2009</xref>). Music processing can also be quite a complex task, recruiting various brain regions that are associated with the different components found in music, including pitch, timbre, rhythm, melody, recognition, and emotion (<xref rid="B120" ref-type="bibr">Lin et al., 2011</xref>). Musical experiences have also been shown to extensively enhance brain plasticity across the lifespan, leading to alterations of structural and functional properties of the human brain (<xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">Gaser and Schlaug, 2003</xref>; <xref rid="B160" ref-type="bibr">Schlaug et al., 2005</xref>; <xref rid="B96" ref-type="bibr">Hyde et al., 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">Herholz and Zatorre, 2012</xref>). The ability of music to stimulate the widespread activity of brain regions through the engagement of various processes, as well as being able to enhance neuroplasticity, has led to interest in how the effects of musical activities can be generalized beyond the musical domain, and be used to improve various neurological-related impairments (<xref rid="B158" ref-type="bibr">Schlaug, 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B179" ref-type="bibr">Thaut et al., 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">Altenmüller and Schlaug, 2013</xref>; <xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">Hegde, 2014</xref>).</p><p>Engaging in musical activities has been found to have a powerful effect on cognitive functions across the lifespan. Although aging is associated with a decline in various cognitive and perceptual domains (<xref rid="B148" ref-type="bibr">Rowe and Kahn, 1997</xref>), engagement in music related activities at a younger age may be able to help mitigate some of these effects later on in life. For example, in older adults, prior musical experience has been associated with enhanced perception of speech in a noisy environment as well as auditory working memory capacity (<xref rid="B137" ref-type="bibr">Parbery-Clark et al., 2011</xref>), a delay in the age associated decline of neural encoding of speech perception in the brainstem (<xref rid="B136" ref-type="bibr">Parbery-Clark et al., 2012</xref>), as well as a greater preservation of cognitive functioning in domains such as non-verbal memory and executive processes (<xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">Hanna-Pladdy and MacKay, 2011</xref>). Engagement in musical activities throughout life may also be related to the prevention of gray matter decline in older age (<xref rid="B167" ref-type="bibr">Sluming et al., 2002</xref>), something that is associated with normal aging (<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">Good et al., 2001</xref>). However, the benefits of music do not strictly apply to only those who have engaged in musical activities throughout their life. Instead, musical training has also been found to be a powerful intervention tool for improving cognition in healthy older adults (<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">Bugos et al., 2007</xref>). Simply listening to music has also been shown to enhance cognition in both young (<xref rid="B182" ref-type="bibr">Thompson et al., 2001</xref>; <xref rid="B157" ref-type="bibr">Schellenberg et al., 2007</xref>) and older adults (<xref rid="B181" ref-type="bibr">Thompson et al., 2005</xref>), although such findings are attributable to the enhancement of arousal and mood, rather than music itself. With music being a powerful stimulus, music based activities have been viewed as holding potential for being an engaging and effective method of neurorehabilitation (<xref rid="B158" ref-type="bibr">Schlaug, 2009</xref>).</p><p>Musical therapies, in both active and passive forms, have been used in neurorehabilitation. For example, training in the playing of instruments has been used to improve motor movements, including range, speed and quality of movements, in stroke patients (<xref rid="B161" ref-type="bibr">Schneider et al., 2007</xref>). Such improvements were also found to be associated with increased activity of motor regions, as well as neural reorganization of the motor network (<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">Altenmüller et al., 2009</xref>). The coupling of auditory-motor stimulation found in playing instruments may have a role in recovery of motor skills, with improvements possibly being associated with an increase in functional auditory-motor connectivity (<xref rid="B147" ref-type="bibr">Rodriguez-Fornells et al., 2012</xref>). The relationship between motor movement and auditory stimuli has also been the basis of rhythmic auditory stimulation, which consists of movements being done to rhythmic auditory cues, and has been found to lead to functional improvements in patients with brain injuries (<xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">Hurt et al., 1998</xref>) and Parkinson’s (<xref rid="B180" ref-type="bibr">Thaut et al., 1996</xref>), with it being particularly effective in aiding with gait and upper extremity functioning (<xref rid="B178" ref-type="bibr">Thaut and Abiru, 2010</xref>). Music therapies have also been developed for speech and language impairments, such as Melodic Intonation Therapy, which has been used to improve speech in non-fluent aphasics by having patients sing phrases in a manner that exaggerate the melodic content of normal speech, all while tapping in synchrony to the syllables with their left hand (<xref rid="B159" ref-type="bibr">Schlaug et al., 2010</xref>). Preliminary findings from general music therapies, which consist of participating in various musical related activities, have also shown to improve executive functioning in those with brain injuries (<xref rid="B179" ref-type="bibr">Thaut et al., 2009</xref>). Thus, various types of musical therapies have been shown to be of use in different clinical groups.</p><p>Listening to music can lead to the engagement of various sensorimotor, cognitive and emotional processes in the brain (<xref rid="B206" ref-type="bibr">Zatorre, 2005</xref>; <xref rid="B112" ref-type="bibr">Koelsch, 2009</xref>), leading to widespread activity of temporal, frontal, parietal, subcortical, and cerebellar regions (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">Särkämö and Soto, 2012</xref>). With music listening being an engaging and cognitively stimulating activity, it has also been explored as a potential tool for neurorehabilitation. <xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">Särkämö et al. (2008)</xref> investigated the effects of passive music exposure on cognition and mood in stroke patients. Patients were placed into a music listening group, a language group, or a control group, which consisted of listening to self-selected music, audio books or nothing, respectively. Music listening was found to enhance cognitive recovery, providing greater improvements in focused attention and verbal memory, in comparison to the language and control group. Improvements were also noted for depression and mood as a result of music listening. However, whether such effects were specific to music, were primarily influenced by arousal, or can have a long lasting impact remains unclear (<xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">Särkämö et al., 2008</xref>). A more recent study by <xref rid="B153" ref-type="bibr">Särkämö et al. (2014)</xref> showed that listening to music can lead to structural changes in the brain of stroke patients, particularly leading to an increase of gray matter in frontolimbic brain areas; these structural alterations were also found to be correlated with improvements in cognition. Music listening has also been associated with improvements in visual awareness and attention in patients with neglect (<xref rid="B171" ref-type="bibr">Soto et al., 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B183" ref-type="bibr">Tsai et al., 2013</xref>), aiding with memory in those with Alzheimer’s (<xref rid="B166" ref-type="bibr">Simmons-Stern et al., 2010</xref>), as well as improving cognitive performance in those with dementia related impairments (<xref rid="B181" ref-type="bibr">Thompson et al., 2005</xref>; <xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">Irish et al., 2006</xref>; <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">Bruer et al., 2007</xref>).</p><p>Although there is no clear answer as to how music listening can provide therapeutic value, certain mechanisms have been proposed to be of potential importance. Music has been shown to be a powerful emotional stimulus, capable of modulating emotional and reward related systems (<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">Blood and Zatorre, 2001</xref>; <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">Brown et al., 2004</xref>; <xref rid="B126" ref-type="bibr">Menon and Levitin, 2005</xref>). This effect may be able to improve mood and arousal in patients, which may in turn positively impact how they react to therapy and rehabilitation (<xref rid="B184" ref-type="bibr">Van de Winckel et al., 2004</xref>). Listening to pleasurable music may also be able to enhance cognitive functioning through modulating the release of dopamine (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">Särkämö and Soto, 2012</xref>). This may be inferred based on the increase of dopamine being associated with various improvements in cognition (<xref rid="B95" ref-type="bibr">Husain and Mehta, 2011</xref>), as well as emotional arousal during music listening being found to be associated with dopamine release (<xref rid="B152" ref-type="bibr">Salimpoor et al., 2011</xref>). The potential long term effects of music listening may be related to how it may enhance neuroplasticity, which may include promoting neurogenesis in the hippocampus (<xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">Kim et al., 2006</xref>), increasing BDNF levels in the hypothalamus (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">Angelucci et al., 2007a</xref>) and hippocampus (<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">Angelucci et al., 2007b</xref>), as well as providing an auditory enriched environment which can positively impact auditory cortical functioning (<xref rid="B52" ref-type="bibr">Engineer et al., 2004</xref>). It has also been speculated that listening to music can enhance the regeneration and repair of neurons through influencing the secretion of specific steroid hormones (<xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">Fukui and Toyoshima, 2008</xref>). Thus, although arguably the simplest form of a musical experience, just the act of listening to music may have a powerful influence.</p><p>Other properties of music which may also further enhance its therapeutic value include its potential influence on neurochemical changes across various domains, including stress and arousal (<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">Chanda and Levitin, 2013</xref>), or how musical therapies can be seen as enjoyable activities, in part due to the presence of music, which can improve mood and motivation, and thus the efficacy of interventions (<xref rid="B161" ref-type="bibr">Schneider et al., 2007</xref>; <xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">Herholz and Zatorre, 2012</xref>). However, there are limitations to the application of music in neurorehabilitation. Passive music therapies when applied to groups with cognitive or behavioral issues may offer little support to improve general physical functioning, which although may not be the primary symptoms, can still be impacted. Active musical therapies may aid with physical symptoms, but they are often reported as being used to assist with very specific motor impairments, tailored to the needs of the patient, and lacking any impact on broader general functioning. The efficacy of musical activities, particularly that of passive listening, in aiding with cognitive impairments also remains unclear, with methodological issues in current studies cited as making it difficult for any clear-cut conclusions to be drawn (<xref rid="B197" ref-type="bibr">Vink et al., 2003</xref>). There also may be more practical issues, such as hearing impairments amongst the elderly (<xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">Gordon-Salant, 2005</xref>), which may impact therapies that require music listening, or the use of instruments, and expecting patients to learn to play in active musical training therapies. There are also questions about the long-term impact of music listening on cognition, and the specific cognitive domains music listening may be able to aid with (<xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">Särkämö et al., 2008</xref>). That is not say that listening to music cannot improve cognition, but rather there is a gap between the understanding of music’s potential role in improving cognitive impairments, and the existence of meaningful results in the widespread application of music to various neurological populations (<xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">Hegde, 2014</xref>). Thus, although musical therapies have provided promising results, their use as a neurorehabilitative tool for aiding with various neurological-related symptoms, particularly that of cognitive impairments, requires further investigation.</p></sec><sec><title>DANCE AND NEUROREHABILITATION</title><sec><title>WHAT IS DANCE</title><p>Dance may be defined as the act of one or more bodies moving in a rhythmic manner cued by music. However, even in its simplest form, dance requires a complex and simultaneous engagement in both physical and cognitive domains. The specific elements of dancing can vary greatly, but common features include learning new sequences of movements and rehearsing them, music accompaniment, and typically being held in a group, fostering social interaction. Comparisons with expert dancers have also helped demonstrate training effects of dancing, which includes effects on specific memory domains and tasks (<xref rid="B173" ref-type="bibr">Starkes et al., 1987</xref>; <xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">Smyth and Pendleton, 1994</xref>; <xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">Hüfner et al., 2011</xref>), as well as with physical fitness properties such as posture control (<xref rid="B165" ref-type="bibr">Simmons, 2005</xref>; <xref rid="B144" ref-type="bibr">Rein et al., 2011</xref>) and balance (<xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">Crotts et al., 1996</xref>; <xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">Gerbino et al., 2007</xref>; <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">Bruyneel et al., 2010</xref>). Expert dancers have also been found to have structural differences in sensorimotor networks (<xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">Hänggi et al., 2010</xref>) and the hippocampus (<xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">Hüfner et al., 2011</xref>), as well as functional neural differences related to their training, such as when visualizing movement to familiar versus unfamiliar music (<xref rid="B131" ref-type="bibr">Olshansky et al., 2014</xref>), supporting the notion that training in dance can induce specific neuroplastic changes. This ability for dance to be both a physical and cognitive engaging activity may hold value for its potential as an alternative therapy for various clinical groups. The use of dance for aiding with physical functioning will be discussed, but here we focus on a lesser explored topic, that of which how dance may also be able to aid with cognition.</p></sec><sec><title>INTEREST IN DANCE FOR NEUROREHABILITATION</title><sec><title>Combined training</title><p>Physical and cognitive training on their own have been shown to be useful to some extent for improving cognition, but there may be added benefits to combining the two into a single activity. It has been proposed that exercise may need to be done in a cognitively stimulating context in order to maximize its impact on neuroplasticity and cognition (<xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">Fabel and Kempermann, 2008</xref>). In regards to how such combined interventions can lead to greater functional benefits than physical or cognitive activity alone, animal studies suggest a synergistic effect, possibly due to differences in how physical and cognitive activity induce neuroplasticity. For example, both physical and cognitive activities have shown to increase neurogenesis in the hippocampus (<xref rid="B104" ref-type="bibr">Kempermann et al., 1997</xref>; <xref rid="B189" ref-type="bibr">van Praag et al., 1999</xref>), as well as improve learning and memory for hippocampal related tasks (<xref rid="B132" ref-type="bibr">Olson et al., 2006</xref>). However, the way in which they increase neurogenesis may be quite distinct, with exercise leading to an increase in neurogenesis by increasing precursor cell proliferation, where as an enriched environment promotes the survival of new cells (<xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">Kempermann et al., 2010</xref>). <xref rid="B56" ref-type="bibr">Fabel et al. (2009)</xref> found that in mice, physical exercise followed by cognitive stimulation through an enriched environment resulted in an additive effect. It is thought that although physical exercise can increase the precursor cell pool, cognitive stimulation may increase the recruitment of cells to be integrated into functional networks (<xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">Fabel and Kempermann, 2008</xref>). Animal studies also show support for combined physical and cognitive activities being able to significantly enhance learning and working memory abilities compared to either activity done alone, independent of exercise intensity or duration (<xref rid="B115" ref-type="bibr">Langdon and Corbett, 2012</xref>).</p><p>Although the literature for the explicit use of combined training in humans is limited, results from these studies are nonetheless promising. Combined training programs have been reported as providing significantly greater improvements in older adults across various cognitive functions compared to isolated physical and cognitive training programs (<xref rid="B57" ref-type="bibr">Fabre et al., 2002</xref>; <xref rid="B134" ref-type="bibr">Oswald et al., 2006</xref>). A more recent study by <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">Anderson-Hanley et al. (2012)</xref> aimed at comparing the effects of physical exercise in a standard environment versus that in a cognitively stimulating environment. The study consisted of participants being placed into either a standard group, which consisted of stationary cycling in a traditional fashion, or in an experimental group, which consisted of stationary cycling with a virtual reality display. Although participants did not engage in any explicit cognitive tasks, the use of virtual reality in the context of exercise may be seen as cognitively stimulating since it would putatively recruit additional neural networks. Executive functioning was found to be significantly better in the virtual reality group compared to the standard group. Those in the virtual reality group were also found to have a significantly greater increase in BDNF levels. However, exercise related effort and fitness between the two groups were similar, suggesting that not physical exercise, but rather the combined physical and cognitive activity, led to the greater improvements in cognition found in the experimental group. Combined therapies have also been found to be effective in improving cognition in neurological groups (<xref rid="B175" ref-type="bibr">Suzuki et al., 2012</xref>; <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">Coelho et al., 2013</xref>), although it is important to note that such studies only compared the combined group to a control group, making it impossible to evaluate the impact of the combined therapies in comparison to physical or cognitive only activities. Thus, although further investigation is required, preliminary findings from both human and animal studies suggest that there may indeed be additional benefits to combined therapies.</p></sec><sec><title>Dance as a combined intervention</title><p>Dancing may be considered an ideal example of what multimodal training should consist of, due to combining physical and cognitive activity together (<xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr">Fissler et al., 2012</xref>; <xref rid="B113" ref-type="bibr">Kraft, 2012</xref>; <xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">Olsson, 2012</xref>) in an enriched environment (<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">Kattenstroth et al., 2010</xref>). Aside from the physical activity that dancing requires, it also involves various cognitive functions such as perception, emotion, executive functioning, memory and motor skills (<xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">Foster, 2013</xref>). Indeed, neuroimaging studies have shown widespread activity in the brain during rehearsal of dance movements (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Brown et al., 2006</xref>). The engagement of such a wide variety of cognitive faculties may be attributed to dance being an experience that provides multisensory stimulation in an engaging environment, due in part to incorporating components such as physical activity, music listening and social interaction together (<xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">Johansson, 2012</xref>). How dance engages various cognitive faculties may be best answered by examining the effects of dance training on experts.</p><p>As previously described, training in dance requires substantial physical and cognitive engagement. Dancing consist of being aware of one’s appropriate sequence of movements over time, as well as how these movements should be conducted in relation to external cues (<xref rid="B163" ref-type="bibr">Sevdalis and Keller, 2011</xref>). This may be evident by the potential training effects found in experts in comparison to non-dancers on specific cognitive tasks, including greater recall for structured sequences (<xref rid="B173" ref-type="bibr">Starkes et al., 1987</xref>), longer memory spans compared for ballet and nonsense movements (<xref rid="B168" ref-type="bibr">Smyth and Pendleton, 1994</xref>), as well as significantly greater performance in non-spatial memory tasks (<xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">Hüfner et al., 2011</xref>). Learning sequences of movements may also be enhanced in a dance setting through observation of dynamic kinematic information provided from other dancers during learning (<xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">Gray et al., 1991</xref>). Brain activity in response to action observation has also been implicated in dancing, with experts being shown to have an increase in activity in brain regions considered a part of the human mirror system when viewing well known movements in relation to their learning of dance (<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">Calvo-Merino et al., 2005</xref>; <xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">Cross et al., 2006</xref>). Also, the neural substrate of learning to dance through effective observation may be similar to that of learning by physical practice (<xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">Cross et al., 2009</xref>), with speculation that the effective observational learning associated with dance may influence other cognitive skills as well (<xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">Kattenstroth et al., 2013</xref>). Other factors that may also enhance the ability of dance to be a cognitively stimulating activity may include its social nature. The social environment dancing provides may be a source of cognitive stimulation, where simple exercises may recruit a more widespread brain network if done with other people in comparison to alone (<xref rid="B150" ref-type="bibr">Saarela and Hari, 2008</xref>). However, two other sources of substantial cognitive stimulation in dance include the musical element it incorporates, as well as the complex physical and motor skills it calls upon, both of which will be expanded upon.</p><p><bold><italic>Music in dance.</italic></bold> Dance is undoubtedly a complex task, made of numerous smaller parts that come together in sequence. However, a particular feature of dance that may bolster its therapeutic value is its incorporation of music. As already discussed, music is a powerful source for auditory stimulation with an ability to engage numerous emotional and cognitive faculties (<xref rid="B126" ref-type="bibr">Menon and Levitin, 2005</xref>; <xref rid="B140" ref-type="bibr">Peretz and Zatorre, 2005</xref>), and it may be speculated that the simple exposure to music may play a big role in dance being a cognitively stimulating activity. However, in combined interventions, cognitive and physical stimulation are seen as having an interaction effect, where the benefits gained from combining the two outweigh the benefits from either activity done alone. Thus, in the context of dance as a combined therapy, it is important to address whether music can enhance the benefits already found in physical activity.</p><p>Exercise conducted with music has been shown to lead to significant improvements in cognition in various clinical groups (<xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">Emery et al., 2003</xref>; <xref rid="B184" ref-type="bibr">Van de Winckel et al., 2004</xref>), but whether physical activity with music can lead to greater improvements than exercise alone is still not clear. However, a recent study by <xref rid="B156" ref-type="bibr">Satoh et al. (2014)</xref> seems to suggest that there may be indeed an additive affect on cognition when the two are combined. <xref rid="B156" ref-type="bibr">Satoh et al. (2014)</xref> placed older healthy adults into either a control group, an exercise group, or an exercise with musical accompaniment group. The physical routine between the two exercise groups was identical, with the only difference being the musical element found in the combined group. Cognitive improvements were greatest in the combined music and exercise group, with visuospatial functioning found to be significantly greater in the combined group than in the exercise alone group. It was suggested that the findings may be explained in the multimodal framework, where the addition of music to exercise could have led to simultaneous physical and cognitive stimulation, producing greater cognitive improvements than exercise alone. Such findings may give credence to music alone being able to provide enough cognitive stimulation where it is able to enhance the effects of exercise. These findings may also be seen as providing additional support that dance is a multimodal stimulation. Aside from passively listening to music, the act of timing and synchronizing movements to music may also be cognitively demanding (<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">Bläsing et al., 2012</xref>). In comparison to the lack of music, dancing with music has been shown to activate unique regions including the anterior vermis of the cerebellum, putamen and the medial geniculate cortex, regions believed to be involved in synchronizing movement to musical rhythms during dance (<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">Brown and Parsons, 2008</xref>). Dancing may also be viewed as a dual tasking activity, with the need for attention to be divided amongst various components, such as navigation and balance (<xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">Hackney et al., 2007</xref>); music may also play a factor in this. In contrast to listening to a piece of music, which can consist of a state of undivided attention, dance requires not only the listening and processing of music, but also moving accordingly to the music being listened to, which may present another form of dual tasking. Indeed, musicians have been shown to outperform non-musicians on dual task performance, potentially in part due to the fine motor coordination musicians require while simultaneously processing various musical elements (<xref rid="B128" ref-type="bibr">Moradzadeh et al., 2014</xref>). Dance, although perhaps to a lesser extent, can also be seen as requiring fine physical and motor coordination being done to music, and thus may contribute to dance providing an exercise in dual tasking. As previously described, the impact of physical activity on cognition may be greatest when done with complex cognitive stimulation (<xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">Fabel and Kempermann, 2008</xref>). Music may act as such a source of stimulation, with its ability to engage various cognitive faculties and induce widespread activity throughout the brain (<xref rid="B206" ref-type="bibr">Zatorre, 2005</xref>; <xref rid="B158" ref-type="bibr">Schlaug, 2009</xref>), as well present a form of dual tasking. Thus, when portraying dance as a combined therapy, its incorporation of music may be just one, albeit very powerful, source of cognitive stimulation.</p><p><bold><italic>Physical and motor skills in dance.</italic></bold> In a multimodal framework, physical activity is used to place the brain in a plastic state, preparing the brain to respond to cognitive stimulation, and thus allowing for a greater impact of cognitive activities (<xref rid="B90" ref-type="bibr">Hotting and Röder, 2013</xref>). However, the physical activity itself may also be a source of cognitive stimulation. The question then becomes what physical activities should be used in combined therapies. Aerobic exercises, such as running, are a popular choice, but due to some of the more complex movements, as well as the learning that is required for such movements, dance may offer a unique method of physical exercise to not only induce neuroplasticity, but also enhance cognition.</p><p>More conventional aerobic exercises, such as walking, have been used with success in multimodal training (<xref rid="B57" ref-type="bibr">Fabre et al., 2002</xref>; <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">Anderson-Hanley et al., 2012</xref>; <xref rid="B175" ref-type="bibr">Suzuki et al., 2012</xref>; <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">Coelho et al., 2013</xref>). Changes to cardiorespiratory fitness, as a function of aerobic exercise intensity, are believed to contribute to aerobic exercise being able to provide improvements in cognition (<xref rid="B79" ref-type="bibr">Hayes et al., 2013</xref>). However, dance may not hold the same intensity as other aerobic exercises, particularly for older adults. For example, <xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">Kattenstroth et al. (2013)</xref> reported no improvement in cardiorespiratory performance in older healthy adults after attending weekly dance classes for 6 months. This was attributed to the low intensity nature of the dance class, which consisted of many disruptions during dancing to provide new instructions, thus preventing any continuous activity to take place for an extended period of time. Yet, even if low intensity dancing is not able to improve cardiorespiratory performance in older adults, it may still be able to positively impact cognition. It has been noted that results from the literature do not support the notion that exercise can lead to improvements in cognition only if cardiovascular fitness is significantly impacted (<xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">Etnier et al., 2006</xref>; <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">Busse et al., 2009</xref>). Rather, physical activity, even at a low intensity where there is no significant change to cardiorespiratory fitness, may still be able to positively impact cognition and brain structure (<xref rid="B149" ref-type="bibr">Ruscheweyh et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B79" ref-type="bibr">Hayes et al., 2013</xref>). Low intensity exercise has also been noted to still be able to enhance neuroplasticity, for example, increasing BDNF levels (<xref rid="B172" ref-type="bibr">Soya et al., 2007</xref>; <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">Aguiar et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B192" ref-type="bibr">Vaughan et al., 2014</xref>). The ability for low intensity activity to still have a positive impact on the brain may help explain why <xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">Kattenstroth et al. (2013)</xref> found no changes to cardiorespiratory fitness, but still reported significant improvements in various cognitive and sensorimotor domains as a result of dancing. That is not to say that dancing is incapable of leading to significant changes in cardiorespiratory fitness, since it has been shown to do so (<xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">Hopkins et al., 1990</xref>). Rather, low intensity dancing, regardless of whether it provides significant changes in cardiorespiratory fitness, may still be able to positively influence brain plasticity and cognition in a similar manner to other aerobic exercises. Yet, there may be other unique properties of dancing not found in other conventional aerobic exercises that may lead it to providing a potentially greater impact on enhancing cognition.</p><p>Dance can be viewed as a multifaceted activity, including not only physical fitness, but also motor fitness, which accounts for components such as balance, flexibility, speed and coordination (<xref rid="B198" ref-type="bibr">Voelcker-Rehage et al., 2010</xref>). The extensive engagement in motor fitness may be evident by trained dancers having been shown to be significantly better than non-dancers across a variety of motor fitness domains, including posture control (<xref rid="B165" ref-type="bibr">Simmons, 2005</xref>; <xref rid="B144" ref-type="bibr">Rein et al., 2011</xref>) and balance (<xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">Crotts et al., 1996</xref>; <xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">Gerbino et al., 2007</xref>; <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">Bruyneel et al., 2010</xref>). Expert dancers have also been shown to have a structurally altered sensorimotor network, including regions such as the premotor cortex, supplementary motor area and putamen (<xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">Hänggi et al., 2010</xref>). These alterations have been speculated to be related to dancing requiring intensive training in motor skills such as precise posture control, as well as coordination of the body for both gross and fine motor movements (<xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">Hänggi et al., 2010</xref>). Dancing has also been found to elicit significant improvements in various parts of motor fitness in older adults (<xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">Hopkins et al., 1990</xref>; <xref rid="B164" ref-type="bibr">Shigematsu et al., 2002</xref>; <xref rid="B195" ref-type="bibr">Verghese, 2006</xref>; <xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">Keogh et al., 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">Kattenstroth et al., 2013</xref>). There is also evidence to suggest that both physical and motor fitness in older adults are positively associated with cognition, but the two differ with respect to the specific cognitive domains that they are associated with (<xref rid="B198" ref-type="bibr">Voelcker-Rehage et al., 2010</xref>). Exercises that combine physical and motor fitness have also been found to lead to significant improvements across a variety of cognitive domains in older adults (<xref rid="B192" ref-type="bibr">Vaughan et al., 2014</xref>). Coordination related exercises have revealed to require greater attention and concentration during execution compared to simple physical tasks (<xref rid="B127" ref-type="bibr">Mochizuki and Kirino, 2008</xref>). These findings do not necessarily suggest that one of motor and physical fitness exercises is in a sense better than the other. Rather, each may provide its own unique benefits, leading to the speculation that exercises that combine both may have a greater impact on cognition than those that only involve either type of fitness. In this context, dance may be an ideal activity due to requiring participants to extensively engage in both physical and motor fitness, and thus may be more encompassing in regards to employing different cognitive domains in comparison to other conventional exercises.</p><p>The difficulty of a physical activity and its requirement for novices to learn new physical skills may also be a factor in the potential neuroplastic changes induced by dance. <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">Black et al. (1990)</xref> found that in rats, acrobatic training led to greater synaptogenesis in the cerebellar cortex than simple physical exercise training. This was attributed to the acrobatic training consisting of learning new and difficult motor tasks, whereas the physical exercise consisted of simple and repetitive activity of an already well known task (walking). Similar findings were reported by <xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">Curlik et al. (2011)</xref>, who investigated the effects of physical activity that require skill learning on the survival of cells in the adult hippocampus. Rats were placed into separate groups, consisting of no learning (sedentary), physical skill learning and exercising. The exercise group consisted of standard wheel running. In comparison, the physical skill-learning group involved rats having to learn to stay on a rotating rod, with the speed of rotation gradually increasing over time, thus increasing the difficulty of the task as well as creating a need to adjust and relearn. Rats that successfully learned to stay on the rod were found to retain more neurons in their hippocampus than rats from the other groups, even though the exercise group ran twenty times the distance of the learning group. Furthermore, the survival rate of neurons was found to be similar in the exercising and no learning group. The findings indicated that cell survival was related not to the amount of exercise, but to complex skill learning. Based on these findings, <xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">Curlik and Shors (2013)</xref> suggested that exercises that combine mental and challenging physical skill learning, such as dance, could lead to long lasting effects on the adult brain. Findings with older human adults also show support for the complexity of the physical components of an exercise affecting cognitive outcomes. In humans, coordination exercises have been shown to have a greater positive impact on improving attention and concentration than simple aerobic exercises, possibly due to the complexity of the coordination exercise engaging neural networks that are not recruited in aerobic exercises (<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">Budde et al., 2008</xref>). Such findings may also extend to dance when being compared to other exercises. For example, <xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">Coubard et al. (2011)</xref> reported that dancing had a significant effect on attentional control in older healthy adults, whereas Tai Chi and fall prevention exercises failed to have any effect. These findings were attributed to the dance intervention consisting of improvised movement, requiring participants to consistently adapt to new motor movements, and thus requiring higher attentional demand, all in contrast to the other two exercises. The inclusion of novel and difficult movements in dance therapy has been suggested to be helpful with improving certain physical impairments found in neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s (<xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">Duncan and Earhart, 2012</xref>). Physical exercise is undoubtedly important, but doing so in a simple and non-stimulating environment may limit its potential in improving cognition (<xref rid="B89" ref-type="bibr">Horne, 2013</xref>). Rather, activities, such as dancing, may be able to provide physical novel learning experiences in a stimulating context.</p><p>Aside from being a physical activity that includes extensive motor training and novel physical skill learning, dance may also incorporate other elements that can positively influence the impact of a physical activity on neuroplasticity and cognition, such as fostering social interactions. Simply walking with other people has been shown to activate a more widespread brain network compared to walking alone (<xref rid="B150" ref-type="bibr">Saarela and Hari, 2008</xref>). Social isolation during running has also been shown to suppress neurogenesis (<xref rid="B174" ref-type="bibr">Stranahan et al., 2006</xref>). Yet, social interaction is rarely lacking in dance, due to the two being intrinsically tied to one another. Dancing is most often done with others, either in pairs or groups, with individuals often relying on others for movement cues. However, going even farther back, dance has been speculated to have originated due to the need for social interaction, acting as a means of non-verbal communication (<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">Brown and Parsons, 2008</xref>; <xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">Kattenstroth et al., 2013</xref>). Ultimately, dance incorporates various factors which may enhance a physical exercise’s influence on neuroplasticity and cognition, such as motor training, novel physical skill learning, and social interactions.</p></sec><sec><title>Other potential benefits of dance</title><p>Thus far, the potential use of dance for neurorehabilitation has focused on how it simultaneously combines physical and cognitively stimulating activities into one. However, there are other elements of dance that may also contribute to its rehabilitative properties. For example, in regards to the setting of rehabilitation, interventions may be most effective when done in an engaging environment that provides novel and multisensory stimulation (<xref rid="B123" ref-type="bibr">Maegele et al., 2005</xref>; <xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">Fabel and Kempermann, 2008</xref>; <xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">Kempermann et al., 2010</xref>; <xref rid="B138" ref-type="bibr">Pekna et al., 2012</xref>). Animal models support the ability of enriched environments to enhance neuroplasticity through various mechanisms (<xref rid="B190" ref-type="bibr">van Praag et al., 2000</xref>), improve cognitive deficits across a variety of neurological disorders (<xref rid="B135" ref-type="bibr">Pang and Hannan, 2013</xref>), as well potentially be a more potent therapy for cognitive impairments than physical exercise alone (<xref rid="B202" ref-type="bibr">Will et al., 2004</xref>). The very nature of dancing incorporates physical, cognitive and social engagement into a single setting, rich in components that touch upon all these domains; such components include rhythmic motor coordination, balance, memory, emotional engagement, affection, social interaction, acoustic stimulation as well as a musical experience, all of which add up to making dance a human equivalent of an enriched environment (<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">Kattenstroth et al., 2010</xref>).</p><p>The value of dance as a tool for neurorehabilitation may also extend beyond its potential to improve physical and cognitive impairments. For example, depression is a common comorbid condition associated with various neurological disorders (<xref rid="B146" ref-type="bibr">Rickards, 2005</xref>; <xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr">Hellmann-Regen et al., 2013</xref>), capable of not only exacerbating existing symptoms, but also impeding the effects of therapies being undertaken, ultimately reducing quality of life. However, participation in dancing has been shown to be able to significantly improve depression related symptoms (<xref rid="B107" ref-type="bibr">Kiepe et al., 2012</xref>; <xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">Koch et al., 2014</xref>; <xref rid="B186" ref-type="bibr">Vankova et al., 2014</xref>). Dancing may also be able, to a certain extent, avoid the adherence issues associated with conventional physical rehabilitation exercises (<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">Dishman, 1988</xref>; <xref rid="B185" ref-type="bibr">Van Der Bij et al., 2002</xref>; <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">Bassett, 2003</xref>). For example, whether an exercise is enjoyable and interesting can influence long term participation (<xref rid="B145" ref-type="bibr">Rhodes et al., 1999</xref>; <xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">Findorff et al., 2009</xref>), something that conventional exercises may not promote. In contrast, dance has been reported as being a highly enjoyable and motivating social activity, leading to adherence in both healthy and clinical groups (<xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr">Federici et al., 2005</xref>; <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">Belardinelli et al., 2008</xref>; <xref rid="B201" ref-type="bibr">Westheimer, 2008</xref>; <xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">Earhart, 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">Hackney and Earhart, 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B81" ref-type="bibr">Heiberger et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">Houston and McGill, 2013</xref>). Factors found in dance that may contribute to this may include it being a social activity; group based exercises have been reported to possess higher participation rates (<xref rid="B185" ref-type="bibr">Van Der Bij et al., 2002</xref>), which may in part be explained by the act of developing social relationships being associated with the enjoyment of an exercise (<xref rid="B200" ref-type="bibr">Wankel, 1985</xref>). In addition, activities that are seen as requiring low exertion are favored by older adults (<xref rid="B145" ref-type="bibr">Rhodes et al., 1999</xref>). Music also has been noted to enhance participation in exercise, due to lessening the perceived difficulty and discomfort associated with physical activity (<xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">Johnson et al., 2001</xref>; <xref rid="B162" ref-type="bibr">Schutzer and Graves, 2004</xref>).</p><p>Thus, dance may be viewed as an interesting alternative therapy for neurorehabilitation due to how it combines various elements into a single experience, including cognitive and physical activities, emotional engagement, social interactions and multisensory stimulation (<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">Kattenstroth et al., 2010</xref>), each of which may contribute to its therapeutic value.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>CURRENT EVIDENCE FOR THE USE OF DANCE</title><p>In regards to investigating the benefits of dance, its use in improving physical functioning has been the focal point. The various physically related benefits that dancing can provide, particularly for older adults, are well known, and includes improving balance, postural control, endurance and motor performance (<xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">Hopkins et al., 1990</xref>; <xref rid="B164" ref-type="bibr">Shigematsu et al., 2002</xref>; <xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr">Federici et al., 2005</xref>; <xref rid="B195" ref-type="bibr">Verghese, 2006</xref>; <xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr">Hui et al., 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">Keogh et al., 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">Kattenstroth et al., 2013</xref>). These improvements may be attributed to dance being an incredibly comprehensive exercise, including components of both motor and physical fitness, which may allow it to improve flexibility, heighten proprioception, improve muscle strength, and promote balance and posture (<xref rid="B201" ref-type="bibr">Westheimer, 2008</xref>). However, a limited number of studies involving both healthy and clinical groups suggest that dancing may also be able to improve cognitive functioning.</p><p>In an observational study, <xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">Kattenstroth et al. (2010)</xref> compared older healthy adults who had on average over a decade’s worth of experience in amateur dancing to control matched adults. The amateur dancing group was found to have a superior performance across numerous sensorimotor and cognitive domains in comparison to the no dancing group. However, an important observation was that in relation to the numerous domains that were tested, the difference between the two groups was related to the control group showing poor performances across multiple parameters, and not necessarily the dancing group exhibiting superior performances. This was interpreted as engagement in dance preventing degradation of performance across various domains as a result of aging. Indeed, previous findings have suggested that engagement in various lifestyle activities, including dance, are associated with a lower risk of cognitive decline in older adults (<xref rid="B196" ref-type="bibr">Verghese et al., 2003</xref>). However, conflicting results were reported by <xref rid="B195" ref-type="bibr">Verghese (2006)</xref>, who compared motor and cognitive performances between older social dancers and non-dancers, and found that cognitive test performances did not differ between the two groups. Yet, observational studies do not shed light on the potential use of dance for improving cognition. <xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">Kattenstroth et al. (2013)</xref> recently addressed this by investigating the effects of a dancing intervention on older healthy adults. The experimental group consisted of older adults participating in a 6 months dance class, 1 h per week, who were compared to a matched control group. Results showed that participation in a dance class, even for only 1 h per week for 6 months, was able to induce positive effects across various domains. This included significant improvements being found in posture, reaction times, tactile and motor performances, attention, and across various cognitive domains. Improvements were also greatest in adults who had the poorest performances across the various domains tested before the dance classes took place, suggesting that dance was most effective in those with the greatest impairments prior to the intervention. Unfortunately, there was no measurement of the long lasting improvements of the dance class after the intervention had ceased. Other studies have also investigated the effects of dance training on cognition in older adults, but have only focused on specific cognitive domains. For instance, <xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">Coubard et al. (2011)</xref>, with an interest on attention in older adults, compared approximately 6 months worth of training in dance classes to Tai Chi and fall prevention programs, and reported that only the dance group showed any improvement on attentional control. <xref rid="B109" ref-type="bibr">Kimura and Hozumi (2012)</xref> compared the effects of freestyle and combined dancing on task switching reaction time performance after a single session in healthy older adults, and reported that the combined dancing, by virtue of a decrease in switch cost post-dance class, influenced executive functioning, unlike the freestyle dance. However, no control group was included, and the findings, being based on a single session, cannot be used to interpret the impact of long term dance interventions on general cognition. Thus, although preliminary findings suggest that dancing can influence cognition, there remains insufficient evidence to thoroughly support such a notion.</p><p>Dancing interventions have also been used with various neurological populations, aiding with both physical and cognitive impairments. Arguably the most popular application of dance therapy has been with Parkinson’s patients, with specific interest on its impact on physical functionality. In regards to aiding with physical impairments, dancing has been noted to include many of the key features recommended in physical therapy for Parkinson’s (<xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">Keus et al., 2007</xref>; <xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">Earhart, 2009</xref>), including the use of external cues (including through music and movement of partners), teaching of specific movement strategies, incorporation of balance exercises, as well as acting as an aerobic exercise (<xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">Earhart, 2009</xref>). Indeed, dancing in those with Parkinson’s has been found to lead to significant improvements across various physical domains that are commonly impaired, including balance, gait, rigidity, upper extremity functioning and functional mobility (<xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">Earhart, 2009</xref>; <xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">Hackney and Earhart, 2009</xref>, <xref rid="B73" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>; <xref rid="B81" ref-type="bibr">Heiberger et al., 2011</xref>; <xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">Duncan and Earhart, 2012</xref>). Although Parkinson’s is primarily described as a movement disorder, it is also associated with impairments in cognition, particularly in executive functioning (<xref rid="B141" ref-type="bibr">Petzinger et al., 2013</xref>). However, dance studies involving Parkinson’s patients have primarily focused on the potential benefits on physical impairments, and less so on cognition. In a recent study by <xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">McKee and Hackney (2013)</xref>, Parkinson’s patients were either enrolled into Tango dance lessons or an educational program, which was designed to include extensive socialization and interactions. In regards to cognition, those who participated in dance lessons were found to have improved in spatial cognition as well as executive functioning in comparison to the educational program controls. Gains were also maintained ∼10–12 weeks post-intervention. Improvements were suggested to be related to the motor training aspect of dance, since although social interactions may influence the efficacy of rehabilitation programs, such interactions were believed to be similar between the dance and educational group. Although improvements in executive functioning may in part be explained by dance acting as an aerobic exercise (<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">Colcombe and Kramer, 2003</xref>), improvements in spatial cognition were speculated to be related to the dance lessons consisting of structured motor components that required memory of steps and directions, as well as awareness of spatial relationships and patterns in the environment (<xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">McKee and Hackney, 2013</xref>). Thus, regardless of substantial support for the use of dance in aiding with physical and functional impairments in Parkinson’s patients, evidence to support its use for improving cognition remains limited.</p><p>In regards to the use of dance to improve both physical and cognitive functioning in stroke and dementia patients, research remains sparse. <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">Berrol et al. (1997)</xref> examined the effects of a 5 weeks, twice a week, dance class intervention for older stroke and traumatic brain injury patients. The dance intervention was tailored with psychosocial elements in mind, focusing on dance as not only an exercise, but as a creative and social activity. Significant improvements in the dance group were found for balance, self report scores related to social interactions, as well as in cognition, specifically on decision making and short term memory domains. A stroke related case study by <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">Hackney et al. (2012)</xref> reported improvements on various physical domains, including balance, mobility and endurance as a result of dancing, although effects on cognition were not investigated. In regards to dementia related populations, <xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">Hokkanen et al. (2003)</xref> reported in a pilot study that cognition in Alzheimer’s patients did not change following a 16 week long dance intervention. Nonetheless, these results do not necessarily mean that dance did not have a positive effect. Rather, this may have implied that participation in dance class prevented the further decline of cognition associated with Alzheimer’s. A more recent study by <xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">Hokkanen et al. (2008)</xref> compared dance therapy in Alzheimer’s patients, with the inclusion of both a dance and control group. The dance class was held once a week, for 9 weeks in total. The dance group was found to have improved in specific cognitive domains, including that of visuospatial ability and planning, in comparison to the control group, in which cognitive performances, depending on the domain, remained either stable or declined. <xref rid="B184" ref-type="bibr">Van de Winckel et al. (2004)</xref> also reported that dance classes led to significant improvements in cognition in those with dementia. It is important to note that in this study, participation in the dance class was extensive, with sessions being held on a daily basis for 3 months. These findings are in agreement with those of <xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">Hokkanen et al. (2008)</xref>, in the context that dance interventions for older adults with Alzheimer’s or dementia may be capable of improving cognition, rather than simply preventing or delaying decline. Similar to findings in healthy and other clinical groups, dancing has also been shown to improve physical functionality, such as strength, balance and gait, in those with Alzheimer’s (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">Abreu and Hartley, 2013</xref>).</p><p>Undoubtedly, research on dance as a tool for neurorehabilitation is still in its infancy. Yet, with the current evidence limited, particularly for its potential use in aiding with cognition in both healthy and neurological groups, there are still preliminary findings suggesting that dance can have a positive influence on both cognitive and physical functioning.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>CONCLUDING REMARKS</title><p>The number of people who will be affected by neurological disorders is expected to increase in the upcoming decades (<xref rid="B204" ref-type="bibr">World Health Organization, 2006</xref>). With issues in efficacy of current surgical and pharmacological treatments, as well as conventional rehabilitative therapies, new therapies are needed. As discussed, physical and musical therapies have been applied for aiding with both motor and cognitive impairments across various neurological groups. However, they also have inherent limits as discussed, creating the need to explore for other alternatives. With its multimodal nature due to simultaneously combining physical and cognitive activity, dance may offer a unique activity that can not only help with physical impairments, but cognitive as well. However, there are some important limitations in regards to the use of dance. Similar to other physical exercises, the recommendation of dance may be limited to those who are physically able; this may exclude patients who are in the most need of aid with physical and cognitive functioning. There may also be an issue with how dance is perceived as a potential treatment. Activities, such as dance, even if prescribed by health professionals, may be seen as recreational and less as a neurorehabilitative program. This perception may lead to some not recognizing the clinical value, and ultimately deciding not to participate (<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">Chao et al., 2000</xref>).</p><p>With the lack of literature on the use of dance for neurorehabilitation, the future undertaking of certain research directions may be imperative to establish its efficacy. Research thus far has shown support for the use of dance in improving various physical domains. However, there is a lack of research on how dance can improve cognition, something that must be addressed if dance is to be promoted as a tool for neurorehabilitation. Future work with dance interventions, in both healthy and neurological groups, may strengthen the literature through the conducting of randomized controlled trials to investigate the impact of dance on cognition. Such interventions could consist of comparing dance classes to other activities, such as physical exercise or musical therapies, to address whether dance holds any unique therapeutic value for physical and cognitive functioning. As suggested earlier, the combination of physical activity with music may lead to an interaction effect, allowing dance to improve cognition in a unique manner compared to physical or musical activities alone; however, studies are needed to substantiate such claims. Investigating the potential impact of dance interventions may also be aided through the use of neuroimaging techniques, which as discussed, have been used to help elucidate how physical exercise and musical activities can enhance neuroplasticity and cognition; as of now, no known studies have been published which investigate changes to the brain as a result of dance interventions. There is also the issue of just what type of dance should be used; usually, the dance classes’ style of dance has been dependent on the instructor and their feeling of what the capabilities are of the participants. Dancing comes in various forms and styles, and even though they share similar traits, they also differ in many ways. However, at this point, focus should just be placed on the efficacy of dancing in general. A future line of research may focus on the efficacy of different types of dances in order to determine which may provide the greatest benefits. Additionally, research may be done in hopes of disentangling the multiple components of dance, such as music, verbal instructions, guided movements learned through visual demonstration, partnered dance either by leading or following, movement through space, and social interactions, in order to get a better sense of which of these may be primarily responsible for the positive changes associated with dance.</p><p>Dance, with its multimodal nature, may offer a unique method to address both physical and cognitive impairments in various neurological groups. In comparison to physical and musical therapies, we do not propose that dance undoubtedly holds the greatest impact of the three. Rather, it is most likely that each therapy holds its own clinical value unique to itself, as well as limitations. Thus, depending on the circumstances, dance may be a more appropriate and beneficial alternative therapy compared to others. Dance may also be able to overcome more practical issues that other therapies may face in their application. This can include it being a low cost therapy that can be done almost anywhere, thanks to little to no equipment needed. It may also, to some extent, avoid adherence issues due to it being a social and enjoyable activity. Thus, dance should be further investigated for its potential use as a tool to not only help with aging gracefully, but more importantly, to help those with their fight against neurological disorders.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of Interest Statement</title><p>The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>This work was financially supported through funding awarded to Joseph F. X. DeSouza by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council ENGAGE grant, Parkinson Society Canada, and a generous donation from the Irpinia Club of Toronto. Prabhjot Dhami was financially supported through funding awarded from the Canadian Institute for Health Research (CIHR). Sylvain Moreno was financially supported through a NSERC discovery grant – RGPIN-2014-06196 – awarded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council.</p></ack><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abreu</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hartley</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>The effects of salsa dance on balance, gait, and fall risk in a sedentary patient with Alzheimer’s dementia, multiple comorbidities, and recurrent falls.</article-title><source><italic>J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther.</italic></source><volume>36</volume><fpage>100</fpage>–<lpage>108</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1519/JPT.0b013e318267aa54</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22955042</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Aguiar</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names><suffix>Jr.</suffix></name><name><surname>Castro</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Moreira</surname><given-names>E. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Glaser</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tasca</surname><given-names>C. I.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Short bouts of mild-intensity physical exercise improve spatial learning and memory in aging rats: involvement of hippocampal plasticity via AKT, CREB and BDNF signaling.</article-title><source><italic>Mech. Ageing Dev.</italic></source><volume>132</volume><fpage>560</fpage>–<lpage>567</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mad.2011.09.005</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21983475</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ahlskog</surname><given-names>J. E.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease?</article-title><source><italic>Neurology</italic></source><volume>77</volume><fpage>288</fpage>–<lpage>294</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1212/WNL.0b013e318225ab66</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21768599</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ahlskog</surname><given-names>J. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Geda</surname><given-names>Y. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Graff-Radford</surname><given-names>N. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Petersen</surname><given-names>R. C.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Physical exercise as a preventive or disease-modifying treatment of dementia and brain aging.</article-title><source><italic>Mayo Clinic Proc.</italic></source><volume>86</volume><fpage>876</fpage>–<lpage>884</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4065/mcp.2011.0252</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Altenmüller</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Marco-Pallares</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Münte</surname><given-names>T. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schneider</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Neural reorganization underlies improvement in stroke-induced motor dysfunction by music-supported therapy.</article-title><source><italic>Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.</italic></source><volume>1169</volume><fpage>395</fpage>–<lpage>405</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04580.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19673814</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Altenmüller</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schlaug</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Neurologic music therapy: the beneficial effects of music making on neurorehabilitation.</article-title><source><italic>Acoust. Sci. Technol.</italic></source><volume>34</volume><fpage>5</fpage>–<lpage>12</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1250/ast.34.5</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Anderson-Hanley</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Arciero</surname><given-names>P. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Brickman</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nimon</surname><given-names>J. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Okuma</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Westen</surname><given-names>S. C.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Exergaming and older adult cognition: a cluster randomized clinical trial.</article-title><source><italic>Am. J. Prev. Med.</italic></source><volume>42</volume><fpage>109</fpage>–<lpage>119</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.016</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22261206</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Angelucci</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ricci</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Padua</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sabino</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tonali</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007a</year>). <article-title>Music exposure differentially alters the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in the mouse hypothalamus.</article-title><source><italic>Neurosci. Lett.</italic></source><volume>429</volume><fpage>152</fpage>–<lpage>155</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neulet.2007.10.005</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17980967</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Angelucci</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fiore</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ricci</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Padua</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sabino</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tonali</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007b</year>). <article-title>Investigating the neurobiology of music: brain-derived neurotrophic factor modulation in the hippocampus of young adult mice.</article-title><source><italic>Behav. Pharmacol.</italic></source><volume>18</volume><fpage>491</fpage>–<lpage>496</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/FBP.0b013e3282d28f50</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17762517</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Angevaren</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Aufdemkampe</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Verhaar</surname><given-names>H. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Aleman</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vanhees</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment.</article-title><source><italic>Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.</italic></source><volume>3</volume>:<issue>CD005381</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/14651858</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>L. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Frank</surname><given-names>L. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Foster-Schubert</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Green</surname><given-names>P. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wilkinson</surname><given-names>C. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>McTiernan</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: a controlled trial.</article-title><source><italic>Arch. Neurol.</italic></source><volume>67</volume><fpage>71</fpage>–<lpage>79</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/archneurol.2009.307</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20065132</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bassett</surname><given-names>S. F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2003</year>). <article-title>The assessment of patient adherence to physiotherapy rehabilitation.</article-title><source><italic>N. Z. J. Physiother.</italic></source><volume>31</volume><fpage>60</fpage>–<lpage>66</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Belardinelli</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lacalaprice</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ventrella</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Volpe</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Faccenda</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Waltz dancing in patients with chronic heart failure new form of exercise training.</article-title><source><italic>Circ. Heart Fail.</italic></source><volume>1</volume><fpage>107</fpage>–<lpage>114</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.765727</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19808280</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Berrol</surname><given-names>C. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ooi</surname><given-names>W. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Katz</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1997</year>). <article-title>Dance/movement therapy with older adults who have sustained neurological insult: a demonstration project.</article-title><source><italic>Am. J. Dance Ther.</italic></source><volume>19</volume><fpage>135</fpage>–<lpage>160</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1023/A:1022316102961</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Black</surname><given-names>J. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Isaacs</surname><given-names>K. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>B. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Alcantara</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Greenough</surname><given-names>W. T.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1990</year>). <article-title>Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats.</article-title><source><italic>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</italic></source><volume>18</volume><fpage>5568</fpage>–<lpage>5572</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.87.14.5568</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1695380</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bläsing</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Calvo-Merino</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cross</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jola</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Honisch</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stevens</surname><given-names>C. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Neurocognitive control in dance perception and performance.</article-title><source><italic>Acta Psychol.</italic></source><volume>139</volume><fpage>300</fpage>–<lpage>308</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.12.005</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Blood</surname><given-names>A. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zatorre</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2001</year>). <article-title>Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion.</article-title><source><italic>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</italic></source><volume>98</volume><fpage>11818</fpage>–<lpage>11823</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.191355898</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11573015</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Martinez</surname><given-names>M. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Parsons</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2004</year>). <article-title>Passive music listening spontaneously engages limbic and paralimbic systems.</article-title><source><italic>Neuroreport</italic></source><volume>15</volume><fpage>2033</fpage>–<lpage>2037</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00001756-200409150-00008</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15486477</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Martinez</surname><given-names>M. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Parsons</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>The neural basis of human dance.</article-title><source><italic>Cereb. Cortex</italic></source><volume>16</volume><fpage>1157</fpage>–<lpage>1167</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cercor/bhj057</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16221923</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Parsons</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>The neuroscience of dance.</article-title><source><italic>Sci. Am.</italic></source><volume>299</volume><fpage>78</fpage>–<lpage>83</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/scientificamerican0708-78</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18623968</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bruer</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Spitznagel</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cloninger</surname><given-names>C. R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>The temporal limits of cognitive change from music therapy in elderly persons with dementia or dementia-like cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial.</article-title><source><italic>J. Music Ther.</italic></source><volume>44</volume><fpage>308</fpage>–<lpage>328</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/jmt/44.4.308</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17997623</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bruyneel</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mesure</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Paré</surname><given-names>J. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bertrand</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Organization of postural equilibrium in several planes in ballet dancers.</article-title><source><italic>Neurosci. Lett.</italic></source><volume>485</volume><fpage>228</fpage>–<lpage>232</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neulet.2010.09.017</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20849927</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Buchman</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Boyle</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shah</surname><given-names>R. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>R. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bennett</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Total daily physical activity and the risk of AD and cognitive decline in older adults.</article-title><source><italic>Neurology</italic></source><volume>78</volume><fpage>1323</fpage>–<lpage>1329</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d35</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22517108</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Budde</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Voelcker-Rehage</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pietraßyk-Kendziorra</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ribeiro</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tidow</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Acute coordinative exercise improves attentional performance in adolescents.</article-title><source><italic>Neurosci. Lett.</italic></source><volume>441</volume><fpage>219</fpage>–<lpage>223</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.024</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18602754</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bugos</surname><given-names>J. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Perlstein</surname><given-names>W. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>McCrae</surname><given-names>C. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Brophy</surname><given-names>T. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bedenbaugh</surname><given-names>P. H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>Individualized piano instruction enhances executive functioning and working memory in older adults.</article-title><source><italic>Aging Ment. Health</italic></source><volume>11</volume><fpage>464</fpage>–<lpage>471</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/13607860601086504</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17612811</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Busse</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gil</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Santarém</surname><given-names>J. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jacob Filho</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Physical activity and cognition in the elderly.</article-title><source><italic>Dement. Neuropsychol.</italic></source><volume>3</volume><fpage>204</fpage>–<lpage>208</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/archneur.58.3.498</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Calvo-Merino</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Glaser</surname><given-names>D. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Grèzes</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Passingham</surname><given-names>R. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Haggard</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Action observation and acquired motor skills: an FMRI study with expert dancers.</article-title><source><italic>Cereb. Cortex</italic></source><volume>15</volume><fpage>1243</fpage>–<lpage>1249</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cercor/bhi007</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15616133</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chanda</surname><given-names>M. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Levitin</surname><given-names>D. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>The neurochemistry of music.</article-title><source><italic>Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.)</italic></source><volume>17</volume><fpage>179</fpage>–<lpage>193</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tics.2013.02.007</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23541122</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chao</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Foy</surname><given-names>C. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Farmer</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2000</year>). <article-title>Exercise adherence among older adults: challenges and strategies.</article-title><source><italic>Control Clin. Trials</italic></source><volume>21</volume><fpage>S212</fpage>–<lpage>S217</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0197-2456(00)00081-7</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Coelho</surname><given-names>F. G. D. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Andrade</surname><given-names>L. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pedroso</surname><given-names>R. V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Santos-Galduroz</surname><given-names>R. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gobbi</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>J. L. R.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Multimodal exercise intervention improves frontal cognitive functions and gait in Alzheimer’s disease: a controlled trial.</article-title><source><italic>Geriatr. Gerontol. Int.</italic></source><volume>13</volume><fpage>198</fpage>–<lpage>203</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00887.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22686565</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Colcombe</surname><given-names>S. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Erickson</surname><given-names>K. I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Scalf</surname><given-names>P. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>J. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prakash</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>McAuley</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans.</article-title><source><italic>J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.</italic></source><volume>61</volume><fpage>1166</fpage>–<lpage>1170</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17167157</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Colcombe</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kramer</surname><given-names>A. F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2003</year>). <article-title>Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults a meta-analytic study.</article-title><source><italic>Psychol. Sci.</italic></source><volume>14</volume><fpage>125</fpage>–<lpage>130</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01430</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12661673</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Colcombe</surname><given-names>S. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kramer</surname><given-names>A. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Erickson</surname><given-names>K. I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Scalf</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>McAuley</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>N. J.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2004</year>). <article-title>Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging.</article-title><source><italic>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</italic></source><volume>101</volume><fpage>3316</fpage>–<lpage>3321</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0400266101</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14978288</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cotman</surname><given-names>C. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Berchtold</surname><given-names>N. C.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2002</year>). <article-title>Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity.</article-title><source><italic>Trends Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>25</volume><fpage>295</fpage>–<lpage>301</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02143-4</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12086747</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cotman</surname><given-names>C. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Berchtold</surname><given-names>N. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Christie</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation.</article-title><source><italic>Trends Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>30</volume><fpage>464</fpage>–<lpage>472</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tins.2007.06.011</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17765329</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Coubard</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Duretz</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lefebvre</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lapalus</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ferrufino</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Practice of contemporary dance improves cognitive flexibility in aging.</article-title><source><italic>Front. Aging Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>3</volume>:<issue>13</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fnagi.2011.00013</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Crizzle</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Newhouse</surname><given-names>I. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>Is physical exercise beneficial for persons with Parkinson’s disease?</article-title><source><italic>Clin. J. Sport Med.</italic></source><volume>16</volume><fpage>422</fpage>–<lpage>425</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.jsm.0000244612.55550.7d</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17016120</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cross</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hamilton</surname><given-names>A. F. D. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Grafton</surname><given-names>S. T.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>Building a motor simulation de novo: observation of dance by dancers.</article-title><source><italic>Neuroimage</italic></source><volume>31</volume><fpage>1257</fpage>–<lpage>1267</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.033</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16530429</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cross</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kraemer</surname><given-names>D. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hamilton</surname><given-names>A. F. D. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kelley</surname><given-names>W. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Grafton</surname><given-names>S. T.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Sensitivity of the action observation network to physical and observational learning.</article-title><source><italic>Cereb. Cortex</italic></source><volume>19</volume><fpage>315</fpage>–<lpage>326</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cercor/bhn083</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18515297</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Crotts</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thompson</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nahom</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ryan</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Newton</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1996</year>). <article-title>Balance abilities of professional dancers on select balance tests.</article-title><source><italic>J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther.</italic></source><volume>23</volume><fpage>12</fpage>–<lpage>17</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2519/jospt.1996.23.1.12</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8749745</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cruise</surname><given-names>K. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bucks</surname><given-names>R. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Loftus</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Newton</surname><given-names>R. U.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pegoraro</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Exercise and Parkinson’s: benefits for cognition and quality of life.</article-title><source><italic>Acta Neurol. Scand.</italic></source><volume>123</volume><fpage>13</fpage>–<lpage>19</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01338.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20199518</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Curlik</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names><suffix>II</suffix></name><name><surname>Maeng</surname><given-names>L. Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Agarwal</surname><given-names>P. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shors</surname><given-names>T. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <source><italic>Gym Rats are Not as Stupid as You Think: Physical Skill Learning Increases Cell Survival in the Hippocampus. Program No. 595.10</italic>.</source><publisher-loc>Washington, DC</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Neuroscience Meeting Planner, Society for Neuroscience</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Curlik</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names><suffix>II</suffix></name><name><surname>Shors</surname><given-names>T. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Training your brain: do mental and physical (MAP) training enhance cognition through the process of neurogenesis in the hippocampus?</article-title><source><italic>Neuropharmacology</italic></source><volume>64</volume><fpage>506</fpage>–<lpage>514</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.027</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22898496</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dishman</surname><given-names>R. K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1988</year>). <source><italic>Exercise Adherence: Its Impact on Public Health</italic>.</source><publisher-loc>Champaign</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Human Kinetics Publishers</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Do Lee</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Folsom</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Blair</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2003</year>). <article-title>Physical activity and stroke risk: a meta-analysis.</article-title><source><italic>Stroke</italic></source><volume>34</volume><fpage>2475</fpage>–<lpage>2481</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.STR.0000091843.02517.9D</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14500932</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Duncan</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Richards</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wallace</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stoker-Yates</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pohl</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Luchies</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>1998</year>). <article-title>A randomized, controlled pilot study of a home-based exercise program for individuals with mild and moderate stroke.</article-title><source><italic>Stroke</italic></source><volume>29</volume><fpage>2055</fpage>–<lpage>2060</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.STR.29.10.2055</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9756581</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Duncan</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Studenski</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Richards</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gollub</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lai</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reker</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2003</year>). <article-title>Randomized clinical trial of therapeutic exercise in subacute stroke.</article-title><source><italic>Stroke</italic></source><volume>34</volume><fpage>2173</fpage>–<lpage>2180</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.STR.0000083699.95351.F2</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12920254</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Duncan</surname><given-names>R. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Earhart</surname><given-names>G. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Randomized controlled trial of community-based dancing to modify disease progression in Parkinson disease.</article-title><source><italic>Neurorehabil. Neural Rep.</italic></source><volume>26</volume><fpage>132</fpage>–<lpage>143</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1545968311421614</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Earhart</surname><given-names>G. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Dance as therapy for individuals with Parkinson disease.</article-title><source><italic>Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med.</italic></source><volume>45</volume><fpage>231</fpage>–<lpage>238</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19532110</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Egan</surname><given-names>M. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kojima</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Callicott</surname><given-names>J. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Goldberg</surname><given-names>T. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kolachana</surname><given-names>B. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bertolino</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2003</year>). <article-title>The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function.</article-title><source><italic>Cell</italic></source><volume>112</volume><fpage>257</fpage>–<lpage>269</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00035-7</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12553913</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Emery</surname><given-names>C. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hsiao</surname><given-names>E. T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hill</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Frid</surname><given-names>D. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2003</year>). <article-title>Short-term effects of exercise and music on cognitive performance among participants in a cardiac rehabilitation program.</article-title><source><italic>Heart Lung</italic></source><volume>32</volume><fpage>368</fpage>–<lpage>373</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0147-9563(03)00120-1</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14652528</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Engineer</surname><given-names>N. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Percaccio</surname><given-names>C. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pandya</surname><given-names>P. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Moucha</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rathbun</surname><given-names>D. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kilgard</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2004</year>). <article-title>Environmental enrichment improves response strength, threshold, selectivity, and latency of auditory cortex neurons.</article-title><source><italic>J. Neurophysiol.</italic></source><volume>92</volume><fpage>73</fpage>–<lpage>82</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/jn.00059.2004</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15014105</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Erickson</surname><given-names>K. I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Voss</surname><given-names>M. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prakash</surname><given-names>R. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Basak</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Szabo</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chaddock</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory.</article-title><source><italic>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</italic></source><volume>108</volume><fpage>3017</fpage>–<lpage>3022</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1015950108</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21282661</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Etnier</surname><given-names>J. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nowell</surname><given-names>P. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Landers</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sibley</surname><given-names>B. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance.</article-title><source><italic>Brain Res. Rev.</italic></source><volume>52</volume><fpage>119</fpage>–<lpage>130</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.01.002</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16490256</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fabel</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kempermann</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Physical activity and the regulation of neurogenesis in the adult and aging brain.</article-title><source><italic>Neuromolecular Med.</italic></source><volume>10</volume><fpage>59</fpage>–<lpage>66</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12017-008-8031-4</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18286387</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fabel</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wolf</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ehninger</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Babu</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Leal-Galicia</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kempermann</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Additive effects of physical exercise and environmental enrichment on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice.</article-title><source><italic>Front. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>3</volume>:<issue>50</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/neuro.22.002.2009</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fabre</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chamari</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mucci</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Masse-Biron</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prefaut</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2002</year>). <article-title>Improvement of cognitive function by mental and/or individualized aerobic training in healthy elderly subjects.</article-title><source><italic>Int. J. Sports Med.</italic></source><volume>23</volume><fpage>415</fpage>–<lpage>421</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/s-2002-33735</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12215960</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Federici</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bellagamba</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rocchi</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Does dance-based training improve balance in adult and young old subjects? A pilot randomized controlled trial.</article-title><source><italic>Aging Clin. Exp. Res.</italic></source><volume>17</volume><fpage>385</fpage>–<lpage>389</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/BF03324627</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16392413</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Findorff</surname><given-names>M. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wyman</surname><given-names>J. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gross</surname><given-names>C. R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Predictors of long-term exercise adherence in a community-based sample of older women.</article-title><source><italic>J. Womens Health (Larchmt)</italic></source><volume>18</volume><fpage>1769</fpage>–<lpage>1776</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/jwh.2008.1265</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19951210</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fissler</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Küster</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schlee</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kolassa</surname><given-names>I. T.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Novelty interventions to enhance broad cognitive abilities and prevent dementia: synergistic approaches for the facilitation of positive plastic change.</article-title><source><italic>Prog. Brain Res.</italic></source><volume>207</volume><fpage>403</fpage>–<lpage>434</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/B978-0-444-63327-9.00017-5</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24309264</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Forbes</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Forbes</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Morgan</surname><given-names>D. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Markle-Reid</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wood</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Culum</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Physical activity programs for persons with dementia.</article-title><source><italic>Cochrane Database Syst. Rev</italic>.</source><volume>3</volume>:<issue>CD006489</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1471-2377-14-63</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Foster</surname><given-names>P. P.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>How does dancing promote brain reconditioning in the elderly?</article-title><source><italic>Front. Aging Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>5</volume>:<issue>4</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fnagi.2013.00004</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fukui</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Toyoshima</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Music facilitate the neurogenesis, regeneration and repair of neurons.</article-title><source><italic>Med. Hypotheses</italic></source><volume>71</volume><fpage>765</fpage>–<lpage>769</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mehy.2008.06.019</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18692321</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gaser</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schlaug</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2003</year>). <article-title>Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians.</article-title><source><italic>J. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>23</volume><fpage>9240</fpage>–<lpage>9245</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14534258</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gerbino</surname><given-names>P. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Griffin</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zurakowski</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>Comparison of standing balance between female collegiate dancers and soccer players.</article-title><source><italic>Gait Posture</italic></source><volume>26</volume><fpage>501</fpage>–<lpage>507</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.11.205</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17197186</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Good</surname><given-names>C. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Johnsrude</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ashburner</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Henson</surname><given-names>R. N. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Friston</surname><given-names>K. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Frackowiak</surname><given-names>R. S. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2001</year>). <article-title>A voxel-based morphometric study of ageing in 465 normal adult human brains.</article-title><source><italic>Neuroimage</italic></source> 14(1 Pt 1), <fpage>21</fpage>–<lpage>36</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1006/nimg.2001.0786</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11525331</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Goodwin</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Richards</surname><given-names>S. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Taylor</surname><given-names>R. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Taylor</surname><given-names>A. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Campbell</surname><given-names>J. L.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>The effectiveness of exercise interventions for people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</article-title><source><italic>Mov. Disord.</italic></source><volume>23</volume><fpage>631</fpage>–<lpage>640</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/mds.21922</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18181210</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gordon</surname><given-names>N. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gulanick</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fletcher</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Franklin</surname><given-names>B. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Roth</surname><given-names>E. J.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2004</year>). <article-title>Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors an American heart association scientific statement from the council on clinical cardiology, subcommittee on exercise, cardiac rehabilitation, and prevention; the council on cardiovascular nursing; the council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism; and the stroke council.</article-title><source><italic>Stroke</italic></source><volume>35</volume><fpage>1230</fpage>–<lpage>1240</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.STR.0000127303.19261.19</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15105522</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gordon-Salant</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Hearing loss and aging: new research findings and clinical implications.</article-title><source><italic>J. Rehabil. Res. Dev.</italic></source> 42(Suppl. 2), <fpage>9</fpage>–<lpage>24</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1682/JRRD.2005.01.0006</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16470462</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gray</surname><given-names>J. T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Neisser</surname><given-names>U.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shapiro</surname><given-names>B. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kouns</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1991</year>). <article-title>Observational learning of ballet sequences: the role of kinematic information.</article-title><source><italic>Ecol. Psychol.</italic></source><volume>3</volume><fpage>121</fpage>–<lpage>134</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1207/s15326969eco0302_4</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Griesbach</surname><given-names>G. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hovda</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Molteni</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gomez-Pinilla</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2004</year>). <article-title>Voluntary exercise following traumatic brain injury: brain-derived neurotrophic factor upregulation and recovery of function.</article-title><source><italic>Neuroscience</italic></source><volume>125</volume><fpage>129</fpage>–<lpage>139</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.030</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15051152</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hackney</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Earhart</surname><given-names>G. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Effects of dance on movement control in Parkinson’s disease: a comparison of Argentine tango and American ballroom.</article-title><source><italic>J. Rehabil. Med.</italic></source><volume>41</volume><fpage>475</fpage>–<lpage>481</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2340/16501977-0362</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19479161</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hackney</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Earhart</surname><given-names>G. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Effects of dance on balance and gait in severe Parkinson disease: a case study.</article-title><source><italic>Disabil. Rehabil.</italic></source><volume>32</volume><fpage>679</fpage>–<lpage>684</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/09638280903247905</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20205582</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hackney</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hall</surname><given-names>C. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Echt</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wolf</surname><given-names>S. L.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Application of adapted tango as therapeutic intervention for patients with chronic stroke.</article-title><source><italic>J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther.</italic></source><volume>35</volume><fpage>206</fpage>–<lpage>217</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1519/JPT.0b013e31823ae6ea</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22143597</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hackney</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kantorvich</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Earhart</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>A study on the effects of argentine tango as a form of partnered dance for those with Parkinson disease and the healthy elderly.</article-title><source><italic>Am. J. Dance Ther.</italic></source><volume>29</volume><fpage>109</fpage>–<lpage>127</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10465-007-9039-2</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hamer</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chida</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative disease: a systematic review of prospective evidence.</article-title><source><italic>Psychol. Med.</italic></source><volume>39</volume><fpage>3</fpage>–<lpage>11</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0033291708003681</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18570697</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hänggi</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Koeneke</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bezzola</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jäncke</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Structural neuroplasticity in the sensorimotor network of professional female ballet dancers.</article-title><source><italic>Hum. Brain Mapp.</italic></source><volume>31</volume><fpage>1196</fpage>–<lpage>1206</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20024944</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hanna-Pladdy</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>MacKay</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>The relation between instrumental musical activity and cognitive aging.</article-title><source><italic>Neuropsychology</italic></source><volume>25</volume><fpage>378</fpage>–<lpage>386</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1037/a0021895</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21463047</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hayes</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hayes</surname><given-names>J. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cadden</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Verfaellie</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>A review of cardiorespiratory fitness-related neuroplasticity in the aging brain.</article-title><source><italic>Front. Aging Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>5</volume>:<issue>31</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fnagi.2013.00031</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hegde</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Music-based cognitive remediation therapy for patients with traumatic brain injury.</article-title><source><italic>Front. Neurol.</italic></source><volume>5</volume>:<issue>34</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fneur.2014.00034</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Heiberger</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Maurer</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Amtage</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mendez-Balbuena</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schulte-Mönting</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hepp-Reymond</surname><given-names>M. C.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Impact of a weekly dance class on the functional mobility and on the quality of life of individuals with Parkinson’s disease.</article-title><source><italic>Front. Aging Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>3</volume>:<issue>14</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fnagi.2011.00014</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hellmann-Regen</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Piber</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hinkelmann</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gold</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Heesen</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Spitzer</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Depressive syndromes in neurological disorders.</article-title><source><italic>Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>263</volume><fpage>123</fpage>–<lpage>136</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00406-013-0448-6</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Herholz</surname><given-names>S. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zatorre</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Musical training as a framework for brain plasticity: behavior, function, and structure.</article-title><source><italic>Neuron</italic></source><volume>76</volume><fpage>486</fpage>–<lpage>502</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.011</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23141061</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Heyn</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Abreu</surname><given-names>B. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ottenbacher</surname><given-names>K. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2004</year>). <article-title>The effects of exercise training on elderly persons with cognitive impairment and dementia: a meta-analysis.</article-title><source><italic>Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.</italic></source><volume>85</volume><fpage>1694</fpage>–<lpage>1704</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.apmr.2004.03.019</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15468033</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hillman</surname><given-names>C. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Erickson</surname><given-names>K. I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kramer</surname><given-names>A. F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition.</article-title><source><italic>Nat. Rev. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>9</volume><fpage>58</fpage>–<lpage>65</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nrn2298</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18094706</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hokkanen</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rantala</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Remes</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Härkönen</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Viramo</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Winblad</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2003</year>). <article-title>Dance/movement therapeutic methods in management of dementia.</article-title><source><italic>J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.</italic></source><volume>51</volume><fpage>576</fpage>–<lpage>577</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51175.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12657088</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hokkanen</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rantala</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Remes</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Härkönen</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Viramo</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Winblad</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Dance and movement therapeutic methods in management of dementia: a randomized, controlled study.</article-title><source><italic>J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.</italic></source><volume>56</volume><fpage>771</fpage>–<lpage>772</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01611.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18380687</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hopkins</surname><given-names>D. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Murrah</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hoeger</surname><given-names>W. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rhodes</surname><given-names>R. C.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1990</year>). <article-title>Effect of low-impact aerobic dance on the functional fitness of elderly women.</article-title><source><italic>Gerontologist</italic></source><volume>30</volume><fpage>189</fpage>–<lpage>192</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/geront/30.2.189</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2347499</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Horne</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Exercise benefits for the aging brain depend on the accompanying cognitive load: insights from sleep electroencephalogram.</article-title><source><italic>Sleep Med.</italic></source><volume>14</volume><fpage>1208</fpage>–<lpage>1213</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.sleep.2013.05.019</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24051117</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hotting</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Röder</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Beneficial effects of physical exercise on neuroplasticity and cognition.</article-title><source><italic>Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.</italic></source><volume>37</volume><fpage>2243</fpage>–<lpage>2257</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.005</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23623982</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Houston</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>McGill</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>A mixed-methods study into ballet for people living with Parkinson’s.</article-title><source><italic>Arts Health</italic></source><volume>5</volume><fpage>103</fpage>–<lpage>119</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/17533015.2012.745580</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23805165</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hüfner</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Binetti</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hamilton</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stephan</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Flanagin</surname><given-names>V. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Linn</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Structural and functional plasticity of the hippocampal formation in professional dancers and slackliners.</article-title><source><italic>Hippocampus</italic></source><volume>21</volume><fpage>855</fpage>–<lpage>865</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/hipo.20801</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20572197</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B93"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hui</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chui</surname><given-names>B. T. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Woo</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Effects of dance on physical and psychological well-being in older persons.</article-title><source><italic>Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr.</italic></source><volume>49</volume><fpage>e45</fpage>–<lpage>e50</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.archger.2008.08.006</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18838181</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B94"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hurt</surname><given-names>C. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rice</surname><given-names>R. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>McIntosh</surname><given-names>G. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thaut</surname><given-names>M. H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1998</year>). <article-title>Rhythmic auditory stimulation in gait training for patients with traumatic brain injury.</article-title><source><italic>J. Music Ther.</italic></source><volume>35</volume><fpage>228</fpage>–<lpage>241</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/jmt/35.4.228</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10519837</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B95"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Husain</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mehta</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Cognitive enhancement by drugs in health and disease.</article-title><source><italic>Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.)</italic></source><volume>15</volume><fpage>28</fpage>–<lpage>36</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tics.2010.11.002</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21146447</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B96"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hyde</surname><given-names>K. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lerch</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Norton</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Forgeard</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Winner</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Evans</surname><given-names>A. C.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Musical training shapes structural brain development.</article-title><source><italic>J. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>29</volume><fpage>3019</fpage>–<lpage>3025</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5118-08.2009</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19279238</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B97"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Intlekofer</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cotman</surname><given-names>C. W.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Exercise counteracts declining hippocampal function in aging and Alzheimer’s disease.</article-title><source><italic>Neurobiol. Dis.</italic></source><volume>57</volume><fpage>47</fpage>–<lpage>55</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.nbd.2012.06.011</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22750524</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B98"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Irish</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cunningham</surname><given-names>C. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Walsh</surname><given-names>J. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Coakley</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawlor</surname><given-names>B. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Robertson</surname><given-names>I. H.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>Investigating the enhancing effect of music on autobiographical memory in mild Alzheimer’s disease.</article-title><source><italic>Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord.</italic></source><volume>22</volume><fpage>108</fpage>–<lpage>120</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000093487</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16717466</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B99"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Johansson</surname><given-names>B. B.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Multisensory stimulation in stroke rehabilitation.</article-title><source><italic>Front. Hum. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>6</volume>:<issue>60</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fnhum.2012.00060</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B100"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Otto</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Clair</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2001</year>). <article-title>The effect of instrumental and vocal music on adherence to a physical rehabilitation exercise program with persons who are elderly.</article-title><source><italic>J. Music Ther.</italic></source><volume>38</volume><fpage>82</fpage>–<lpage>96</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/jmt/38.2.82</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11469917</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B101"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kattenstroth</surname><given-names>J. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kalisch</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Holt</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tegenthoff</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dinse</surname><given-names>H. R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Six months of dance intervention enhances postural, sensorimotor, and cognitive performance in elderly without affecting cardio-respiratory functions.</article-title><source><italic>Front. Aging Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>5</volume>:<issue>5</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fnagi.2013.00005</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B102"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kattenstroth</surname><given-names>J. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kolankowska</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kalisch</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dinse</surname><given-names>H. R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Superior sensory, motor, and cognitive performance in elderly individuals with multi-year dancing activities.</article-title><source><italic>Front. Aging Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>2</volume>:<issue>31</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fnagi.2010.00031</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B103"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kempermann</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fabel</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ehninger</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Babu</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Leal-Galicia</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Garthe</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Why and how physical activity promotes experience-induced brain plasticity.</article-title><source><italic>Front. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>4</volume>:<issue>189</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fnins.2010.00189</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B104"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kempermann</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kuhn</surname><given-names>H. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gage</surname><given-names>F. H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1997</year>). <article-title>More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment.</article-title><source><italic>Nature</italic></source><volume>386</volume><fpage>493</fpage>–<lpage>495</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/386493a0</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9087407</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B105"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Keogh</surname><given-names>J. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kilding</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pidgeon</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ashley</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gillis</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Physical benefits of dancing for healthy older adults: a review.</article-title><source><italic>J. Aging Phys. Act.</italic></source><volume>17</volume><fpage>479</fpage>–<lpage>500</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19940326</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B106"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Keus</surname><given-names>S. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bloem</surname><given-names>B. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hendriks</surname><given-names>E. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bredero-Cohen</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Munneke</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>Evidence-based analysis of physical therapy in Parkinson’s disease with recommendations for practice and research.</article-title><source><italic>Mov. Disord.</italic></source><volume>22</volume><fpage>451</fpage>–<lpage>460</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/mds.21244</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17133526</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B107"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kiepe</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stöckigt</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Keil</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Effects of dance therapy and ballroom dances on physical and mental illnesses: a systematic review.</article-title><source><italic>Arts Psychother.</italic></source><volume>39</volume><fpage>404</fpage>–<lpage>411</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.aip.2012.06.001</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B108"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>M. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chang</surname><given-names>H. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>T. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>H. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>M. C.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>Influence of prenatal noise and music on the spatial memory and neurogenesis in the hippocampus of developing rats.</article-title><source><italic>Brain Dev.</italic></source><volume>28</volume><fpage>109</fpage>–<lpage>114</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.braindev.2005.05.008</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16181757</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B109"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kimura</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hozumi</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Investigating the acute effect of an aerobic dance exercise program on neuro-cognitive function in the elderly.</article-title><source><italic>Psychol. Sport Exerc.</italic></source><volume>13</volume><fpage>623</fpage>–<lpage>629</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.04.001</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B110"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kleim</surname><given-names>J. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>N. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>VandenBerg</surname><given-names>P. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2002</year>). <article-title>Exercise induces angiogenesis but does not alter movement representations within rat motor cortex.</article-title><source><italic>Brain Res.</italic></source><volume>934</volume><fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0006-8993(02)02239-4</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11937064</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B111"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Koch</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kunz</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lykou</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cruz</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Effects of dance movement therapy and dance on health-related psychological outcomes: a meta-analysis.</article-title><source><italic>Arts Psychother.</italic></source><volume>41</volume><fpage>46</fpage>–<lpage>64</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.aip.2013.10.004</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B112"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Koelsch</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>A neuroscientific perspective on music therapy.</article-title><source><italic>Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.</italic></source><volume>1169</volume><fpage>374</fpage>–<lpage>384</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04592.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19673812</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B113"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kraft</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Cognitive function, physical activity, and aging: possible biological links and implications for multimodal interventions.</article-title><source><italic>Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn.</italic></source><volume>19</volume><fpage>248</fpage>–<lpage>263</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/13825585.2011.645010</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B114"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kramer</surname><given-names>A. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Erickson</surname><given-names>K. I.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function.</article-title><source><italic>Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.)</italic></source><volume>11</volume><fpage>342</fpage>–<lpage>348</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.009</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17629545</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B115"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Langdon</surname><given-names>K. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Corbett</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Improved working memory following novel combinations of physical and cognitive activity.</article-title><source><italic>Neurorehabil. Neural Rep.</italic></source><volume>26</volume><fpage>523</fpage>–<lpage>532</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1545968311425919</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B116"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Langhammer</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stanghelle</surname><given-names>J. K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2000</year>). <article-title>Bobath or motor relearning programme? A comparison of two different approaches of physiotherapy in stroke rehabilitation: a randomized controlled study.</article-title><source><italic>Clin. Rehabil.</italic></source><volume>14</volume><fpage>361</fpage>–<lpage>369</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1191/0269215500cr338oa</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10945420</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B117"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Larson</surname><given-names>E. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bowen</surname><given-names>J. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>McCormick</surname><given-names>W. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Teri</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Crane</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older.</article-title><source><italic>Ann. Intern. Med.</italic></source><volume>144</volume><fpage>73</fpage>–<lpage>81</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7326/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00004</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16418406</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B118"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lautenschlager</surname><given-names>N. T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cox</surname><given-names>K. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Flicker</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Foster</surname><given-names>J. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>van Bockxmeer</surname><given-names>F. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Xiao</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults at risk for Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial.</article-title><source><italic>JAMA</italic></source><volume>300</volume><fpage>1027</fpage>–<lpage>1037</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.300.9.1027</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18768414</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B119"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lazarov</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mattson</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Peterson</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pimplikar</surname><given-names>S. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>van Praag</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>When neurogenesis encounters aging and disease.</article-title><source><italic>Trends Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>33</volume><fpage>569</fpage>–<lpage>579</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tins.2010.09.003</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20961627</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B120"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>S. T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lai</surname><given-names>C. Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Su</surname><given-names>Y. Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yeh</surname><given-names>Y. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>M. F.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Mental health implications of music: insight from neuroscientific and clinical studies.</article-title><source><italic>Harv. Rev. Psychiatry</italic></source><volume>19</volume><fpage>34</fpage>–<lpage>46</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/10673229.2011.549769</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21250895</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B121"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lincoln</surname><given-names>N. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Parry</surname><given-names>R. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vass</surname><given-names>C. D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1999</year>). <article-title>Randomized, controlled trial to evaluate increased intensity of physiotherapy treatment of arm function after stroke.</article-title><source><italic>Stroke</italic></source><volume>30</volume><fpage>573</fpage>–<lpage>579</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.STR.30.3.573</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10066854</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B122"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lustig</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shah</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Seidler</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reuter-Lorenz</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Aging, training, and the brain: a review and future directions.</article-title><source><italic>Neuropsychol. Rev.</italic></source><volume>19</volume><fpage>504</fpage>–<lpage>522</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11065-009-9119-9</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19876740</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B123"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Maegele</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lippert-Gruener</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ester-Bode</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sauerland</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schäfer</surname><given-names>U.</given-names></name><name><surname>Molcanyi</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Reversal of neuromotor and cognitive dysfunction in an enriched environment combined with multimodal early onset stimulation after traumatic brain injury in rats.</article-title><source><italic>J. Neurotrauma</italic></source><volume>22</volume><fpage>772</fpage>–<lpage>782</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/neu.2005.22.772</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16004580</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B124"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McDonnell</surname><given-names>M. N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mackintosh</surname><given-names>S. F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Aerobic exercise to improve cognitive function in adults with neurological disorders: a systematic review.</article-title><source><italic>Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.</italic></source><volume>92</volume><fpage>1044</fpage>–<lpage>1052</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.apmr.2011.01.021</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21704783</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B125"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McKee</surname><given-names>K. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hackney</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>The effects of adapted tango on spatial cognition and disease severity in Parkinson’s disease.</article-title><source><italic>J. Mot. Behav.</italic></source><volume>45</volume><fpage>519</fpage>–<lpage>529</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00222895.2013.834288</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24116748</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B126"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Menon</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Levitin</surname><given-names>D. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>The rewards of music listening: response and physiological connectivity of the mesolimbic system.</article-title><source><italic>Neuroimage</italic></source><volume>28</volume><fpage>175</fpage>–<lpage>184</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.053</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16023376</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B127"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mochizuki</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kirino</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Effects of coordination exercises on brain activation: a functional MRI study.</article-title><source><italic>Int. J. Sport Health Sci.</italic></source><volume>6</volume><fpage>98</fpage>–<lpage>104</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5432/ijshs.6.98</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B128"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Moradzadeh</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Blumenthal</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wiseheart</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Musical training, bilingualism, and executive function: a closer look at task switching and dual-task performance.</article-title><source><italic>Cogn. Sci.</italic></source><volume>38</volume><fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>29</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/cogs.12183</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24070563</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B129"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mu</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gage</surname><given-names>F. H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its role in Alzheimer’s disease.</article-title><source><italic>Mol. Neurodegener.</italic></source><volume>6</volume>:<issue>85</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1750-1326-6-85</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B130"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nagamatsu</surname><given-names>L. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Davis</surname><given-names>J. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Beattie</surname><given-names>B. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Graf</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Voss</surname><given-names>M. W.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Physical activity improves verbal and spatial memory in older adults with probable mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month randomized controlled trial.</article-title><source><italic>J. Aging Res.</italic></source><volume>2013</volume>:<issue>861893</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2013/861893</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B131"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Olshansky</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bar</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fogarty</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>DeSouza</surname><given-names>J. F. X.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Supplementary motor area and primary auditory cortex activation in an expert breakdancer during the kinesthetic motor imagery of dance to music.</article-title><source><italic>Neurocase</italic></source><fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>11</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/13554794.2014.960428</pub-id><comment>[Epub ahead of print]</comment>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25301352</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B132"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Olson</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Eadie</surname><given-names>B. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ernst</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Christie</surname><given-names>B. R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>Environmental enrichment and voluntary exercise massively increase neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus via dissociable pathways.</article-title><source><italic>Hippocampus</italic></source><volume>16</volume><fpage>250</fpage>–<lpage>260</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/hipo.20157</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16411242</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B133"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Olsson</surname><given-names>C. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Dancing combines the essence for successful aging.</article-title><source><italic>Front. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>6</volume>:<issue>155</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fnins.2012.00155</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B134"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Oswald</surname><given-names>W. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gunzelmann</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rupprecht</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hagen</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>Differential effects of single versus combined cognitive and physical training with older adults: the SimA study in a 5-year perspective.</article-title><source><italic>Eur. J. Ageing</italic></source><volume>3</volume><fpage>179</fpage>–<lpage>192</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10433-006-0035-z</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B135"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pang</surname><given-names>T. Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hannan</surname><given-names>A. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Enhancement of cognitive function in models of brain disease through environmental enrichment and physical activity.</article-title><source><italic>Neuropharmacology</italic></source><volume>64</volume><fpage>515</fpage>–<lpage>528</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.029</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22766390</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B136"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Parbery-Clark</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hittner</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kraus</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Musical experience offsets age- related delays in neural timing.</article-title><source><italic>Neurobiol. Aging</italic></source><volume>33</volume><issue>1483</issue><fpage>e1</fpage>–<lpage>1483</lpage>e4. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.015</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22227006</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B137"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Parbery-Clark</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Strait</surname><given-names>D. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hittner</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kraus</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Musical experience and the aging auditory system: implications for cognitive abilities and hearing speech in noise.</article-title><source><italic>PLoS ONE</italic></source><volume>6</volume>:<issue>e18082</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0018082</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B138"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pekna</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pekny</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nilsson</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Modulation of neural plasticity as a basis for stroke rehabilitation.</article-title><source><italic>Stroke</italic></source><volume>43</volume><fpage>2819</fpage>–<lpage>2828</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.654228</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22923444</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B139"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>A. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Huddleston</surname><given-names>D. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Brickman</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sosunov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hen</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>McKhann</surname><given-names>G. M.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus.</article-title><source><italic>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</italic></source><volume>104</volume><fpage>5638</fpage>–<lpage>5643</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0611721104</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17374720</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B140"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Peretz</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zatorre</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Brain organization for music processing.</article-title><source><italic>Annu. Rev. Psychol.</italic></source><volume>56</volume><fpage>89</fpage>–<lpage>114</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070225</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15709930</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B141"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Petzinger</surname><given-names>G. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fisher</surname><given-names>B. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>McEwen</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Beeler</surname><given-names>J. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Walsh</surname><given-names>J. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jakowec</surname><given-names>M. W.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Exercise-enhanced neuroplasticity targeting motor and cognitive circuitry in Parkinson’s disease.</article-title><source><italic>Lancet Neurol.</italic></source><volume>12</volume><fpage>716</fpage>–<lpage>726</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70123-6</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23769598</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B142"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ploughman</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Windle</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>MacLellan</surname><given-names>C. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>White</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Doré</surname><given-names>J. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Corbett</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor contributes to recovery of skilled reaching after focal ischemia in rats.</article-title><source><italic>Stroke</italic></source><volume>40</volume><fpage>1490</fpage>–<lpage>1495</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.531806</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19164786</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B143"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Quaney</surname><given-names>B. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Boyd</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>McDowd</surname><given-names>J. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zahner</surname><given-names>L. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>He</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mayo</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Aerobic exercise improves cognition and motor function poststroke.</article-title><source><italic>Neurorehabil. Neural Rep.</italic></source><volume>23</volume><fpage>879</fpage>–<lpage>885</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1545968309338193</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B144"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rein</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fabian</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zwipp</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rammelt</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Weindel</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Postural control and functional ankle stability in professional and amateur dancers.</article-title><source><italic>Clin. Neurophysiol.</italic></source><volume>122</volume><fpage>1602</fpage>–<lpage>1610</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.clinph.2011.01.004</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21435946</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B145"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rhodes</surname><given-names>R. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Taunton</surname><given-names>J. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rhodes</surname><given-names>E. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Donnelly</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Elliot</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1999</year>). <article-title>Factors associated with exercise adherence among older adults.</article-title><source><italic>Sports Med.</italic></source><volume>28</volume><fpage>397</fpage>–<lpage>411</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2165/00007256-199928060-00003</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10623983</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B146"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rickards</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke.</article-title><source><italic>J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry.</italic></source> 76(Suppl. 1), <fpage>i48</fpage>–<lpage>i52</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/jnnp.2004.060426</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15718222</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B147"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rodriguez-Fornells</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rojo</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Amengual</surname><given-names>J. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ripollés</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Altenmüller</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Münte</surname><given-names>T. F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>The involvement of audio–motor coupling in the music-supported therapy applied to stroke patients.</article-title><source><italic>Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.</italic></source><volume>1252</volume><fpage>282</fpage>–<lpage>293</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06425.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22524370</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B148"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rowe</surname><given-names>J. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kahn</surname><given-names>R. L.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1997</year>). <article-title>Successful aging.</article-title><source><italic>Gerontologist</italic></source><volume>37</volume><fpage>433</fpage>–<lpage>440</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/geront/37.4.433</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9279031</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B149"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ruscheweyh</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Willemer</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Krüger</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Duning</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Warnecke</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sommer</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Physical activity and memory functions: an interventional study.</article-title><source><italic>Neurobiol. Aging</italic></source><volume>32</volume><fpage>1304</fpage>–<lpage>1319</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.08.001</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19716631</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B150"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Saarela</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hari</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Listening to humans walking together activates the social brain circuitry.</article-title><source><italic>Soc. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>3</volume><fpage>401</fpage>–<lpage>409</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/17470910801897633</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18633834</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B151"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sacks</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>The power of music.</article-title><source><italic>Brain</italic></source><volume>129</volume><fpage>2528</fpage>–<lpage>2532</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/brain/awl234</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17000872</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B152"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Salimpoor</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Benovoy</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Larcher</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dagher</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zatorre</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music.</article-title><source><italic>Nat. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>14</volume><fpage>257</fpage>–<lpage>262</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nn.2726</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21217764</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B153"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Särkämö</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ripollés</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vepsäläinen</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Autti</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Silvennoinen</surname><given-names>H. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Salli</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Structural changes induced by daily music listening in the recovering brain after middle cerebral artery stroke: a voxel-based morphometry study.</article-title><source><italic>Front. Hum. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>8</volume>:<issue>245</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fnhum.2014.00245</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B154"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Särkämö</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Soto</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Music listening after stroke: beneficial effects and potential neural mechanisms.</article-title><source><italic>Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.</italic></source><volume>1252</volume><fpage>266</fpage>–<lpage>281</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06405.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22524369</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B155"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Särkämö</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tervaniemi</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Laitinen</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Forsblom</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Soinila</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mikkonen</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Music listening enhances cognitive recovery and mood after middle cerebral artery stroke.</article-title><source><italic>Brain</italic></source><volume>131</volume><fpage>866</fpage>–<lpage>876</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/brain/awn013</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18287122</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B156"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Satoh</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ogawa</surname><given-names>J. I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tokita</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakaguchi</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakao</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kida</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>The effects of physical exercise with music on cognitive function of elderly people: mihama- kiho project.</article-title><source><italic>PLoS ONE</italic></source><volume>9</volume>:<issue>e95230</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0095230</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B157"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schellenberg</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakata</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hunter</surname><given-names>P. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tamoto</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>Exposure to music and cognitive performance: tests of children and adults.</article-title><source><italic>Psychol. Music</italic></source><volume>35</volume><fpage>5</fpage>–<lpage>19</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0305735607068885</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B158"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schlaug</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Part VI Introduction: listening to and making music facilitates brain recovery processes.</article-title><source><italic>Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.</italic></source><volume>1169</volume><fpage>372</fpage>–<lpage>373</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04869.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19673811</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B159"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schlaug</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Norton</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Marchina</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zipse</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wan</surname><given-names>C. Y.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>From singing to speaking: facilitating recovery from nonfluent aphasia.</article-title><source><italic>Future Neurol.</italic></source><volume>5</volume><fpage>657</fpage>–<lpage>665</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2217/fnl.10.44</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21088709</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B160"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schlaug</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Norton</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Overy</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Winner</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Effects of music training on the child’s brain and cognitive development.</article-title><source><italic>Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.</italic></source><volume>160</volume><fpage>219</fpage>–<lpage>230</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1196/annals.1360.015</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16597769</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B161"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schneider</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schönle</surname><given-names>P. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Altenmüller</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Münte</surname><given-names>T. F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>Using musical instruments to improve motor skill recovery following a stroke.</article-title><source><italic>J. Neurol.</italic></source><volume>254</volume><fpage>1339</fpage>–<lpage>1346</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00415-006-0523-2</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17260171</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B162"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schutzer</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Graves</surname><given-names>B. S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2004</year>). <article-title>Barriers and motivations to exercise in older adults.</article-title><source><italic>Prev. Med.</italic></source><volume>39</volume><fpage>1056</fpage>–<lpage>1061</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.003</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15475041</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B163"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sevdalis</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Keller</surname><given-names>P. E.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Captured by motion: Dance, action understanding, and social cognition.</article-title><source><italic>Brain Cogn.</italic></source><volume>77</volume><fpage>231</fpage>–<lpage>236</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bandc.2011.08.005</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21880410</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B164"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shigematsu</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chang</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yabushita</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sakai</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakagaichi</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nho</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2002</year>). <article-title>Dance-based aerobic exercise may improve indices of falling risk in older women.</article-title><source><italic>Age Ageing</italic></source><volume>31</volume><fpage>261</fpage>–<lpage>266</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ageing/31.4.261</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12147563</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B165"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Simmons</surname><given-names>R. W.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Neuromuscular responses of trained ballet dancers to postural perturbations.</article-title><source><italic>Int. J. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>115</volume><fpage>1193</fpage>–<lpage>1203</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00207450590914572</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16040361</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B166"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Simmons-Stern</surname><given-names>N. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Budson</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ally</surname><given-names>B. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Music as a memory enhancer in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.</article-title><source><italic>Neuropsychologia</italic></source><volume>48</volume><fpage>3164</fpage>–<lpage>3167</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.033</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20452365</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B167"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sluming</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Barrick</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Howard</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cezayirli</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mayes</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Roberts</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2002</year>). <article-title>Voxel-based morphometry reveals increased gray matter density in Broca’s area in male symphony orchestra musicians.</article-title><source><italic>Neuroimage</italic></source><volume>17</volume><fpage>1613</fpage>–<lpage>1622</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1006/nimg.2002.1288</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12414299</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B168"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Smyth</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pendleton</surname><given-names>L. R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1994</year>). <article-title>Memory for movement in professional ballet dancers.</article-title><source><italic>Int. J. Sport Psychol.</italic></source><volume>25</volume><fpage>282</fpage>–<lpage>294</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B169"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Snowden</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Steinman</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mochan</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Grodstein</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prohaska</surname><given-names>T. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thurman</surname><given-names>D. J.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Effect of exercise on cognitive performance in community-dwelling older adults: review of intervention trials and recommendations for public health practice and research.</article-title><source><italic>J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.</italic></source><volume>59</volume><fpage>704</fpage>–<lpage>716</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03323.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21438861</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B170"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sofi</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Valecchi</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bacci</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Abbate</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gensini</surname><given-names>G. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Casini</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Physical activity and risk of cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective studies.</article-title><source><italic>J. Intern. Med.</italic></source><volume>269</volume><fpage>107</fpage>–<lpage>117</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02281.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20831630</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B171"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Soto</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Funes</surname><given-names>M. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Guzmán-García</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Warbrick</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rotshtein</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Humphreys</surname><given-names>G. W.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Pleasant music overcomes the loss of awareness in patients with visual neglect.</article-title><source><italic>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</italic></source><volume>106</volume><fpage>6011</fpage>–<lpage>6016</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0811681106</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19307566</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B172"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Soya</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakamura</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Deocaris</surname><given-names>C. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kimpara</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Iimura</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fujikawa</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>BDNF induction with mild exercise in the rat hippocampus.</article-title><source><italic>Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.</italic></source><volume>358</volume><fpage>961</fpage>–<lpage>967</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.173</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17524360</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B173"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Starkes</surname><given-names>J. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Deakin</surname><given-names>J. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lindley</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Crisp</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1987</year>). <article-title>Motor versus verbal recall of ballet sequences by young expert dancers.</article-title><source><italic>J. Sport Psychol.</italic></source><volume>9</volume><fpage>222</fpage>–<lpage>230</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B174"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stranahan</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Khalil</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gould</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>Social isolation delays the positive effects of running on adult neurogenesis.</article-title><source><italic>Nat. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>9</volume><fpage>526</fpage>–<lpage>533</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nn1668</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16531997</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B175"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Suzuki</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shimada</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Makizako</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Doi</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yoshida</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tsutsumimoto</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Effects of multicomponent exercise on cognitive function in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial.</article-title><source><italic>BMC Neurol.</italic></source><volume>12</volume>:<issue>128</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1471-2377-12-128</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B176"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Swain</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Harris</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wiener</surname><given-names>E. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dutka</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Morris</surname><given-names>H. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Theien</surname><given-names>B. E.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2003</year>). <article-title>Prolonged exercise induces angiogenesis and increases cerebral blood volume in primary motor cortex of the rat.</article-title><source><italic>Neuroscience</italic></source><volume>117</volume><fpage>1037</fpage>–<lpage>1046</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00664-4</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12654355</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B177"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tanaka</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Quadros</surname><given-names>A. C. D.</given-names><suffix>Jr.</suffix></name><name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>R. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stella</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gobbi</surname><given-names>L. T. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gobbi</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Benefits of physical exercise on executive functions in older people with Parkinson’s disease.</article-title><source><italic>Brain Cogn.</italic></source><volume>69</volume><fpage>435</fpage>–<lpage>441</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bandc.2008.09.008</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19006643</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B178"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Thaut</surname><given-names>M. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Abiru</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Rhythmic auditory stimulation in rehabilitation of movement disorders: a review of current research.</article-title><source><italic>Music Percept.</italic></source><volume>27</volume><fpage>263</fpage>–<lpage>269</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1525/mp.2010.27.4.263</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B179"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Thaut</surname><given-names>M. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gardiner</surname><given-names>J. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Holmberg</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Horwitz</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kent</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Andrews</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Neurologic music therapy improves executive function and emotional adjustment in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation.</article-title><source><italic>Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.</italic></source><volume>1169</volume><fpage>406</fpage>–<lpage>416</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04585.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19673815</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B180"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Thaut</surname><given-names>M. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>McIntosh</surname><given-names>G. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rice</surname><given-names>R. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Miller</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rathbun</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Brault</surname><given-names>J. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1996</year>). <article-title>Rhythmic auditory stimulation in gait training for Parkinson’s disease patients.</article-title><source><italic>Mov. Disord.</italic></source><volume>11</volume><fpage>193</fpage>–<lpage>200</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/mds.870110213</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8684391</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B181"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Thompson</surname><given-names>R. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Moulin</surname><given-names>C. J. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hayre</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>R. W.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Music enhances category fluency in healthy older adults and Alzheimer’s disease patients.</article-title><source><italic>Exp. Aging Res.</italic></source><volume>31</volume><fpage>91</fpage>–<lpage>99</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/03610730590882819</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15842075</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B182"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Thompson</surname><given-names>W. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schellenberg</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Husain</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2001</year>). <article-title>Arousal, mood, and the Mozart effect.</article-title><source><italic>Psychol. Sci.</italic></source><volume>12</volume><fpage>248</fpage>–<lpage>251</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/1467-9280.00345</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11437309</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B183"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tsai</surname><given-names>P. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>M. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>Y. T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>K. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>K. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hsu</surname><given-names>Y. W.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Listening to classical music ameliorates unilateral neglect after stroke.</article-title><source><italic>Am. J. Occup. Ther.</italic></source><volume>67</volume><fpage>328</fpage>–<lpage>335</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5014/ajot.2013.006312</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23597691</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B184"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Van de Winckel</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Feys</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>De Weerdt</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dom</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2004</year>). <article-title>Cognitive and behavioural effects of music-based exercises in patients with dementia.</article-title><source><italic>Clin. Rehabil.</italic></source><volume>18</volume><fpage>253</fpage>–<lpage>260</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1191/0269215504cr750oa</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15137556</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B185"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Van Der Bij</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Laurant</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wensing</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2002</year>). <article-title>Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for older adults: a review.</article-title><source><italic>Am. J. Prev. Med.</italic></source><volume>22</volume><fpage>120</fpage>–<lpage>133</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00413-5</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11818183</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B186"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vankova</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Holmerova</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Machacova</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Volicer</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Veleta</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Celko</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>The effect of dance on depressive symptoms in nursing home residents.</article-title><source><italic>J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc.</italic></source><volume>15</volume><fpage>582</fpage>–<lpage>587</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jamda.2014.04.013</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24913212</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B187"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>van Praag</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Neurogenesis and exercise: past and future directions.</article-title><source><italic>Neuromolecular Med.</italic></source><volume>10</volume><fpage>128</fpage>–<lpage>140</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12017-008-8028-z</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18286389</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B188"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>van Praag</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Exercise and the brain: something to chew on.</article-title><source><italic>Trends Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>32</volume><fpage>283</fpage>–<lpage>290</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tins.2008.12.007</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19349082</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B189"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>van Praag</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Christie</surname><given-names>B. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sejnowski</surname><given-names>T. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gage</surname><given-names>F. H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1999</year>). <article-title>Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice.</article-title><source><italic>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</italic></source><volume>96</volume><fpage>13427</fpage>–<lpage>13431</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.96.23.13427</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10557337</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B190"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>van Praag</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kempermann</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gage</surname><given-names>F. H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2000</year>). <article-title>Neural consequences of enviromental enrichment.</article-title><source><italic>Nat. Rev. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>1</volume><fpage>191</fpage>–<lpage>198</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/35044558</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11257907</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B191"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>van Praag</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shubert</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gage</surname><given-names>F. H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice.</article-title><source><italic>J. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>25</volume><fpage>8680</fpage>–<lpage>8685</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1731-05.2005</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16177036</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B192"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vaughan</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wallis</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Polit</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Steele</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shum</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Morris</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>The effects of multimodal exercise on cognitive and physical functioning and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in older women: a randomised controlled trial.</article-title><source><italic>Age Ageing</italic></source><volume>43</volume><fpage>623</fpage>–<lpage>629</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ageing/afu010</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24554791</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B193"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vaynman</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gomez-Pinilla</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>License to run: exercise impacts functional plasticity in the intact and injured central nervous system by using neurotrophins.</article-title><source><italic>Neurorehabil. Neural Rep.</italic></source><volume>19</volume><fpage>283</fpage>–<lpage>295</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1545968305280753</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B194"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vaynman</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ying</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gomez-Pinilla</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2004</year>). <article-title>Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition.</article-title><source><italic>Eur. J. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>20</volume><fpage>2580</fpage>–<lpage>2590</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03720.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15548201</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B195"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Verghese</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>Cognitive and mobility profile of older social dancers.</article-title><source><italic>J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.</italic></source><volume>54</volume><fpage>1241</fpage>–<lpage>1244</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00808.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16913992</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B196"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Verghese</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lipton</surname><given-names>R. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Katz</surname><given-names>M. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hall</surname><given-names>C. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Derby</surname><given-names>C. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kuslansky</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2003</year>). <article-title>Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly.</article-title><source><italic>N. Engl. J. Med.</italic></source><volume>348</volume><fpage>2508</fpage>–<lpage>2516</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa022252</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12815136</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B197"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vink</surname><given-names>A. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Birks</surname><given-names>J. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bruinsma</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Scholten</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2003</year>). <article-title>Music therapy for people with dementia.</article-title><source><italic>Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.</italic></source><volume>4</volume>:<issue>CD003477</issue>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B198"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Voelcker-Rehage</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Godde</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Staudinger</surname><given-names>U. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Physical and motor fitness are both related to cognition in old age.</article-title><source><italic>Eur. J. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>31</volume><fpage>167</fpage>–<lpage>176</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07014.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20092563</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B199"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Voss</surname><given-names>M. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Viviar</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kramer</surname><given-names>A. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>van Praag</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity.</article-title><source><italic>Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.)</italic></source><volume>17</volume><fpage>525</fpage>–<lpage>544</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tics.2013.08.001</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24029446</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B200"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wankel</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1985</year>). <article-title>Personal and situational factors affecting exercise involvement: the importance of enjoyment.</article-title><source><italic>Res. Q. Exerc. Sport</italic></source><volume>56</volume><fpage>275</fpage>–<lpage>282</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/02701367.1985.10605374</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B201"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Westheimer</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Why dance for Parkinson’s disease.</article-title><source><italic>Top. Geriatr. Rehabil.</italic></source><volume>24</volume><fpage>127</fpage>–<lpage>140</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.TGR.0000318900.95313.af</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B202"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Will</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Galani</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kelche</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rosenzweig</surname><given-names>M. R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2004</year>). <article-title>Recovery from brain injury in animals: relative efficacy of environmental enrichment, physical exercise or formal training (1990–2002).</article-title><source><italic>Prog. Neurobiol.</italic></source><volume>72</volume><fpage>167</fpage>–<lpage>182</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.001</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15130708</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B203"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Woldag</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hummelsheim</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2002</year>). <article-title>Evidence-based physiotherapeutic concepts for improving arm and hand function in stroke patients.</article-title><source><italic>J. Neurol.</italic></source><volume>249</volume><fpage>518</fpage>–<lpage>528</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s004150200058</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12021939</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B204"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>World Health Organization (ed.).</collab></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <source><italic>Neurological Disorders: Public Health Challenges</italic>.</source><publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B205"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Q.</given-names></name><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hollenbeck</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Blair</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schatzkin</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Physical activities and future risk of Parkinson disease.</article-title><source><italic>Neurology</italic></source><volume>75</volume><fpage>341</fpage>–<lpage>348</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ea1597</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20660864</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B206"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zatorre</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Music, the food of neuroscience?</article-title><source><italic>Nature</italic></source><volume>434</volume><fpage>312</fpage>–<lpage>315</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/434312a</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15772648</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Psychologie/explor/DanceTherParkinsonV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000333 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000333 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Psychologie
|area= DanceTherParkinsonV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:4309167
|texte= New framework for rehabilitation – fusion of cognitive and physical rehabilitation: the hope for dancing
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:25674066" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a DanceTherParkinsonV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.35. |  |