Questionnaire-based evaluation of everyday competence in older adults
Identifieur interne : 000073 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000072; suivant : 000074Questionnaire-based evaluation of everyday competence in older adults
Auteurs : Tobias Kalisch ; Julia Richter [Allemagne] ; Melanie Lenz ; Jan-Christoph Kattenstroth ; Izabela Kolankowska ; Martin Tegenthoff ; Hubert R. DinseSource :
- Clinical Interventions in Aging [ 1176-9092 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
Gerontological research aims at understanding factors that are crucial for mediating “successful aging”. This term denotes the absence of significant disease and disabilities, maintenance of high levels of physical and cognitive function, and preservation of social and productive activities. Preservation of an active lifestyle is considered an effective means through which everyday competence can be attained. In this context, it is crucial to obtain ratings of modern day older adults’ everyday competence by means of appropriate assessments. Here, we introduce the Everyday Competence Questionnaire (ECQ), designed to assess healthy older adults’ everyday competence.
The ECQ includes 17 items, covering housekeeping, leisure activities, sports, daily routines, manual skills, subjective well-being, and general linguistic usage. The ECQ was administered to a population of 158 healthy subjects aged 60–91 years, who were divided into groups on the basis of their physical activity. These groups were community-dwelling subjects, those living independently and having a sedentary lifestyle, those living independently but characterized by a general lifestyle without any noteworthy physical activity, and those living independently and exercising regularly. Age, gender, and education levels were balanced between the groups.
Using the ECQ, we could identify and distinguish different everyday competence levels between the groups tested: Subjects characterized by an active lifestyle outperformed all other groups. Subjects characterized by a general lifestyle showed higher everyday competence than those with a sedentary lifestyle or subjects who needed care. Furthermore, the ECQ data showed a significant positive correlation between individual physical activity and everyday competence.
The ECQ is a novel tool for the questionnaire-based evaluation of everyday competence among healthy subjects. By including leisure activities, it considers the changed living conditions of modern-day older adults.
Url:
DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S15433
PubMed: 21472090
PubMed Central: 3066251
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Questionnaire-based evaluation of everyday competence in older adults</title><author><name sortKey="Kalisch, Tobias" sort="Kalisch, Tobias" uniqKey="Kalisch T" first="Tobias" last="Kalisch">Tobias Kalisch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-cia-6-037">Department of Neurology, BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richter, Julia" sort="Richter, Julia" uniqKey="Richter J" first="Julia" last="Richter">Julia Richter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-cia-6-037">Faculty of Psychology, Department of Methods, Diagnostics and Evaluation, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Psychology, Department of Methods, Diagnostics and Evaluation, Ruhr-University Bochum</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ruhr-University Bochum</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Ruhr-University Bochum</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Ruhr-University Bochum</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lenz, Melanie" sort="Lenz, Melanie" uniqKey="Lenz M" first="Melanie" last="Lenz">Melanie Lenz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-cia-6-037">Department of Neurology, BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kattenstroth, Jan Christoph" sort="Kattenstroth, Jan Christoph" uniqKey="Kattenstroth J" first="Jan-Christoph" last="Kattenstroth">Jan-Christoph Kattenstroth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-cia-6-037">Neural Plasticity Lab, Institute for Neuroinformatics, Department of Theoretical Biology</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Department of Theoretical Biology</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kolankowska, Izabela" sort="Kolankowska, Izabela" uniqKey="Kolankowska I" first="Izabela" last="Kolankowska">Izabela Kolankowska</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-cia-6-037">Neural Plasticity Lab, Institute for Neuroinformatics, Department of Theoretical Biology</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Department of Theoretical Biology</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tegenthoff, Martin" sort="Tegenthoff, Martin" uniqKey="Tegenthoff M" first="Martin" last="Tegenthoff">Martin Tegenthoff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-cia-6-037">Department of Neurology, BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dinse, Hubert R" sort="Dinse, Hubert R" uniqKey="Dinse H" first="Hubert R" last="Dinse">Hubert R. Dinse</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-cia-6-037">Neural Plasticity Lab, Institute for Neuroinformatics, Department of Theoretical Biology</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Department of Theoretical Biology</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">21472090</idno><idno type="pmc">3066251</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066251</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3066251</idno><idno type="doi">10.2147/CIA.S15433</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000274</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000274</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000162</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000162</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000125</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000125</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000073</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Questionnaire-based evaluation of everyday competence in older adults</title><author><name sortKey="Kalisch, Tobias" sort="Kalisch, Tobias" uniqKey="Kalisch T" first="Tobias" last="Kalisch">Tobias Kalisch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-cia-6-037">Department of Neurology, BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richter, Julia" sort="Richter, Julia" uniqKey="Richter J" first="Julia" last="Richter">Julia Richter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-cia-6-037">Faculty of Psychology, Department of Methods, Diagnostics and Evaluation, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Psychology, Department of Methods, Diagnostics and Evaluation, Ruhr-University Bochum</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ruhr-University Bochum</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Ruhr-University Bochum</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Ruhr-University Bochum</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lenz, Melanie" sort="Lenz, Melanie" uniqKey="Lenz M" first="Melanie" last="Lenz">Melanie Lenz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-cia-6-037">Department of Neurology, BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kattenstroth, Jan Christoph" sort="Kattenstroth, Jan Christoph" uniqKey="Kattenstroth J" first="Jan-Christoph" last="Kattenstroth">Jan-Christoph Kattenstroth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-cia-6-037">Neural Plasticity Lab, Institute for Neuroinformatics, Department of Theoretical Biology</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Department of Theoretical Biology</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kolankowska, Izabela" sort="Kolankowska, Izabela" uniqKey="Kolankowska I" first="Izabela" last="Kolankowska">Izabela Kolankowska</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-cia-6-037">Neural Plasticity Lab, Institute for Neuroinformatics, Department of Theoretical Biology</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Department of Theoretical Biology</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tegenthoff, Martin" sort="Tegenthoff, Martin" uniqKey="Tegenthoff M" first="Martin" last="Tegenthoff">Martin Tegenthoff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-cia-6-037">Department of Neurology, BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dinse, Hubert R" sort="Dinse, Hubert R" uniqKey="Dinse H" first="Hubert R" last="Dinse">Hubert R. Dinse</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-cia-6-037">Neural Plasticity Lab, Institute for Neuroinformatics, Department of Theoretical Biology</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Department of Theoretical Biology</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Clinical Interventions in Aging</title><idno type="ISSN">1176-9092</idno><idno type="eISSN">1178-1998</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background:</title><p>Gerontological research aims at understanding factors that are crucial for mediating “successful aging”. This term denotes the absence of significant disease and disabilities, maintenance of high levels of physical and cognitive function, and preservation of social and productive activities. Preservation of an active lifestyle is considered an effective means through which everyday competence can be attained. In this context, it is crucial to obtain ratings of modern day older adults’ everyday competence by means of appropriate assessments. Here, we introduce the Everyday Competence Questionnaire (ECQ), designed to assess healthy older adults’ everyday competence.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods:</title><p>The ECQ includes 17 items, covering housekeeping, leisure activities, sports, daily routines, manual skills, subjective well-being, and general linguistic usage. The ECQ was administered to a population of 158 healthy subjects aged 60–91 years, who were divided into groups on the basis of their physical activity. These groups were community-dwelling subjects, those living independently and having a sedentary lifestyle, those living independently but characterized by a general lifestyle without any noteworthy physical activity, and those living independently and exercising regularly. Age, gender, and education levels were balanced between the groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>Using the ECQ, we could identify and distinguish different everyday competence levels between the groups tested: Subjects characterized by an active lifestyle outperformed all other groups. Subjects characterized by a general lifestyle showed higher everyday competence than those with a sedentary lifestyle or subjects who needed care. Furthermore, the ECQ data showed a significant positive correlation between individual physical activity and everyday competence.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion:</title><p>The ECQ is a novel tool for the questionnaire-based evaluation of everyday competence among healthy subjects. By including leisure activities, it considers the changed living conditions of modern-day older adults.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dinse, Hr" uniqKey="Dinse H">HR Dinse</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Klenk, J" uniqKey="Klenk J">J Klenk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rapp, K" uniqKey="Rapp K">K Rapp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buchele, G" uniqKey="Buchele G">G Buchele</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keil, U" uniqKey="Keil U">U Keil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weiland, Sk" uniqKey="Weiland S">SK Weiland</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oeppen, J" uniqKey="Oeppen J">J Oeppen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vaupel, Jw" uniqKey="Vaupel J">JW Vaupel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Franklin, Nc" uniqKey="Franklin N">NC 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Clin Interv Aging</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Clinical Interventions in Aging</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1176-9092</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1178-1998</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21472090</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3066251</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/CIA.S15433</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">cia-6-037</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Questionnaire-based evaluation of everyday competence in older adults</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kalisch</surname><given-names>Tobias</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-cia-6-037"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-cia-6-037">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Richter</surname><given-names>Julia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-cia-6-037">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lenz</surname><given-names>Melanie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-cia-6-037">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kattenstroth</surname><given-names>Jan-Christoph</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-cia-6-037">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kolankowska</surname><given-names>Izabela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-cia-6-037">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tegenthoff</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-cia-6-037">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dinse</surname><given-names>Hubert R</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-cia-6-037">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-cia-6-037"><label>1</label>Department of Neurology, BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil</aff><aff id="af2-cia-6-037"><label>2</label>Neural Plasticity Lab, Institute for Neuroinformatics, Department of Theoretical Biology</aff><aff id="af3-cia-6-037"><label>3</label>Faculty of Psychology, Department of Methods, Diagnostics and Evaluation, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-cia-6-037">Correspondence: Tobias Kalisch, Abt für Neurologische Traumatologie und Neurorehabilitation, Neurologische Universitätsklinik, BG-Kliniken, Bergmannsheil, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany, Tel + 49 023 4322 2168, Fax + 49 023 4320 4931, Email <email>tobias.kalisch@rub.de</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2011</year></pub-date><pmc-comment>Dove Press titles changed from ppub to collections in 2009.
Fake ppub written to satisfy Coll Date Type=ppub</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>1</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>25</day><month>1</month><year>2011</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2011 Kalisch et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.</copyright-statement><license><license-p>This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background:</title><p>Gerontological research aims at understanding factors that are crucial for mediating “successful aging”. This term denotes the absence of significant disease and disabilities, maintenance of high levels of physical and cognitive function, and preservation of social and productive activities. Preservation of an active lifestyle is considered an effective means through which everyday competence can be attained. In this context, it is crucial to obtain ratings of modern day older adults’ everyday competence by means of appropriate assessments. Here, we introduce the Everyday Competence Questionnaire (ECQ), designed to assess healthy older adults’ everyday competence.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods:</title><p>The ECQ includes 17 items, covering housekeeping, leisure activities, sports, daily routines, manual skills, subjective well-being, and general linguistic usage. The ECQ was administered to a population of 158 healthy subjects aged 60–91 years, who were divided into groups on the basis of their physical activity. These groups were community-dwelling subjects, those living independently and having a sedentary lifestyle, those living independently but characterized by a general lifestyle without any noteworthy physical activity, and those living independently and exercising regularly. Age, gender, and education levels were balanced between the groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>Using the ECQ, we could identify and distinguish different everyday competence levels between the groups tested: Subjects characterized by an active lifestyle outperformed all other groups. Subjects characterized by a general lifestyle showed higher everyday competence than those with a sedentary lifestyle or subjects who needed care. Furthermore, the ECQ data showed a significant positive correlation between individual physical activity and everyday competence.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion:</title><p>The ECQ is a novel tool for the questionnaire-based evaluation of everyday competence among healthy subjects. By including leisure activities, it considers the changed living conditions of modern-day older adults.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>successful aging</kwd><kwd>everyday competence</kwd><kwd>questionnaire-based evaluation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-cia-6-037" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Everyday Competence Questionnaire scores for all subjects.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Subjects characterized by an active lifestyle (blue bars) outperformed all other subjects. We found a significant decrease in Everyday Competence Questionnaire scores from data of Group 2 (active lifestyle) over data of Group 1 (general lifestyle), Group 3 (sedentary lifestyle) and data of Group 4 (nursing care) (Spearman correlation) r = −0.354, P ≤ 0.001). *Bonferroni post hoc test P ≤ 0.05.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="cia-6-037f1"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-cia-6-037" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Housing and living conditions. Subjects were divided into four groups representing different lifestyles in terms of independence, social contacts, and physical activity</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Group</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lifestyle</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Explanation</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>% of cohort</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1</bold><break></break>(n = 51)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“General”</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Independently living subjects with regular social contacts and agile lifestyle. No workout.</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2a</bold><break></break>(n = 30)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“Active”</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Independently living subjects with regular social contacts and active lifestyle. Regular amateur dancing.</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.0%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2b</bold><break></break>(n = 22)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Independently living subjects with regular social contacts and active lifestyle. Regular workout.</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.9%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2c</bold><break></break>(n = 21)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Independently living subjects with regular social contacts and active lifestyle. Irregular workout.</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3</bold><break></break>(n = 27)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“Sedentary”</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subjects living in senior residences. Reduced social contacts. No workout.</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>4</bold><break></break>(n = 7)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“Nursing care”</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subjects in need of care living in a nursing home. Very limited social contacts. Almost static lifestyle.</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4%</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-cia-6-037" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Education of the subjects: overview of the education level, years in professional training, and duration of retirement for all subjects</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>School form (according to the German school system)</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Usual duration (years)</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Average duration (years)</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>% of cohort</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“Grundschule”</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“Volksschule”</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“Hauptschule”</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“Realschule”</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“Gymnasium”</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Professional training</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retirement</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.8</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-cia-6-037" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Everyday Competence Questionnaire: the questionnaire consisted of 17 items with one specific question per item (additional information for the investigator is given in parentheses)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Item</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Questions</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Domain</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ranking</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Score (points)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="5" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="5" colspan="1">“What kind of hobbies do you have?” (self-contained, not with other people) (jump to other questions if necessary)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="5" colspan="1">lsa</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mentally and physically challenging</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mentally or physically challenging</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other (television etc)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Up to 1 point bonus for very challenging activities</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">“How do you manage housekeeping?” (estimate the need for help)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">hk/dr</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Independently</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">With a little support</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">With major support</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dependent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">“How do you manage shopping?” (estimate the need for help)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">hk/dr</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Independently</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supported by partner</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Only with the support of partner</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dependent (delivery service)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">“Do you cook at home?” (estimate the need for help)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">hk/dr</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Independently and regularly</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Occasionally</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No (meals on wheels, partner)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="5" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="5" colspan="1">“How do you commute?” (estimate mobility)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="5" colspan="1">m</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bike</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Car</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Local transit</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pedestrian</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 point bonus for 2 options, 2 points bonus for all options</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">“Do you play any sport?” (estimate frequency and effort)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">s</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regular workout</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sporadic or simple activities (walking)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiotherapy, focused movements</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">“How do you spend your leisure time with other people?” (honorary offices, social networks)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">lsa</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Very challenging (honorary office)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intellectually and socially demanding</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intellectually or socially demanding</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">“Do you play any music instruments?” (at present not in the past)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">ms/lsa</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regularly and challenging</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amateur/rarely</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">“Are you able to type on a machine/keyboard?” (if applicable estimate computer skills)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">ms/lsa</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Touch typing</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Visually guided</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Up to 2 points bonus for computer and Internet skills</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">“Do you travel?”</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">m</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Independently and often</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Only with partner or in a group</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Up to 2 points bonus for challenging tours and foreign language use</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">“Is there any skilled manual work or home improvement activities you carry out?”</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">ms/lsa</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arts or technical challenging work</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Repair work</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">“What about gardening?”</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">lsa</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Allotment holder</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Front garden/balcony</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“How often do you write by hand?”</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ms</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Often (letters, poems, diary)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rare (shopping lists)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">“Do you like to be in the company of other people or do you prefer being on your own?” (estimate frequency of contacts)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">lsa/dr</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Very sociable, rarely alone</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regularly meet family and friends</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Choosy about companions/few contacts</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mostly alone</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">“How are your daily routines structured?” (estimate flexibility)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">dr</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Proactive behavior/alternately</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Some activities but fixed schedule</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Very fixed schedule for basic activities of daily living</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nursing care</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="5" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="5" colspan="1">“How do you feel–are you comfortable with your health situation?” (estimate subjective health condition)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="5" colspan="1">swb</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Very good</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Good</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acceptable</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bad</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Very unsatisfied</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Fluency of speech (no question, ranked by investigator)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">la</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eloquent/responds to various topics</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Small deficiencies, but still flexible</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Deficiencies in speech and understanding</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Limited comprehension</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-cia-6-037"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> lsa, leisure activities; s, sports; swb, subjective wellbeing; la, linguistic abilities; hk, housekeeping; dr, daily routine; ms, manual skills; m, mobility.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-cia-6-037" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Four-factor structure of the Everyday Competence Questionnaire: factor analysis for the questionnaire items revealed a four-factor structure</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Factor</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Item</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Domain</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Factor loading</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="7" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ms/lsa</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.706</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.683</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">lsa</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.633</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ms/lsa</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.586</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">lsa</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.532</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ms</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.433</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.413</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hk/dr</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.866</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hk/dr</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.824</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">hk/dr</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.819</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">lsa/dr</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.834</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">s</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.562</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ms/lsa</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.742</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">la</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.746</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">swb</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.695</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dr</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.602</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">lsa</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.460</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn2-cia-6-037"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> lsa, leisure activities; s, sports; swb, subjective wellbeing; la, linguistic abilities; hk, housekeeping; dr, daily routine; ms, manual skills; m, mobility.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Dinse, Hubert R" sort="Dinse, Hubert R" uniqKey="Dinse H" first="Hubert R" last="Dinse">Hubert R. Dinse</name><name sortKey="Kalisch, Tobias" sort="Kalisch, Tobias" uniqKey="Kalisch T" first="Tobias" last="Kalisch">Tobias Kalisch</name><name sortKey="Kattenstroth, Jan Christoph" sort="Kattenstroth, Jan Christoph" uniqKey="Kattenstroth J" first="Jan-Christoph" last="Kattenstroth">Jan-Christoph Kattenstroth</name><name sortKey="Kolankowska, Izabela" sort="Kolankowska, Izabela" uniqKey="Kolankowska I" first="Izabela" last="Kolankowska">Izabela Kolankowska</name><name sortKey="Lenz, Melanie" sort="Lenz, Melanie" uniqKey="Lenz M" first="Melanie" last="Lenz">Melanie Lenz</name><name sortKey="Tegenthoff, Martin" sort="Tegenthoff, Martin" uniqKey="Tegenthoff M" first="Martin" last="Tegenthoff">Martin Tegenthoff</name></noCountry><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Richter, Julia" sort="Richter, Julia" uniqKey="Richter J" first="Julia" last="Richter">Julia Richter</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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