Balance Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: The Role of Posturography in Developing a Rehabilitation Program
Identifieur interne : 000235 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000234; suivant : 000236Balance Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: The Role of Posturography in Developing a Rehabilitation Program
Auteurs : Davide Ferrazzoli [Italie] ; Alfonso Fasano [Canada] ; Roberto Maestri [Italie] ; Rossana Bera [Italie] ; Grazia Palamara [Italie] ; Maria Felice Ghilardi [États-Unis] ; Gianni Pezzoli [Italie] ; Giuseppe Frazzitta [Italie]Source :
- Parkinson's Disease [ 2090-8083 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Balance dysfunction (BD) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disabling symptom, difficult to treat and predisposing to falls. The dopaminergic drugs or deep brain stimulation does not always provide significant improvements of BD and rehabilitative approaches have also failed to restore this condition. In this study, we investigated the suitability of quantitative posturographic indicators to early identify patients that could develop disabling BD. Parkinsonian patients not complaining of a subjective BD and controls were tested using a posturographic platform (PP) with open eyes (OE) and performing a simple cognitive task [counting (OEC)]. We found that patients show higher values of total standard deviation (SD) of body sway and along the medio-lateral (ML) axis during OE condition. Furthermore, total and ML SD of body sway during OE condition and total SD of body sway with OEC were higher than controls also in a subgroup of patients with normal Berg Balance Scale. We conclude that BD in Parkinsonian patients can be discovered before its appearance using a PP and that these data may allow developing specific rehabilitative treatment to prevent or delay their onset.
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DOI: 10.1155/2015/520128
PubMed: 26504611
PubMed Central: 4609480
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first="Alfonso" last="Fasano">Alfonso Fasano</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I2">Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maestri, Roberto" sort="Maestri, Roberto" uniqKey="Maestri R" first="Roberto" last="Maestri">Roberto Maestri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Biomedical Engineering, Scientific Institute of Montescano, S. Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Montescano, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomedical Engineering, Scientific Institute of Montescano, S. Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Montescano</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Montescano</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bera, Rossana" sort="Bera, Rossana" uniqKey="Bera R" first="Rossana" last="Bera">Rossana Bera</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Parkinson Disease and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, “Moriggia-Pelascini” Hospital, Gravedona ed Uniti, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parkinson Disease and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, “Moriggia-Pelascini” Hospital, Gravedona ed Uniti</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gravedona ed Uniti</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palamara, Grazia" sort="Palamara, Grazia" uniqKey="Palamara G" first="Grazia" last="Palamara">Grazia Palamara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Parkinson Disease and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, “Moriggia-Pelascini” Hospital, Gravedona ed Uniti, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parkinson Disease and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, “Moriggia-Pelascini” Hospital, Gravedona ed Uniti</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gravedona ed Uniti</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghilardi, Maria Felice" sort="Ghilardi, Maria Felice" uniqKey="Ghilardi M" first="Maria Felice" last="Ghilardi">Maria Felice Ghilardi</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, CUNY Medical School, New York, NY 10031, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, CUNY Medical School, New York, NY 10031</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pezzoli, Gianni" sort="Pezzoli, Gianni" uniqKey="Pezzoli G" first="Gianni" last="Pezzoli">Gianni Pezzoli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Milano</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frazzitta, Giuseppe" sort="Frazzitta, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Frazzitta G" first="Giuseppe" last="Frazzitta">Giuseppe Frazzitta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Parkinson Disease and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, “Moriggia-Pelascini” Hospital, Gravedona ed Uniti, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parkinson Disease and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, “Moriggia-Pelascini” Hospital, Gravedona ed Uniti</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gravedona ed Uniti</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I6">Fondazione Europea Ricerca Biomedica (FERB), “S.Isidoro” Hospital, Trescore Balneario, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Fondazione Europea Ricerca Biomedica (FERB), “S.Isidoro” Hospital, Trescore Balneario</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Trescore Balneario</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Parkinson's Disease</title><idno type="ISSN">2090-8083</idno><idno type="eISSN">2042-0080</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Balance dysfunction (BD) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disabling symptom, difficult to treat and predisposing to falls. The dopaminergic drugs or deep brain stimulation does not always provide significant improvements of BD and rehabilitative approaches have also failed to restore this condition. In this study, we investigated the suitability of quantitative posturographic indicators to early identify patients that could develop disabling BD. Parkinsonian patients not complaining of a subjective BD and controls were tested using a posturographic platform (PP) with open eyes (OE) and performing a simple cognitive task [counting (OEC)]. We found that patients show higher values of total standard deviation (SD) of body sway and along the medio-lateral (ML) axis during OE condition. Furthermore, total and ML SD of body sway during OE condition and total SD of body sway with OEC were higher than controls also in a subgroup of patients with normal Berg Balance Scale. We conclude that BD in Parkinsonian patients can be discovered before its appearance using a PP and that these data may allow developing specific rehabilitative treatment to prevent or delay their onset.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smania, N" uniqKey="Smania N">N. Smania</name></author><author><name sortKey="Corato, E" uniqKey="Corato E">E. Corato</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tinazzi, M" uniqKey="Tinazzi M">M. Tinazzi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marchese, R" uniqKey="Marchese R">R. Marchese</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bove, M" uniqKey="Bove M">M. Bove</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abbruzzese, G" uniqKey="Abbruzzese G">G. Abbruzzese</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, S D" uniqKey="Kim S">S. D. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allen, N E" uniqKey="Allen N">N. E. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Parkinsons Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Parkinsons Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PD</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Parkinson's Disease</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2090-8083</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2042-0080</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26504611</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4609480</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/520128</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Balance Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: The Role of Posturography in Developing a Rehabilitation Program</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferrazzoli</surname><given-names>Davide</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fasano</surname><given-names>Alfonso</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maestri</surname><given-names>Roberto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bera</surname><given-names>Rossana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Palamara</surname><given-names>Grazia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ghilardi</surname><given-names>Maria Felice</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pezzoli</surname><given-names>Gianni</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Frazzitta</surname><given-names>Giuseppe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I6"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Parkinson Disease and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, “Moriggia-Pelascini” Hospital, Gravedona ed Uniti, Italy</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Department of Biomedical Engineering, Scientific Institute of Montescano, S. Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Montescano, Italy</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Department of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, CUNY Medical School, New York, NY 10031, USA</aff><aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy</aff><aff id="I6"><sup>6</sup>Fondazione Europea Ricerca Biomedica (FERB), “S.Isidoro” Hospital, Trescore Balneario, Italy</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Davide Ferrazzoli: <email>davideferrazzoli@gmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Talia Herman</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>4</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>2015</volume><elocation-id>520128</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day><month>2</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>20</day><month>4</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day><month>4</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Davide Ferrazzoli et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Balance dysfunction (BD) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disabling symptom, difficult to treat and predisposing to falls. The dopaminergic drugs or deep brain stimulation does not always provide significant improvements of BD and rehabilitative approaches have also failed to restore this condition. In this study, we investigated the suitability of quantitative posturographic indicators to early identify patients that could develop disabling BD. Parkinsonian patients not complaining of a subjective BD and controls were tested using a posturographic platform (PP) with open eyes (OE) and performing a simple cognitive task [counting (OEC)]. We found that patients show higher values of total standard deviation (SD) of body sway and along the medio-lateral (ML) axis during OE condition. Furthermore, total and ML SD of body sway during OE condition and total SD of body sway with OEC were higher than controls also in a subgroup of patients with normal Berg Balance Scale. We conclude that BD in Parkinsonian patients can be discovered before its appearance using a PP and that these data may allow developing specific rehabilitative treatment to prevent or delay their onset.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Berg Balance Scale values in PD patients compared to controls.<italic> As expected, BBS values were lower in PD patients compared to controls.</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="PD2015-520128.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Total standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes in PD patients with respect to controls.<italic> PD patients showed higher values of total standard deviation (SD) of trunk sway with open eyes (OE) with respect to controls.</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="PD2015-520128.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Mediolateral standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes in PD patients with respect to controls.<italic> PD patients showed higher values of mediolateral (ML) standard deviation (SD) of trunk sway with open eyes (OE) with respect to controls.</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="PD2015-520128.003"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients and controls. </p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All patients <break></break> (<italic>N</italic> = 29)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls <break></break> (<italic>N</italic> = 12)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> value<sup>∗</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients at low risk of fall <break></break>(<italic>N</italic> = 23)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> value<sup>†</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex (M/F)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12/17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3/9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.480</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10/13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.463</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (years)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.2 ± 8.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.5 ± 6.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.322</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.8 ± 8.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.649</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight (kilograms)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.8 ± 10.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.4 ± 9.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.9 ± 11.3 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Height (centimeters)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">173.7 ± 8.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">172.6 ± 9.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">174.4 ± 7.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Education (years)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.06 ± 4.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.5 ± 5.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.1 ± 4.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disease duration (years)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.6 ± 5.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.2 ± 5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UPDRS III</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.6 ± 5.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.1 ± 5.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Side of disease onset (L/R)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18/11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12/11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L-DOPA equivalent (mg/day)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">742.2 ± 336.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">792.2 ± 340.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>∗</sup><italic>p</italic> value for the comparison between all patients and controls.</p></fn><fn><p><sup>†</sup><italic>p</italic> value for the comparison between patients at low risk of fall and controls.</p></fn><fn><p>UPDRS III: Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, part III, ON state.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Values of BBS and posturographic parameters observed in patients and controls.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All patients <break></break> (<italic>N</italic> = 29)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls <break></break> (<italic>N</italic> = 12)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> value<sup>∗</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients at low risk of fall <break></break>(<italic>N</italic> = 23)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> value<sup>†</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.3 ± 8.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.3 ± 1.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.6 ± 4.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AP SD OE (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.7 ± 3.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.9 ± 2.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.852</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.4 ± 2.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.596</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ML SD OE (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.3 ± 2.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.4 ± 0.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.019</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8 ± 2.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.050</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Area ellipse OE (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">601.6 ± 581.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">373.5 ± 202.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.195</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">510.0 ± 446.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.324</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total SD OE (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.1 ± 14.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0 ± 1.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.1 ± 14.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.013</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AP SD OEC (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.7 ± 3.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.4 ± 1.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.813</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5 ± 3.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.957</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ML SD OEC (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8 ± 3.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3 ± 1.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.172</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5 ± 3.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.283</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Area ellipse OEC (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">477.1 ± 493.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">321.4 ± 179.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.297</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">385.7 ± 376.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.583</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total SD OEC (mm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.1 ± 13.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5 ± 2.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.020</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.0 ± 14.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.017</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>∗</sup><italic>p</italic> value for the comparison between all patients and controls.</p></fn><fn><p><sup>†</sup><italic>p</italic> value for the comparison between patients at low risk of fall and controls.</p></fn><fn><p>BBS: Berg Balance Scale; UPDRS III (ON state): Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III; OE: open eyes; OEC: open eyes counting; AP SD OE: anteroposterior standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes; ML SD OE: mediolateral standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes; Total SD OE: total standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes; AP SD OEC: anteroposterior standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes counting; ML SD OEC: mediolateral standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes counting; Total SD OEC: total standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes counting.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap-group id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>(a) Results of correlation analysis (correlation matrix for PD patients). (b) Results of correlation analysis (correlation matrix for controls).</p></caption><table-wrap id="tab3a" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>(a)</label><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UPDRS III</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AP SD OE</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ML SD OE</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Area ellipse OE</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total SD OE</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AP SD OEC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ML SD OEC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Area ellipse OEC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total SD OEC</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.46 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.011)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.145)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.08 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.679)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.089)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.778)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.35 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.060)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.22 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.259)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.107)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.037)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.41 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.029)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.46 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.011)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.37 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.050)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.13 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.502)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.49 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.007)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.32 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.093)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.11 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.562)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.27 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.153)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.30 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.110)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.53 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.004)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.711)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UPDRS III</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.145)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.37 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.050)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.824)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.309)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.343)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.906)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.408)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.117)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.129)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.06 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.746)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AP SD OE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.08 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.679)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.13 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.502)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.824)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.016)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.476)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.012)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.22 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.256)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.37 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.051)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.13 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.517)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD ML OE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.089)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.49 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.007)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.309)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.016)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.849)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.02 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.898)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Area ellipse OE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.778)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.32 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.093)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.343)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.518)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.11 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.583)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total SD OE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.35 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.060)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.11 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.562)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.906)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.476)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.849)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.518)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.06 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.745)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.15 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.423)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.01 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.974)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AP SD OEC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.22 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.259)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.27 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.153)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.408)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.012)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.06 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.745)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.001)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.17 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.392)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ML SD OEC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.107)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.30 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.110)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.117)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.22 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.256)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.15 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.423)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.001)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.13 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.485)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Area ellipse OEC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.037)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.53 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.004)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.129)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.37 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.051)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.01 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.974)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.12 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.550)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total SD OEC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.41 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.029)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.711)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.06 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.746)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.13 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.517)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.02 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.898)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.11 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.583)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86 <italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.17 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.392)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.13 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.485)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.12 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.550)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>BBS: Berg Balance Scale; UPDRS III: Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, part III; OE: open eyes; OEC: open eyes counting; AP SD OE: anteroposterior standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes; ML SD OE: mediolateral standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes; Total SD OE: total standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes; AP SD OEC: anteroposterior standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes counting; ML SD OEC: mediolateral standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes counting; Total SD OEC: total standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes counting.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3b" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><label>(b)</label><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AP SD OE</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ML SD OE</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Area ellipse OE</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total SD OE</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AP SD OEC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ML SD OEC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Area ellipse OEC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total SD OEC</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.68 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.016)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.874)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.515)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.841)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.01 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.986)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.31 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.330)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.811)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.24 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.462)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.891)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BBS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.68 <break></break> (<italic>p</italic> = 0.016)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.10 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.753)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.38 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.227)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.18 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.574)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.546)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.16 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.625)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.22 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.500)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.07 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.834)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.827)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AP SD OE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05 <break></break> (<italic>p</italic> = 0.874)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.10 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.753)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.06 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.849)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.91 <break></break><italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.382)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.38 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.218)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.11 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.732)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.841)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.314)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD ML OE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21 <break></break> (<italic>p</italic> = 0.515)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.38 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.227)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.06 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.849)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.321)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.903)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.250)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.060)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.176)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.25 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.442)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Area ellipse OE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.841)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.18 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.574)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.91 <break></break><italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.321)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.340)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.047)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.528)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.336)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.328)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total SD OE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.01 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.986)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.546)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.382)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.903)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.340)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.144)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.030)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.022)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.011) </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AP SD OEC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.31 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.330)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.16 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.625)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.38 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.218)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.250)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.047)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.144)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.014)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88 <break></break><italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.43 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.165) </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ML SD OEC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.811)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.22 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.500)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.11 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.732)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.060)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.528)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.030)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.014)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90 <break></break><italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.184)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Area ellipse OEC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.24 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.462)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.07 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.834)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.841)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.176)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.336)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.022)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88 <break></break><italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90 <break></break><italic>p</italic> < 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.142)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total SD OEC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.04 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.891)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.827)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.314)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.25 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.442)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.328)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.011)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.43 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.165)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.184)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45 <break></break>(<italic>p</italic> = 0.142)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>BBS: Berg Balance Scale; OE: open eyes; OEC: open eyes counting; AP SD OE: anteroposterior standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes; ML SD OE: mediolateral standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes; Total SD OE: total standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes; AP SD OEC: anteroposterior standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes counting; ML SD OEC: mediolateral standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes counting; Total SD OEC: total standard deviation of trunk sway with open eyes counting.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></table-wrap-group></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Canada</li><li>Italie</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Ontario</li><li>État de New York</li></region><settlement><li>Toronto</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Toronto</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ferrazzoli, Davide" sort="Ferrazzoli, Davide" uniqKey="Ferrazzoli D" first="Davide" last="Ferrazzoli">Davide Ferrazzoli</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bera, Rossana" sort="Bera, Rossana" uniqKey="Bera R" first="Rossana" last="Bera">Rossana Bera</name><name sortKey="Frazzitta, Giuseppe" sort="Frazzitta, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Frazzitta G" first="Giuseppe" last="Frazzitta">Giuseppe Frazzitta</name><name sortKey="Frazzitta, Giuseppe" sort="Frazzitta, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Frazzitta G" first="Giuseppe" last="Frazzitta">Giuseppe Frazzitta</name><name sortKey="Maestri, Roberto" sort="Maestri, Roberto" uniqKey="Maestri R" first="Roberto" last="Maestri">Roberto Maestri</name><name sortKey="Palamara, Grazia" sort="Palamara, Grazia" uniqKey="Palamara G" first="Grazia" last="Palamara">Grazia Palamara</name><name sortKey="Pezzoli, Gianni" sort="Pezzoli, Gianni" uniqKey="Pezzoli G" first="Gianni" last="Pezzoli">Gianni Pezzoli</name></country><country name="Canada"><region name="Ontario"><name sortKey="Fasano, Alfonso" sort="Fasano, Alfonso" uniqKey="Fasano A" first="Alfonso" last="Fasano">Alfonso Fasano</name></region></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="État de New York"><name sortKey="Ghilardi, Maria Felice" sort="Ghilardi, Maria Felice" uniqKey="Ghilardi M" first="Maria Felice" last="Ghilardi">Maria Felice Ghilardi</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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