Danse-thérapie et Parkinson

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Psychological Benefits of Nonpharmacological Methods Aimed for Improving Balance in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review

Identifieur interne : 000009 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000008; suivant : 000010

Psychological Benefits of Nonpharmacological Methods Aimed for Improving Balance in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review

Auteurs : Rastislav Šumec [République tchèque] ; Pavel Filip [République tchèque] ; Kate Ina Sheardová [République tchèque] ; Martin Bareš [République tchèque, États-Unis]

Source :

RBID : PMC:4508472

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a serious condition with a major negative impact on patient's physical and mental health. Postural instability is one of the cardinal difficulties reported by patients to deal with. Neuroanatomical, animal, and clinical studies on nonparkinsonian and parkinsonian subjects suggest an important correlation between the presence of balance dysfunction and multiple mood disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and apathy. Considering that balance dysfunction is a very common symptom in PD, we can presume that by its management we could positively influence patient's state of mind too. This review is an analysis of nonpharmacological methods shown to be effective and successful for improving balance in patients suffering from PD. Strategies such as general exercise, robotic assisted training, Tai Chi, Qi Gong, Yoga, dance (such as tango or ballet), box, virtual reality-based, or neurofeedback-based techniques and so forth can significantly improve the stability in these patients. Beside this physical outcome, many methods have also shown effect on quality of life, depression level, enjoyment, and motivation to continue in practicing the method independently. The purpose of this review is to provide information about practical and creative methods designed to improve balance in PD and highlight their positive impact on patient's psychology.


Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2015/620674
PubMed: 26236107
PubMed Central: 4508472


Affiliations:


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PMC:4508472

Le document en format XML

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<p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a serious condition with a major negative impact on patient's physical and mental health. Postural instability is one of the cardinal difficulties reported by patients to deal with. Neuroanatomical, animal, and clinical studies on nonparkinsonian and parkinsonian subjects suggest an important correlation between the presence of balance dysfunction and multiple mood disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and apathy. Considering that balance dysfunction is a very common symptom in PD, we can presume that by its management we could positively influence patient's state of mind too. This review is an analysis of nonpharmacological methods shown to be effective and successful for improving balance in patients suffering from PD. Strategies such as general exercise, robotic assisted training, Tai Chi, Qi Gong, Yoga, dance (such as tango or ballet), box, virtual reality-based, or neurofeedback-based techniques and so forth can significantly improve the stability in these patients. Beside this physical outcome, many methods have also shown effect on quality of life, depression level, enjoyment, and motivation to continue in practicing the method independently. The purpose of this review is to provide information about practical and creative methods designed to improve balance in PD and highlight their positive impact on patient's psychology.</p>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="review-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Behav Neurol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Behav Neurol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BN</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Behavioural Neurology</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0953-4180</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1875-8584</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26236107</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4508472</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/620674</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Psychological Benefits of Nonpharmacological Methods Aimed for Improving Balance in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Šumec</surname>
<given-names>Rastislav</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Filip</surname>
<given-names>Pavel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sheardová</surname>
<given-names>Kateřina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bareš</surname>
<given-names>Martin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">
<sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekařská 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic</aff>
<aff id="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekařská 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic</aff>
<aff id="I3">
<sup>3</sup>
Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Behavioural and Social Neuroscience Research Group, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic</aff>
<aff id="I4">
<sup>4</sup>
Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1">*Martin Bareš:
<email>martin.bares@fnusa.cz</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other">
<p>Academic Editor: Karsten Witt</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>7</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2015</volume>
<elocation-id>620674</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>19</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>7</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>10</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Rastislav Šumec et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a serious condition with a major negative impact on patient's physical and mental health. Postural instability is one of the cardinal difficulties reported by patients to deal with. Neuroanatomical, animal, and clinical studies on nonparkinsonian and parkinsonian subjects suggest an important correlation between the presence of balance dysfunction and multiple mood disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and apathy. Considering that balance dysfunction is a very common symptom in PD, we can presume that by its management we could positively influence patient's state of mind too. This review is an analysis of nonpharmacological methods shown to be effective and successful for improving balance in patients suffering from PD. Strategies such as general exercise, robotic assisted training, Tai Chi, Qi Gong, Yoga, dance (such as tango or ballet), box, virtual reality-based, or neurofeedback-based techniques and so forth can significantly improve the stability in these patients. Beside this physical outcome, many methods have also shown effect on quality of life, depression level, enjoyment, and motivation to continue in practicing the method independently. The purpose of this review is to provide information about practical and creative methods designed to improve balance in PD and highlight their positive impact on patient's psychology.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group>
<fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Neural balance-anxiety links.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="BN2015-620674.001"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Compend of studies examining different nonpharmacological strategies aiming to improve the balance in PD and their psychological benefits.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Author (citation)</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Training method</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Class of evidence</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Training time</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample size</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outcome measure</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Balance improvement</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Psychological benefits</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">
<italic>General exercise and physiotherapy </italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schenkman et al. [
<xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exercise</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 + 23</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FAR, FR</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Toole et al. [
<xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Balance and strength training program</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Equilibrium, knee flexion/extension strength</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hirsch et al. [
<xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Balance training and high-intensity resistance training</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SOT</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ashburn et al. [
<xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exercise</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c
<break></break>
1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 weeks
<break></break>
8 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 + 72
<break></break>
70 + 72</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FR, [lower fall rates]
<break></break>
BBS, SPDDS</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL 
<break></break>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gobbi et al. [
<xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intensive exercise program
<break></break>
Adaptive program</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c
<break></break>
1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 months
<break></break>
6 months</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21
<break></break>
13</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS, TUG
<break></break>
BBS, TUG</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wong-Yu Is and Mak [
<xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Balance exercise</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 months</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 + 26</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MiniBESTest, ABC, MDS-PIGD</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nocera et al. [
<xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Home-based exercise on postural control</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 + 10</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CDP, SOT</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kara et al. [
<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supervised exercise</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Balance Master protocol </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frazzitta et al. [
<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intensive rehabilitation treatment</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">130</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UPDRS II and III, SPDDS, BBS, 6 MWT</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frazzitta et al. [
<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Balance training</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MiniBESTest</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Capecci et al. [
<xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Postural rehabilitation
<break></break>
Kinesio taping</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c
<break></break>
1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 weeks
<break></break>
4 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(7 + 6) + 7
<break></break>
(7 + 6) + 7</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS, TUG, trunk bending
<break></break>
BBS, TUG, trunk bending</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conradsson et al. [
<xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Progressive group balance training</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MiniBESTest</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Motivated to continue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dibble et al. [
<xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High intensity eccentric resistance training</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 + 10</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UPDRS III, 10 MWT, TUG</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Corcos et al. [
<xref rid="B145" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Progressive resistance exercise</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 years</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 + 18</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UPDRS III</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">
<italic>Treadmill </italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herman et al. [
<xref rid="B71" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treadmill</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PDQ-39, UPDRS III, WV,
<break></break>
Swing time variability, SPPB</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL 
<break></break>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ganesan et al. [
<xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight-supported treadmill </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 + 20</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UPDRS III, MLI, BBS, LOS, POMA</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bello et al. [
<xref rid="B73" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treadmill</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 + 11</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preferred speed walking, SL at the preferred
<break></break>
Maximal WV, TUG, Static posturography</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cakit et al. [
<xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Speed-dependent treadmill </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 + 10</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walking distance, Tolerated maximum speed,
<break></break>
BBS, DGI, FES</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Toole et al. [
<xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treadmill</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dynamic posturography, falls, BBS, UPDRS III</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Filippin et al. [
<xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treadmill with additional body load</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UPDRS III</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">
<italic>Robotic gait training </italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Picelli et al. [
<xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Robotic gait training</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 + 20</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 MWST, 6 MWT</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Picelli et al. [
<xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">  </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 + 17</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS, NUTT</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Paker et al. [
<xref rid="B79" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Robotic treadmill training</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TUG test, 10 MWT, UPDRS</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">
<italic>Tai Chi</italic>
,
<italic>Qi Gong</italic>
,
<italic>and  Yoga </italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hackney and Earhart [
<xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tai Chi</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10–13 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 + 16</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS, UPDRS, TUG, tandem stance test,
<break></break>
6 MWT, backward walking
<break></break>
Forward walking, UST</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
Yes
<break></break>
No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tsang [
<xref rid="B81" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65 + 65 + 65</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum excursion, Direction control, SL, FR,
<break></break>
knee flexion/extension, TUG, UPDRS III, falls</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Li and Fitzgerald [
<xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65 + 65 + 65</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LOS (maximum excursion, directional control),
<break></break>
SL, WV, FR, TUG, UPDRS III, RoF</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kim et al. [
<xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dynamic postural stability</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gao et al. [
<xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 + 39</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS, falls
<break></break>
UPDRS III, TUG</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amano et al. [
<xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 + 22</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UPDRS III</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Loftus [
<xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Qi Gong</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 months</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS, falls</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sharma et al. [
<xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yoga</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 + 5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Boulgarides et al. [
<xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SLB</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HADS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">
<italic>Virtual reality </italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Esculier et al. [
<xref rid="B96" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nintendo Wii</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 + 8</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TUG, STST, UST, 10 MWT,
<break></break>
CBM, POMA, force platform</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mhatre et al. [
<xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS, DGI, postural sway, Romberg with eyes closed
<break></break>
Activities-specific Balance Confidence</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herz et al. [
<xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UPDRS III, TUG</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pompeu et al. [
<xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 + 16</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS, UST</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pompeu et al. [
<xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kinect adventures</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 MWT, BEST, DGI, PDQ-39</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Summa et al. [
<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kinect</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TUG, 10 MWT, reduction of movement duration and curvature, movement acceleration</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shih et al. [
<xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Xbox Kinect</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AT, [LOS, AT, TUG]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shih et al. [
<xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virtual reality-augmented balance training</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 + 14 + 14</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SOT
<break></break>
Attentional demand for postural control</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">van den Heuvel et al. [
<xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Augmented visual feedback</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 + 16</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[BBS, the single leg stance test, 10 MWT]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lee et al. [
<xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virtual reality dance exercise</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 + 10</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BDI</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">
<italic>Neurofeedback </italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Azarpaikan et al. [
<xref rid="B110" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neurofeedback</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2, 5 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 + 8</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biodex, BBS</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mirelman et al. [
<xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Audiobiofeedback</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS, [TUG]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GDS, PDQ-39</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asseman et al. [
<xref rid="B112" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vibrotactile neurofeedback</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body sway, RoF, SOT, DHI, ABC</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">
<italic>Dance </italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Marchant et al. [
<xref rid="B120" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>
] </td>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Contact improvisation dance</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">2 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">11</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UPDRS III, BBS, increased swing and decreased </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reported enjoyment, motivated to continue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stance % during walking, backward step length</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batson [
<xref rid="B121" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modern dance</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 weeks
<break></break>
3 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11
<break></break>
11</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FAB
<break></break>
TUG</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hackney and Earhart [
<xref rid="B115" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS, WV, cadence</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reported enjoyment, motivated to continue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Heiberger et al. [
<xref rid="B123" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dance</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 months
<break></break>
8 months</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11
<break></break>
11</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UPDRS III
<break></break>
TUG, SeTa</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL
<break></break>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosario et al. [
<xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TUG</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hashimoto et al. [
<xref rid="B124" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TUG, BBS, FAB, UPDRS</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AS, SDS </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Westheimer et al. [
<xref rid="B126" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>
] </td>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UPDRS III</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reported emotional and social benefits</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Houston and McGill [
<xref rid="B127" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ballet</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FAB</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Hackney and Earhart [
<xref rid="B117" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>
] </td>
<td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tango</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS, UPDRS III, time in stance during forward walking</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TUG, 6 MWT</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hackney and Earhart [
<xref rid="B116" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 + 19 + 19 + 18</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QoL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hackney et al. [
<xref rid="B118" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 + 19</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ABC, Modified FES, FR, UST, WV</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reported enjoyment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Romenets et al. [
<xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 + 15</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mini-BESTest, TUG time, [FSS]</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reported enjoyment, felt “overall” treatment satisfaction</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">
<italic>Deep brain stimulation </italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nilsson et al. [
<xref rid="B129" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">STN stimulation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS, FES, posturography</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1">
<italic>Other methods </italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vivas et al. [
<xref rid="B139" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aquatic therapy</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 + 5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRT, BBS, UPDRS</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ebersbach et al. [
<xref rid="B140" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole Body Vibration</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 + 14</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tinetti Balance Scale, stand-walk-sit test, </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lauhoff et al. [
<xref rid="B141" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cycle ergometry</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS, TUG, ADL, UPDRS III.</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kaski et al. [
<xref rid="B142" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exercise + tDCS</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 + 8</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PT, WV</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shen and Mak [
<xref rid="B143" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Repetitive step training</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 + 6</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reaction time, movement velocity, LOS, UPDRS-PG</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Morris et al. [
<xref rid="B144" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>
]</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Movement strategies</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1c</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 weeks</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 + 14</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UPDRS, 10 MWT, balance</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>ABC: Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale; API: Anteroposterior Index; AS: apathy scale; AT: Adaptation Test; BBS: Berg Balance Scale; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; BEST: Balance Evaluation Systems Test; CBM: Community Balance and Mobility Assessment; CDP: computerised dynamic posturography; DGI: Dynamic Gait Index; DHI: Dizziness Handicap Inventory; FAB: Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale; FAR: functional axial rotation; FES: Falls Efficacy Scale; FR: functional reach; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; MDS-PIGD: Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-postural instability, gait difficulty score; LOS: limits of stability; MLI: Mediolateral Index; MiniBESTest: Minibalance Evaluation Systems Test; NUTT: Nutt's rating; OBI: Overall Balance Index; PDQ-39: Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire; POMA: Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment; PT: Pull Test; QoL: quality of life; RoF: Rates of falling; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale; SeTa: semitandem test; SL: stride length; SOT: Sensory Organization Test; SPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery; SPDDS: Self-Assessment Parkinson's Disease Disability Scale; STST: Sit-to-Stand test; TUG: Timed Up and Go Test; UPDRS III.: Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale-Part III. Motor examination; UPDRS-PG: Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale-Posture and Gait; UST: Unipedal Stance Test; WV: Walking Velocity; 6 MWT: 6-Minute Walking Test; 10 MWST: 10-Minute Walking Speed Test; w: weeks; m: months; [  ]: trends.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>République tchèque</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region>
<li>Minnesota</li>
</region>
</list>
<tree>
<country name="République tchèque">
<noRegion>
<name sortKey="Sumec, Rastislav" sort="Sumec, Rastislav" uniqKey="Sumec R" first="Rastislav" last="Šumec">Rastislav Šumec</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Bares, Martin" sort="Bares, Martin" uniqKey="Bares M" first="Martin" last="Bareš">Martin Bareš</name>
<name sortKey="Bares, Martin" sort="Bares, Martin" uniqKey="Bares M" first="Martin" last="Bareš">Martin Bareš</name>
<name sortKey="Filip, Pavel" sort="Filip, Pavel" uniqKey="Filip P" first="Pavel" last="Filip">Pavel Filip</name>
<name sortKey="Filip, Pavel" sort="Filip, Pavel" uniqKey="Filip P" first="Pavel" last="Filip">Pavel Filip</name>
<name sortKey="Sheardova, Kate Ina" sort="Sheardova, Kate Ina" uniqKey="Sheardova K" first="Kate Ina" last="Sheardová">Kate Ina Sheardová</name>
<name sortKey="Sheardova, Kate Ina" sort="Sheardova, Kate Ina" uniqKey="Sheardova K" first="Kate Ina" last="Sheardová">Kate Ina Sheardová</name>
<name sortKey="Sumec, Rastislav" sort="Sumec, Rastislav" uniqKey="Sumec R" first="Rastislav" last="Šumec">Rastislav Šumec</name>
</country>
<country name="États-Unis">
<region name="Minnesota">
<name sortKey="Bares, Martin" sort="Bares, Martin" uniqKey="Bares M" first="Martin" last="Bareš">Martin Bareš</name>
</region>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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