How musical training affects cognitive development: rhythm, reward and other modulating variables
Identifieur interne : 000160 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000159; suivant : 000161How musical training affects cognitive development: rhythm, reward and other modulating variables
Auteurs : Ewa A. Miendlarzewska [Suisse] ; Wiebke J. Trost [Suisse]Source :
- Frontiers in Neuroscience [ 1662-4548 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Musical training has recently gained additional interest in education as increasing neuroscientific research demonstrates its positive effects on brain development. Neuroimaging revealed plastic changes in the brains of adult musicians but it is still unclear to what extent they are the product of intensive music training rather than of other factors, such as preexisting biological markers of musicality. In this review, we synthesize a large body of studies demonstrating that benefits of musical training extend beyond the skills it directly aims to train and last well into adulthood. For example, children who undergo musical training have better verbal memory, second language pronunciation accuracy, reading ability and executive functions. Learning to play an instrument as a child may even predict academic performance and IQ in young adulthood. The degree of observed structural and functional adaptation in the brain correlates with intensity and duration of practice. Importantly, the effects on cognitive development depend on the timing of musical initiation due to sensitive periods during development, as well as on several other modulating variables. Notably, we point to motivation, reward and social context of musical education, which are important yet neglected factors affecting the long-term benefits of musical training. Further, we introduce the notion of rhythmic entrainment and suggest that it may represent a mechanism supporting learning and development of executive functions. It also hones temporal processing and orienting of attention in time that may underlie enhancements observed in reading and verbal memory. We conclude that musical training uniquely engenders near and far transfer effects, preparing a foundation for a range of skills, and thus fostering cognitive development.
Url:
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00279
PubMed: 24672420
PubMed Central: 3957486
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Musical training has recently gained additional interest in education as increasing neuroscientific research demonstrates its positive effects on brain development. Neuroimaging revealed plastic changes in the brains of adult musicians but it is still unclear to what extent they are the product of intensive music training rather than of other factors, such as preexisting biological markers of musicality. In this review, we synthesize a large body of studies demonstrating that benefits of musical training extend beyond the skills it directly aims to train and last well into adulthood. For example, children who undergo musical training have better verbal memory, second language pronunciation accuracy, reading ability and executive functions. Learning to play an instrument as a child may even predict academic performance and IQ in young adulthood. The degree of observed structural and functional adaptation in the brain correlates with intensity and duration of practice. Importantly, the effects on cognitive development depend on the timing of musical initiation due to sensitive periods during development, as well as on several other modulating variables. Notably, we point to motivation, reward and social context of musical education, which are important yet neglected factors affecting the long-term benefits of musical training. Further, we introduce the notion of rhythmic entrainment and suggest that it may represent a mechanism supporting learning and development of executive functions. It also hones temporal processing and orienting of attention in time that may underlie enhancements observed in reading and verbal memory. We conclude that musical training uniquely engenders near and far transfer effects, preparing a foundation for a range of skills, and thus fostering cognitive development.</p>
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<pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Front Neurosci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Front Neurosci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Front. Neurosci.</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Frontiers in Neuroscience</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1662-4548</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1662-453X</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Frontiers Media S.A.</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24672420</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3957486</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fnins.2013.00279</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Psychology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>How musical training affects cognitive development: rhythm, reward and other modulating variables</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Miendlarzewska</surname>
<given-names>Ewa A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn001"><sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Trost</surname>
<given-names>Wiebke J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn002"><sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
<institution>Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, (CMU), University of Geneva</institution>
<country>Geneva, Switzerland</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
<institution>Swiss Centre of Affective Sciences, University of Geneva</institution>
<country>Geneva, Switzerland</country>
</aff>
<author-notes><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by: Jonathan B. Fritz, University of Maryland, USA</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Reviewed by: Kristina Simonyan, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, USA; Daniela Sammler, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Germany; Dana L. Strait, Northwestern University, USA</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="fn001">*Correspondence: Ewa A. Miendlarzewska, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical Centre (CMU), 1, rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland e-mail: <email xlink:type="simple">ewa.miendlarzewska@unige.ch</email>
</corresp>
<corresp id="fn002">Wiebke J. Trost, Swiss Centre of Affective Sciences (CISA), University of Geneva, 9, Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland e-mail: <email xlink:type="simple">johanna.trost@unige.ch</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn003"><p>This article was submitted to Auditory Cognitive Neuroscience, a section of the journal Frontiers in Neuroscience.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<elocation-id>279</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Miendlarzewska and Trost.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>Musical training has recently gained additional interest in education as increasing neuroscientific research demonstrates its positive effects on brain development. Neuroimaging revealed plastic changes in the brains of adult musicians but it is still unclear to what extent they are the product of intensive music training rather than of other factors, such as preexisting biological markers of musicality. In this review, we synthesize a large body of studies demonstrating that benefits of musical training extend beyond the skills it directly aims to train and last well into adulthood. For example, children who undergo musical training have better verbal memory, second language pronunciation accuracy, reading ability and executive functions. Learning to play an instrument as a child may even predict academic performance and IQ in young adulthood. The degree of observed structural and functional adaptation in the brain correlates with intensity and duration of practice. Importantly, the effects on cognitive development depend on the timing of musical initiation due to sensitive periods during development, as well as on several other modulating variables. Notably, we point to motivation, reward and social context of musical education, which are important yet neglected factors affecting the long-term benefits of musical training. Further, we introduce the notion of rhythmic entrainment and suggest that it may represent a mechanism supporting learning and development of executive functions. It also hones temporal processing and orienting of attention in time that may underlie enhancements observed in reading and verbal memory. We conclude that musical training uniquely engenders near and far transfer effects, preparing a foundation for a range of skills, and thus fostering cognitive development.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>musical training</kwd>
<kwd>brain plasticity</kwd>
<kwd>developmental neuroscience</kwd>
<kwd>music education</kwd>
<kwd>rhythmic entrainment</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts><fig-count count="1"></fig-count>
<table-count count="0"></table-count>
<equation-count count="0"></equation-count>
<ref-count count="209"></ref-count>
<page-count count="18"></page-count>
<word-count count="17196"></word-count>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Suisse</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree><country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Miendlarzewska, Ewa A" sort="Miendlarzewska, Ewa A" uniqKey="Miendlarzewska E" first="Ewa A." last="Miendlarzewska">Ewa A. Miendlarzewska</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Miendlarzewska, Ewa A" sort="Miendlarzewska, Ewa A" uniqKey="Miendlarzewska E" first="Ewa A." last="Miendlarzewska">Ewa A. Miendlarzewska</name>
<name sortKey="Trost, Wiebke J" sort="Trost, Wiebke J" uniqKey="Trost W" first="Wiebke J." last="Trost">Wiebke J. Trost</name>
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