Activating and Relaxing Music Entrains the Speed of Beat Synchronized Walking
Identifieur interne : 000140 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000139; suivant : 000141Activating and Relaxing Music Entrains the Speed of Beat Synchronized Walking
Auteurs : Marc Leman [Belgique] ; Dirk Moelants [Belgique] ; Matthias Varewyck [Belgique] ; Frederik Styns [Belgique] ; Leon Van Noorden [Belgique] ; Jean-Pierre Martens [Belgique]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Inspired by a theory of embodied music cognition, we investigate whether music can entrain the speed of beat synchronized walking. If human walking is in synchrony with the beat and all musical stimuli have the same duration and the same tempo, then differences in walking speed can only be the result of music-induced differences in stride length, thus reflecting the vigor or physical strength of the movement. Participants walked in an open field in synchrony with the beat of 52 different musical stimuli all having a tempo of 130 beats per minute and a meter of 4 beats. The walking speed was measured as the walked distance during a time interval of 30 seconds. The results reveal that some music is ‘activating’ in the sense that it increases the speed, and some music is ‘relaxing’ in the sense that it decreases the speed, compared to the spontaneous walked speed in response to metronome stimuli. Participants are consistent in their observation of qualitative differences between the relaxing and activating musical stimuli. Using regression analysis, it was possible to set up a predictive model using only four sonic features that explain 60% of the variance. The sonic features capture variation in loudness and pitch patterns at periods of three, four and six beats, suggesting that expressive patterns in music are responsible for the effect. The mechanism may be attributed to an attentional shift, a subliminal audio-motor entrainment mechanism, or an arousal effect, but further study is needed to figure this out. Overall, the study supports the hypothesis that recurrent patterns of fluctuation affecting the binary meter strength of the music may entrain the vigor of the movement. The study opens up new perspectives for understanding the relationship between entrainment and expressiveness, with the possibility to develop applications that can be used in domains such as sports and physical rehabilitation.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067932
PubMed: 23874469
PubMed Central: 3707869
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xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Gand</settlement><region>Région flamande</region><region type="district" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moelants, Dirk" sort="Moelants, Dirk" uniqKey="Moelants D" first="Dirk" last="Moelants">Dirk Moelants</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Gand</settlement><region>Région flamande</region><region type="district" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Varewyck, Matthias" sort="Varewyck, Matthias" uniqKey="Varewyck M" first="Matthias" last="Varewyck">Matthias Varewyck</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Gand</settlement><region>Région flamande</region><region type="district" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Styns, Frederik" sort="Styns, Frederik" uniqKey="Styns F" first="Frederik" last="Styns">Frederik Styns</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Gand</settlement><region>Région flamande</region><region type="district" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Noorden, Leon" sort="Van Noorden, Leon" uniqKey="Van Noorden L" first="Leon" last="Van Noorden">Leon Van Noorden</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Gand</settlement><region>Région flamande</region><region type="district" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martens, Jean Pierre" sort="Martens, Jean Pierre" uniqKey="Martens J" first="Jean-Pierre" last="Martens">Jean-Pierre Martens</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Gand</settlement><region>Région flamande</region><region type="district" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Inspired by a theory of embodied music cognition, we investigate whether music can entrain the speed of beat synchronized walking. If human walking is in synchrony with the beat and all musical stimuli have the same duration and the same tempo, then differences in walking speed can only be the result of music-induced differences in stride length, thus reflecting the vigor or physical strength of the movement. Participants walked in an open field in synchrony with the beat of 52 different musical stimuli all having a tempo of 130 beats per minute and a meter of 4 beats. The walking speed was measured as the walked distance during a time interval of 30 seconds. The results reveal that some music is ‘activating’ in the sense that it increases the speed, and some music is ‘relaxing’ in the sense that it decreases the speed, compared to the spontaneous walked speed in response to metronome stimuli. Participants are consistent in their observation of qualitative differences between the relaxing and activating musical stimuli. Using regression analysis, it was possible to set up a predictive model using only four sonic features that explain 60% of the variance. The sonic features capture variation in loudness and pitch patterns at periods of three, four and six beats, suggesting that expressive patterns in music are responsible for the effect. The mechanism may be attributed to an attentional shift, a subliminal audio-motor entrainment mechanism, or an arousal effect, but further study is needed to figure this out. Overall, the study supports the hypothesis that recurrent patterns of fluctuation affecting the binary meter strength of the music may entrain the vigor of the movement. The study opens up new perspectives for understanding the relationship between entrainment and expressiveness, with the possibility to develop applications that can be used in domains such as sports and physical rehabilitation.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Styns, F" uniqKey="Styns F">F Styns</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Noorden, L" uniqKey="Van Noorden L">L van Noorden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moelants, D" uniqKey="Moelants D">D Moelants</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leman, M" uniqKey="Leman M">M Leman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leman, M" uniqKey="Leman M">M Leman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sevdalis, V" uniqKey="Sevdalis V">V Sevdalis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keller, Pe" uniqKey="Keller P">PE 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23874469</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3707869</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-12-39395</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0067932</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Computer Science</subject><subj-group><subject>Computer Modeling</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Mental Health</subject><subj-group><subject>Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Behavior</subject><subj-group><subject>Attention (Behavior)</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Experimental Psychology</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Sports and Exercise Medicine</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Social and Behavioral Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Behavior</subject><subj-group><subject>Attention (Behavior)</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Experimental Psychology</subject><subject>Sensory Perception</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Activating and Relaxing Music Entrains the Speed of Beat Synchronized Walking</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Music Entrains Walking</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Leman</surname><given-names>Marc</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moelants</surname><given-names>Dirk</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Varewyck</surname><given-names>Matthias</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Styns</surname><given-names>Frederik</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Noorden</surname><given-names>Leon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martens</surname><given-names>Jean-Pierre</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Institute for Psychoacoustics and Electronic Music, Department of Musicology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Snyder</surname><given-names>Joel</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>UNLV, United States of America</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>marc.leman@ugent.be</email></corresp><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: ML DM FS LvN. Performed the experiments: FS. Analyzed the data: DM MV J-PM. Wrote the paper: ML J-PM.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>7</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>7</issue><elocation-id>e67932</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>20</day><month>5</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Leman et al</copyright-holder><license><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Inspired by a theory of embodied music cognition, we investigate whether music can entrain the speed of beat synchronized walking. If human walking is in synchrony with the beat and all musical stimuli have the same duration and the same tempo, then differences in walking speed can only be the result of music-induced differences in stride length, thus reflecting the vigor or physical strength of the movement. Participants walked in an open field in synchrony with the beat of 52 different musical stimuli all having a tempo of 130 beats per minute and a meter of 4 beats. The walking speed was measured as the walked distance during a time interval of 30 seconds. The results reveal that some music is ‘activating’ in the sense that it increases the speed, and some music is ‘relaxing’ in the sense that it decreases the speed, compared to the spontaneous walked speed in response to metronome stimuli. Participants are consistent in their observation of qualitative differences between the relaxing and activating musical stimuli. Using regression analysis, it was possible to set up a predictive model using only four sonic features that explain 60% of the variance. The sonic features capture variation in loudness and pitch patterns at periods of three, four and six beats, suggesting that expressive patterns in music are responsible for the effect. The mechanism may be attributed to an attentional shift, a subliminal audio-motor entrainment mechanism, or an arousal effect, but further study is needed to figure this out. Overall, the study supports the hypothesis that recurrent patterns of fluctuation affecting the binary meter strength of the music may entrain the vigor of the movement. The study opens up new perspectives for understanding the relationship between entrainment and expressiveness, with the possibility to develop applications that can be used in domains such as sports and physical rehabilitation.</p></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>Funding by a Methusalem grant from the Flemish Government, Belgium, and a BOF grant from Ghent University. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><page-count count="11"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Belgique</li></country><region><li>Province de Flandre-Orientale</li><li>Région flamande</li></region><settlement><li>Gand</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Gand</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Belgique"><region name="Région flamande"><name sortKey="Leman, Marc" sort="Leman, Marc" uniqKey="Leman M" first="Marc" last="Leman">Marc Leman</name></region><name sortKey="Martens, Jean Pierre" sort="Martens, Jean Pierre" uniqKey="Martens J" first="Jean-Pierre" last="Martens">Jean-Pierre Martens</name><name sortKey="Moelants, Dirk" sort="Moelants, Dirk" uniqKey="Moelants D" first="Dirk" last="Moelants">Dirk Moelants</name><name sortKey="Styns, Frederik" sort="Styns, Frederik" uniqKey="Styns F" first="Frederik" last="Styns">Frederik Styns</name><name sortKey="Van Noorden, Leon" sort="Van Noorden, Leon" uniqKey="Van Noorden L" first="Leon" last="Van Noorden">Leon Van Noorden</name><name sortKey="Varewyck, Matthias" sort="Varewyck, Matthias" uniqKey="Varewyck M" first="Matthias" last="Varewyck">Matthias Varewyck</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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