Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. May 1954
Identifieur interne : 000301 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000300; suivant : 000302Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. May 1954
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- Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry [ 0368-3958 ] ; 1954.
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DOI: 10.1039/JI9547800231
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R. Inst. Chem.</title><title type="full">Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry</title><title type="journal">Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry</title><title type="display">Journal of the Chemical Society</title><sercode>JI</sercode><publisher><orgname><nameelt>The Royal Society of Chemistry</nameelt></orgname></publisher><issn type="print">0368-3958</issn><coden>JRICAS</coden><cpyrt>This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry</cpyrt></journalref><pubfront><fpage></fpage><lpage></lpage><no-of-pages></no-of-pages><date><year>1954</year></date></pubfront></published><art-front><titlegrp><title>Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. May 1954</title></titlegrp></art-front><art-body><section type="PDFExtract"><title></title><p>EDITORIAL INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE During the years 1950-1953 a team of three investigators under the guidance of a Steering Committee of which Sir Raymond Street was Chairman made for the Manchester Joint Research Council a survey of the relations between industry and science in firms in the Greater Manchester area. For the purpose of this inquiry which also had the support of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research the view was accepted that new scientific and technical knowledge is absorbed too slowly by certain sections of British industry and that a scientific approach to the day-to-day problems of production and organisation is less common than it should be. The investigators were not primarily concerned to discover whether this comment was correct or not but were interested rather in exploring the reasons usually given why Britain is supposed to lag behind in this way. </p><p>Their report on this inquiry has now been published under the title “Industry and Science.â€� The picture it presents is much more encouraging than might have been supposed. It gives indeed a firm warning against facile generalisations but in spite of its limited scope it collects much useful. information about the utilisation of science by industry. The inquiry was limited to some 225 firms each employing more than fifty persons in an area of South-East Lancashire from Blackburn to Burnley Stalybridge Stockport and Altrincham. Some 76 per cent of the firms approached responded and in the textile industries 20 per cent of the establishments in the area were eventually visited; in the engineering industries 17 per cent of the firms were visited; in the modern industries group concerned with the manufacture of materials or articles unknown to society or industry a century or even fifty years ago 22 per cent; and of those in miscellaneous industries 23 per cent. </p><p>As has been said a main object of the investigation was to explore the reason for the alleged backwardness of British industry in the utilisation of scientific knowledge. One such main reason put forward with increasing frequency over the past years is the relatively small number of scientists employed in industry. Others assert that the backwardness is due less to industrial unwillingness to employ trained scientists than to an insufficiency of scientists of the right type; what industry really needs is more men trained in technology and engineering with a special knowledge of industrial processes. </p><p>Alternatively it is argued that industry does not make the best use of the scientists it does employ and that scientists are confined too narrowly to the research organisations and to the research departments of firms and that there would be a radical change for the better if scientists were employed in production and management up to the highest level. Accordingly the investigators took some trouble to collect facts regarding the employment of scientists in industry that might throw light on such questions if only indirectly and to endeavour to discover whether the presence of scientists at the higher levels of management and on the Boards of Directors led to any crucial difference in the attitude and practice of the firms. </p><p>To the individual scientist and 23 232 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY especially to the young graduate the chapter of the Report that discusses the employment of scientists and technologists is perhaps of the greatest interest. The early stages of the inquiry showed that there was nothing like a clear line of demarcation between scientists and technologists in industrial circIes and for the purpose of this inquiry no attempt was made to distinguish between the two; the only sub-divisions employed were university graduates and those holding professional diplomas or qualifications such as the Associateship of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. </p><p>The investigators found that out of the 225 firms visited, 118 (52 per cent) employed at least one scientist or technologist thus defined the total of 1297 being made up of 684 graduates and 6 13 holding diplomas. The total labour force of the 225 firms was about 147,000, and of these 123,000 were employed in firms with at least one scientist or technologist. By far the greatest number of qualified men were found in the firms in which research and development from new know-ledge was undertaken no fewer than 1021 out of the 1297 being employed by the 77 firms in this class. Perhaps the most striking feature of the use of science graduates revealed in the survey was the high proportion of such graduates occupy-ing seats on Boards of Directors. </p><p>Out of the 684 graduates in the firms visited 93 were directors and these were distributed over 70 of the 99 firms which employed graduates. Thus in these firms a certain measure of the direction of policy was in the hands of men who had received a scientific training. Further 74 of these 93 graduates had reached Board level by their own efforts unassisted by family connections ; but it was manifest that such achievements were not due solely to their scientific training or knowledge. As with the non-scientist promotion to Board status was dependent also on personality drive and the capacity to make decisions. Moreover no instance was found of a man who had been employed solely on research being appointed to the Board of management of his firm. Any scientist or technologist so promoted had arrived there by way of a position involving day-to-day contacts with the firm’s industrial activities. </p><p>The Report is not sufficiently explicit on this point to warrant the assumption that there is no direct transition from the research department to the Directorate though it may be that in their desire to emphasise the importance of qualities other than those which lead to distinction in research the investigators have given the impression that such obstacles exist. What they rightly stress is that qualities other than those which find their natural expression in research work are essential in men who undertake the wider responsibilities of the Board of Directors and that wider experience than research work alone is necessary for these other qualities to be developed. </p><p>It should also be noted in this connection that in emphasising as one of their major conclusions that the ultimate responsibility for the use of scientific knowledge or for the introductih of any other new ideas lies with the Board of Directors and the top level of management of each firm the investigators point out that the personalities of such men and their attitude to the scientific approach to their production is of predominating importance 19541 EDITORIAL 233 There is a second point relating to the employment of scientists eniphasised in the Report that the young graduate aspiring for promotion would do well to note. The investigators were deeply impressed by the fact that when graduates were employed they were invariably regarded with respect and their value to the firm employing them was appreciated. </p><p>The old complaint that a university graduate may be incapable of appreciating the practical realities of the factory or may not fit in with the existing organisation of a firm found no support. In the few such instances encountered in which a firm had once engaged a graduate and discovered ultimately that he either did not fit in or seemed unable to pull his weight it usually emerged that the graduate was a raw recruit and that failure on his part to fit in was largely due to lack of guidance as to what the firm required of him. The investigators point out that when a young graduate enters an establishment in which he is the only graduate he might find his surroundings strange and alien. </p><p>If further he is the first graduate to be engaged by the firm he may well be ignorant of what he should do and how he should go about it; the management itself may also be just as hazy as to what should be expected of him. Several firms employing only one or two graduates pointed out that it was essential for the graduate entering industry for the first time to have some guidance from an experienced fellow-graduate. Generally speaking therefore it would appear better for the young graduate to seek to enter at first a firm already employing other scientists or technologists. Broadly the evidence presented in this Report suggests that in a number of fields of British industry the resources of science are already most effectively enlisted to assist industrial progress. </p><p>Assuming that this cross-section of industry is representative of the whole the investigators suggest that one-third of industry does not require much from science : another third requires mainly competent application of established principles and only the remaining third really needs the aid and stimulus which science alone can give. In this last section the scientific staff is judged adequate in five-sixths of firms whereas in the middle section it is adequate only in two-fifths. Furthermore considering the firms without qualified staff as a whole the investigators gained the impression that the services of someone capable of undertaking a really skilled supervision of processing efficiency would often have been of real value. It is in keeping with this that where no graduates were employed on the staff, firms with graduates on the Board seemed to achieve more than those which had none. </p><p>In addition however there is still an outstanding need for a greatly intensified liaison between those in industry and the organisations concerned with scientific research and its application. No evidence was revealed that scientists are to any material extent wastefully employed and for the individual scientist the picture presented is one of opportunity in which he can play his full part at all levels in securing the clearer and more effective interpretation of the results of scientific work to the business world and their effective application to production. R. B 234 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY THE CHEMIST AND HIS WORK-XV THE CHEMIST IN THE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION By DOUGLAS W. </p><p>HILL Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Debup Director British Cotton Industry Research Association The Research Association movement began in 1915 when the Royal Society and other learned societies specially interested in chemistry sent a deputation to the Presidents of the Boards of Trade and Education to urge “Government assistance for scientific research for industrial purposes.â€� The deputation found that the Government were already aware of the problem and had laid plans for the promotion of industrial research, which were in fact outlined in July of that year in a White Paper under the title of “A Scheme for the Organisation and Development of Scientific and Industrial Research.â€� An Order in Council in the same month set up the Committee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial Research with an Advisory Council. </p><p>At the same time industry also, which was badly hit by the loss of materials previously imported was in many instances taking steps through trade associations to attempt to rectify some of its shortcomings by the application of science. The engineering industry through a committee set up to consider education and research first gave conscious expression to the direction of events by declaring it a function of the British Engineers’ Association “to develop co-operation between engineering firms,â€� particularly because of “the comparatively small establishments (and smaller research departments) of most British engineering concerns.â€� On all sides therefore the tide was flowing strongly in a single direction namely the establishment, under the joint auspices of Government industry and science of trade associations specifically devoted to scientific research. </p><p>This was the basis of co-operative industrial research in Great Britain which through the Research Associations has persisted and dominated this sphere of British industrial enterprise. The Committee of the Privy Council was converted in December 19 16 to a separate Department and at the same time the Imperial Trust for Scientific and Industrial Research was created. The trust held a sum of El,OOO,OOO the chief purpose of which was to provide by financial assistance the necessary impetus to the formation of associations to carry on research for industry on a co-operative basis. </p><p>The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research was given three main tasks. It had to institute specific researches for necessary purposes to encourage the training of scientific students in research methods and to assist in estab-lishing research organisations for particular industries. The last function was the then startling innovation of a scheme for co-operative research associations autonomous within their own industries and financed by them with the assistance of grants from the Department. The suggestion of co-operative associations for research was not altogether new but conditions for the practical realisation of the ideals still had to be established. The means ultimately devised for this was the setting-up under the Companies Act of associations for research limited b 19541 THE CHEMIST AND HIS WORK-XV 235 guarantee of a nominal amount and working without profit. </p><p>To this type of association the Department was willing to make grants based on the extent of the industrial contribution which was to be treated for taxation purposes as working expenses. The incentive to the formation of such associations was therefore considerable. By 1918 the Board of Trade had issued licences to three associations the British Photographic Research Association the British Scientific Instrument Research Associa-tion and the Research Association for the Woollen and Worsted Industries, while by the same date not less than 30 industries were actively engaged in the preliminary moves for the formation of associations. </p><p>By 1920 23 research associations had been established but they were not all equally successful. Of the 23 associations formed in the first three years 10 had ceased operations for one reason or another by 1934. After the initial spate associations were formed at a more steady rate 10 coming into operation at fairly regular intervals during the next 18 years although there was a pronounced hiatus from 1931 to 1937. The war put an end to the formation of more new associations until 1944 when 4 new associa-tions were formed and a further 3 were projected. There are at the present time 40 research associations from which it will be apparent that the principle of co-operative research has become firmly established in Great Britain (see list on p. </p><p>238). Naturally the opportunities for chemical employment differ from one association to another. Some like the Electrical and the Scientific Instruments Research Associations are more largely concerned with physics ; others like the Hydromechanics the Marine Engineering and Shipbuilding and the Production Engineering Research Associations have an engineering bias. In most research associations however there are excellent opportunities for chemists and because of the wide field of industry covered by the associations virtually every description of specialist chemical knowledge can find application. It may be as well therefore to consider in what respects employment in research associations differs from other employment available to chemists. </p><p>In the nature of things the greater part of the work is for laboratory research workers and in this field every general aspect of chemistry is probably covered. I t includes physical inorganic organic, biochemical metallurgical analytical colloid and chemical engineering research in such widely diverse fields as proteins carbohydrates oils, fats and waxes synthetic and natural polymers ores metals clays, foodstuffs coal and coke. It is natural too that by virtue of their central position considerable emphasis should be placed upon a fundamental approach to the problems of industry. A high proportion of fundamental investigation has always been an essential part of the work of research associations; much of this work compares with academic research and indeed it may not be out of place to point out that the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1952 was awarded to Dr A. </p><p>J. P. Martin and Dr R. L. M. Synge jointly for work on chroma-tography that they carried out in the laboratories of the Wool Industries Research Associa tion. The research associations being central organisations are frequentl 236 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY provided with equipment which it would not be economic for individual firms to possess. Thus work involving the use of apparatus such as the electron microscope the ultracentrifuge and infra-red supersonic or X-ray crystallographic equipment and specialised techniques involving high pressure low temperature or vacuum can be found in one or more of the research association laboratories. </p><p>The interests of the research associa-tions cover so wide a field of both industrial and academic science that they are sometimes referred to as industrial universities. This description is borne out very largely by the conditions of work which though directed ultimately to industrial ends resemble more closely those in a university. Indeed in almost all respects conditions in the research associations can be best described as being approximately half-way between the universities and industry. The passage of time however has made it apparent that in industrial research fundamental science must be a basis for applied research. Thus most research associations have relatively large-scale equipment for the application of laboratory results on a large scale. </p><p>As is common in such transitions further problems are uncovered and further fundamental research has often to be undertaken to ensure the successful application on a large scale of results obtained in the laboratory. Technical research, therefore as well as academic research is an essential feature of the programme of most research associations. A further step is also often necessary namely the initiation of develop-ment work. In the older industries which many of the research associa-tions serve it is not sufficient to carry out fundamental research or even to show how this may be applied to existing practice. It is often necessary to develop new practices to the point of industrial exploitation and this sometimes implies the production of new industrial equipment. </p><p>In this field the chemical engineer may come into his own. Large-scale opera-tions of this kind are not infrequently carried out in the works of member firms and installations of new processes may sometimes have to be carried out under the supervision of the research association. The whole gamut of industrial research therefore from the laboratory to the works floor is available to chemists entering research associations. In addition to practical chemical work in either the research or the development laboratory there are other openings for men with a chemical training who use their science as a background to their work rather than practise it as such. Most research associations have large and well-organised technical libraries which are frequently controlled by librarians who have been trained in chemistry. </p><p>There are openings too, for men who with a chemical training are able to appreciate the advances made in the laboratories and to pass them on to industrialists and works managements at different levels. Such men often hold positions com-parable to those of industrial representatives and offer a consultative service to industry. In this connection too the field of education is one which has been exploited considerably by various research associations. In the older industries especially with long years of experience behind them but having little scientific approach to their production problems a considerable amount of educational work may have to be undertaken 19541 THE CHEMIST AND HIS WORK-XV 237 Lectures and courses on the developments introduced by the association are frequently held and men who have a taste for lecturing and the ability to express themselves clearly and attractively to an experienced but non-scientific audience can find careers in this side of research association work. </p><p>There are other positions also that offer satisfactory prospects and satisfying work. Operational research holds good prospects for men who have some statistical background. Operational research is linked with productivity-to use another modern term-and between them these two can make great contributions to the well-being of industry of individual firms and of employees. In general the man who takes up this kind of work will find himself in charge of or a member of a small department in which he will have considerable personal responsibility for work carried out by a group of industrial observers. </p><p>Quality control also offers excellent opportunities since quality production depends on technical supervision of a high order and on constant improvement and refinement which can be introduced only by men with trained minds and intelligent appreciation of the needs of industry. Routines of supervision can be established and these can be carried out by relativelyjunior staff, but the devising of the routines and their supervision and interpretation are skilled tasks. There is scope here not only for the highly trained first-class honours man but there is also a wide field for the pass degree man who is something less of a specialist but who has sufficient apprecia-tion to be able to take and apply the advances of the research laboratory. </p><p>A final field of employment is in management and administration. Nobody presumably expects to step straight out of the university after graduating into an important executive position either as a director of research or a member of a company’s Board of Directors. This is unlikely to happen in any industry. Nevertheless there are openings for men who have a flair for administration and are prepared to trust their scientific training in this field. Executive positions naturally enough usually come after some years of experience and the would-be executive must be content to start in a modest way. The research associa-tions provide an extremely attractive way of learning the technology of industry and provide stepping-stones into industrial management. </p><p>There are also available administrative positions within the research associations themselves. In the larger associations especially labora-tory management is an important task needing experienced scientists to carry it out. For success in the field of management and administra-tion personality is an important factor. To some extent the men who enter it must be prepared to become men of affairs and must have some acquaintance with finance economics and commercial life in addition to their scientific attainments. Scientific men on the Boards or in high executive positions in industry are becoming more numerous, and many of them have obtained their initial introduction to their industry through its research association. </p><p>In these days of stringent national economy requirements which can only be satisfied by the most efficient industrial production chemistry serving the needs of industry presents perhaps the greatest challenge an [MAY 238 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY the greatest opportunity for the profession. Scientific advance becomes valuable to the nation when it is made available through industry to the public and thus great scientific discoveries such as penicillin rayon or jet propulsion only achieve significance through the intervention of industry which makes them available. Advances in public health in transport in distribution of goods in clothes even in personal cleanliness, are all the results of the application by industry of scientific discovery. </p><p>To serve this end should therefore be a sufficient challenge to the most idealistic young chemist. I t is a good perhaps even a great thing to be an industrial chemist and to play a part however small in working for industry. Working for the development and improvement of a whole industry is possibly the most satisfying and rewarding of the many fields open to chemists. RESEARCH ASSOCIATIONS British Baking Research Association Baking Industries Research Station Chorleywood Herts. British Boot Shoe and Allied Trades Research Association Satra Houie Rockinghak Road Kettering, Northants. British Cast Iron Research Association Bordesley Hall Alvechurch Birmingham. British Ceramic Research Association Queen’s Road Penkhull Stoke-on-Trent. </p><p>British Coal Utilisation Research Association Randalls Road Leatherhead Surrey. British Coke Research Association 74 Grosvenor Street London W.1. British Cotton Industry Research Association Shirley Institute Didsbury Manchester. Cutlery Research Council Light Trades House Melbourne Avenue Sheffield 10. British Electrical and Allied Industries Research Association 5 Wadsworth Road Greenford Middlesex. British Hat and Allied Feltmakers’ Research Association Stanley House Manchester Road Fairfield, Research Association of British Flour-Millers Cereals Research Station Old London Road St Albans Herts. British Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association Randalls Road Leatherhead Surrey.’ Fruit and Vegetable Canning and Quick Freezing Research Association Chipping Campden Gloucester-Research Committee of the Furniture Development Council 1 1 Adelphi Terrace Robert Street London, British Gelatine and Glue Research Association 2~ Dalmeny Avenue Holloway London N.7. </p><p>Hosiery and Allied Trades Research Association Thorneywood House 4 First Avenue Sherwood Rise, British Hydromechanics Research Association Eastern Industrial Estate Harlow Essex. British Internal Combustion Engine Research Association 11 1/112 Buckingham Avenue Trading Estate, British Iron and Steel Research Association 11 Park Lane London W. I. British Jute Trade Research Association Kinnoull Road Kingsway West Dundee Scotland. Lace Research Association Glaisdale Drive Bilborough Nottingham. British Launderers’ Research Association The Laboratories Hill View Gardens Hendon London N.W.4. </p><p>British Leather Manufacturers’ Research Association Milton Park Egham Surrey. Linen Industry Research Association The Research Institute Lambeg Lisburn Co. Antrim N. Ireland. Parsons & Marine Engineering Turbine Research and Development Association Pametrada Research Motor Industry Research Association Lindley Nr Nuneaton Warwickshire. British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association Euston Street London N.W. 1. Research Association of British Paint Colour and Varnish Manufacturers The Paint Research Station, British Paper and Board Industry Research Association St Winifred’s Laboratories Welcomes Road, Printing Packaging and Allied Trades Research Association Patra House RandaUs Road Leatherhead, Production Engineering Research Association of Great Britain Staveley Lodge Melton Mowbray Leicester-British Rayon Research Association Barton Dock Road Urmston Nr Manchester. </p><p>Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers Shawbury Shrewsbury Shropshire. British Scientific Instrument Research Association SIRA Southill Elmstead Woods Chislehurst Kent. British Shipbuilding Research Association 5 Chesterfield Gardens Curzon Street London 1%’. 1. Coil Spring Federation Research Organization 40 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.I. Coal Tar Research Association Oxford Road Gomersal Nr Leeds. British Welding Research Association 29 Park Crescent London W. 1. British Whiting Federation Research Cpuncil 245 Ampthill Road Bedford. Wool Industries Research Association Torridon,’ Headingley Lee& 6. </p><p>Droylsden Manchester. shire. w.c.2. Nottingham. Slough Bucks. Station Wallsend-on-Tyne. Waldegrave Road Teddington Middlesex. Kenley Surrey. Surrey. shire 19541 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIVITY 239 LECTURE SUMMARIES CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIVITY By Professor D. M. NEWITT D.Sc. D.I.C. M.I.Chem.E. A.R.I.C. F.R.S. (Belfast and District Section 5 March 1954) The contribution of the chemical engineer to industrial productivity can only become fully effective when it is supported by appropriate legislation and by enlightened management and it is necessary to say something about their respective influences in so far as they affect productivity. If we first consider the former it is evident that the State having assumed a large measure of responsibility for the economic well-being of the country has a particular duty to ensure that such facilities and incen-tives are provided for industry as may be expected to foster enterprise, improve technical efficiency and increase productivity. </p><p>It does in fact, recognise this duty and has taken certain positive measures to encourage industrial research to accelerate the development of discoveries and inventions and to deploy scientific manpower. It is unfortunate however, that in no Government Department are there any high administrative officers with scientific and technological training and in consequence, industry is frequently handicapped and frustrated by well-meant but ill-conceived legislation ; bad legislation may in certain circumstances do far more harm than technical inefficiency. </p><p>With regard to the latter there is no doubt that industry is alive to the precarious nature of its situation in a competitive world and is desperately anxious to achieve a greater measure of security and stability by putting its own house in order. I t must as has been pointed out receive support from the State in this endeavour but there is also much that it can do by its own efforts. If we examine the recent reports of the various productivity teams that have sought to compare the efficiencies in particular industries achieved by different countries a number of general conclusions are to be found. I t would appear in the first place that our productivity as meas-ured by the sales value of goods per employee is considerably lower than in most other large industrial countries and in particular in America. </p><p>There are many causes general and particular contributing to this state of affairs not the least of which are those associated with the attitude of mind of management technological staff and employees towards the problem. One of the main tasks of management in this context should be to effect the reduction of the overhead component of production cost by every kind of means that can achieve economy. It is a task that requires initiative much detailed work and a sustained effort starting with re-search passing through the various stages of development and ending with production and sales. There is indeed a chain of events each link of which must make its contribution to cost and be therefore significant from the standpoint of managerial responsibility 240 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY I t is now generally agreed that it is the second or development link in the chain which is weakest not only in the chemical but in all the process industries. </p><p>We can attribute this to lack of research facilities to shortage of technological staff or to the incidence of taxation. But none of these is a primary cause. In far too many instances it can be traced to timidity arising one is disposed to think from lack of scientific background at the higher levels of management. There are undeniably risks associated with developing a new process or product. A deal of courage is required to embark on what may be a costly gamble; a great deal of hard work will be required of the scientific and development staff and there will be many failures before success is achieved. </p><p>Too many of our industrial leaders have adopted the policy of paying royalties for processes developed abroad rather than incurring the hard work and anxiety of doing the job them-selves; and superficially this policy may appear to be financially sound. But the invisible costs of acquiring ‘know-how’ in this way are heavy and cumulative. I t implies loss of initiative; purchased ‘know-how’ is always out of date; the seller has the advantage of being able to finance research and new production by the sale of out-of-date processes to his less enterprising competitors. But probably the most serious disadvantage is the loss of morale which results from such a policy. </p><p>It denies to our technologists the opportunity to make use of those qualities of originality resource and leadership that their training is designed to develop; the opportunity of acquiring experience in handling large projects ; and the occasion for team-work, which is the sine qua non of an efficient and contented staff. Nothing can replace the close co-operative effort in which manage-ment and staff have definite responsibilities and are united in a common venture as for example in developing some new project when the result of their efforts is a successful achievement or when they feel that they have done valuable pioneering work. In such a venture the chemical engineer by virtue of the generality of his training is in a good position to co-ordinate the work of the team. </p><p>In any case he must bear the chief responsibility for that part of the project which translates work from the laboratory to a pilot plant and thence to large-scale production. The starting up of a large-scale plant is not however the end of a project. The plant must thereafter function efficiently and its productivity must be high. This last requires a bal-anced organisation in which purchasing maintenance routine shift work and sales are properly co-ordinated. In this respect we have in this country not always kept pace with the best modern practice. Representatives of the British Heavy Chemical Industry who visited the United States in 1952 reported that in the American factories they visited on an average 32 per cent of all employees were on the staff as against 23 per cent in Great Britain. </p><p>There was one graduate to every 6 pay-roll workers contrasted with one to every 16 in this country. They state; “We found no greater nor more striking disparity between the two industries than this and we consider that from it must stem many of the differences in productivity. . . .â€� “The examples which their graduates set their continued presence on the job thei 19541 CORROSION THEORY IN PRACTICE 24 1 readiness to discuss both the details and the background of the work with everyone around and the pressure of their demand for results could not fail to be stimulating to the process and maintenance worker and indeed we noted in our visits that these workers did in fact take a lively interest in the technical details of their job and had a high sense of its importanceâ€� (see also J. </p><p>1953 103-4). In addition to having this higher proportion of technologists it is important that they should be properly deployed. Their value lies in their creative ability and initiative and scope must be given for the exercise of these qualities if they are to function effectively. I t is for this reason that I have stressed the undesirable effects of a system based upon the purchase of new processes and ‘know-how’ from abroad. CORROSION THEORY IN PRACTICE By T. P. HOAR M.A. Ph.D. F.I.M. F.R.I.C. (Lee& Area Section 15 February 1954) The conditions tending to promote the corrosion of any particular metal can often be assessed from available thermodynamic data which have been assembled and codified especially by Pourbaix and his collaborators. </p><p>A study of such data while it can give no indication of rates of corrosion does usually indicate the kind of attack (if any) to be expected and it is therefore a very useful preliminary to the investigation of any specific case. The various types of corrosion can often be prevented in practice by the use of corrosion inhibitors whose general mechanisms of action are now becoming fairly well understood. Chromates have long been used for inhibiting corrosion by saline liquors; they block the anodic dissolution of metals by the production of solid anodic products in close contact with the metal. More recent developments include the introduction of sodium nitrite and sodium benzoate. </p><p>The use of sodium nitrite was developed as a result of fundamental work on tin and steel corrosion and of practical trials in oil pipe-lines. I t has been successfully applied in this country in naval hydraulic systems marine turbines hydraulic testing systems and tanks and fire extinguishers and also for the storage under water of ferrous parts; it is also a helpful inhibitor when present incidentally in certain canned meats. Sodium benzoate was developed for use in motor-vehicle radiators and has been found useful also in wrapping papers (especially for razor blades) and in other applications, sometimes together with sodium nitrite. The use of phosphates car-bonates and other mildly alkaline inhibitors conjointly with nitrite and/or benzoate is often decidedly beneficial. </p><p>The restraining of acid attack on ferrous materials by many kinds of polar organic molecules has been the subject of numerous studies; the inhibitors are adsorbed on the surface and may interfere with either anodic dissolution or the cathodic liberation of hydrogen or both. Such inhibitors are used for example in steel-pickling acids descaling fluids, derusting fluids and the like; new knowledge of their mechanism wil 242 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY encourage their application in further fields such as the storage transport and reaction of acids and acidic liquors in ordinary mild steel vessels. Inhibitive substances have long been used in paints but the mechanism of their action has only recently been elucidated new and better paint formulations will arise directly from this fresh understanding. </p><p>REACTIONS OF SOME ORGANIC CATIONS By Professor H. BURTON D.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. (Dublin and District Section 26 February 1954) The work of Mackenzie and Winter1 on the perchloric acid-catalysed Thiele acetylation of quinones and that of Burton and Praill, on the C-acetylation of anisole by a mixture of perchloric acid in an excess of acetic anhydride has led2 to the postulation of the following equilibria : (CH,.CO),O + H+ + (CH3.CO),OH+ + CH,*CO+ + CH,.COOH Acetylation of a hydroxy-compound or anisole probably involves the acetylium ion (CH,.CO+) and leads to the regeneration of a proton; this is then available for further reaction and ensures that the acetylation process is self-propagating and consequently the yields of products are greater than those which would be stoichiometrically possible on the amount of perchloric acid originally used : -OH + CH,*CO+ + -O*CO.CH + H+ C6H6.0CH3 + CH3*CO+ -+ CH30*CgH4.C0.CH3 + H+ Burton and Praill also showed that solutions of perchloric acid in acetic acid are not acetylating agents; in this connexion the acetic acidium ion (CH,*COOH,+) is not an active entity. </p><p>Their work did not however, exclude the possibility that the acetic anhydridium ion (CH,CO),OH+, might also be the active acetylating agent. Further evidence for the existence of the acetylium ion was obtained by Gillespie3 who found that a solution of acetic anhydride in an excess of concentrated sulphuric acid shows a factor of 4 in the depression of the freezing point : (CH,.CO),O + 2H,SO -+ CH,.CO+ + CH,COOH,+ + 2HSO,-Burton and Prail14 showed later that a solution of acetylium per-chlorate ( CH3CO+C104-) prepared in Situ from equimolecular amounts of acetyl chloride and silver perchlorate in an inert solvent of relatively high dielectric constant e.g. </p><p>nitromethane converted anisole into p-methoxy-acetophenone rapidly and in very high yield. Here the active agent could only be the acetylium ion. They were also able to show by adding increasing amounts of acetic acid to the reaction mixture that the acetic anhydridium ion was probably active but considerably less so than the acetylium ion. The action of acetylium perchlorate on benzene toluene and m-xylene in nitromethane at 20" has been shown by Burton and PraillB to give, after reaction times of 24 2 and 2 hours respectively 0.05 0-57 and 0.85 mol. </p><p>respectively of the corresponding aryl methyl ketone. The addition of acetic anhydride to the reaction mixtures resulted in a diminution o 19541 REACTIONS OF SOME ORGANIC CATIONS 243 the yield with benzene and toluene and an increase for rn-xylene. The results in the first two cases are attributed to the preferential reaction of the acetylium ion with acetic anhydride which is knownQ to produce a compound (of undetermined constitution) which gives a positive iodoform reaction. The mild conditions used in the experiments with anisole (above) caused little or no demethylation. It is well known that analogous benzyl ethers are sensitive to acid reagents and that fission generally occurs much more readily. </p><p>By using acetylium perchlorate under various conditions it has been shown by Burton and Prail16 that the benzyl cation is formed from several benzyl ethers. Thus benzyl phenyl ether and the reagent in acetic anhydride give a mixture of benzyl acetate and phenyl acetate; the acetylium ion is regenerated : (a) C6HS*OsC&.C,H5 + CH3*CO+ -j. C,H5.0+(C0.CH3).CH2.C,Hs ( 6 ) C6H5.CH2+ + (CH,*CO),O + C,H5-CH,*0.COCH + CH,*CO+ In benzene as the solvent the intermediate benzyl cation yields diphenyl-methane : C6H5.CH2+ + C,& -+ C6Hs*CH2.C,Hs + H+ C-Acetylation of the ether to P-benzyloxyacetophenone does not occur readily but conditions can be devised so that it is formed in relatively small yield. </p><p>It is postulated in various modern textbooks of organic chemistry, particularly from results obtained for nucleophilic substitution reactions with allyl and benzyl halides in reaction media containing water that the allyl and benzyl cations are formed with particular ease and that the ions are stabilised by resonance. It has now been found' that allyl phenyl ether is converted smoothly and in high yield by acetylium perchlorate under a variety of conditions into p-allyloxyacetophenone : + C,H,*O-COCH + C,H,.CH,+ There is practically no allyl cation liberated in this case since the amount of phenyl acetate produced (cf. equation (a) above) is very small. The effect of introducing either a methyl or phenyl group on the y-carbon atom of the allyl group is very marked and results in the formation of complex reaction products. </p><p>The mechanism of the formation of these, even from the cations themselves in the absence of other reactants is not clear. It appears that oxygen may be incorporated at some stage prob-ably from the perchloric acid which is necessarily formed if a substitution reaction occurs. Several of the reactions of the cations so far discussed are modified Friedel-Crafts acylations and alkylations. The use of organic perchlorates however does not cause insoluble complexes to be formed; hence the ketone produced using an acyl perchlorate is not removed from the sphere of reaction; this is in contrast to the behaviour of aluminium chloride. Consequently it is possible that with acyl perchlorates the first-formed product could be further acylated. </p><p>In order to test thi 244 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY hypothesis and at the same time see whether intramolecular acylation, e.g. the formation of indanone8 from the /3-phenylpropionyl cation, occurs preferentially Burton and Mundayg have prepared a series of perchlorates C6HS.(CH,);CO+C10,- where n = 2 3 and 4 and studied (i) the cyclisation (intramolecular acylation) ( A ) in nitromethane and (ii) the competition (B) with a reactant C,H,R such as toluene or anisole also in nitromethane. (1) (11) It has been found for n = 2 that indanone (as I) and its 2-p-phenyl-propionyl derivative (as 11) are produced in approximately equivalent amounts; in the presence of toluene a little indanone is formed but reaction (B) predominates whereas in the presence of the more reactive anisole the open-chain ketone (as 111) is the sole product. </p><p>Similar results are found for n = 4 but the yields of cyclic ketone and diketone are smaller. For n = 3 the cyclic ketone (1-tetralone) is the sole isolable product either in nitromethane alone or in toluene-nitromethane ; even in the presence of anisole a little tetralone is still formed but the major product is the open-chain ketone. In this case diketone formation does not occur. The results for n = 2 are in a sense complementary to those of Rothsteinlo who found that increasing proportions of open-chain ketone are produced when /3-phenylpropionyl chloride is treated with aluminium chloride in the presence of increasingly reactive aromatic derivatives ; formation of diketone does not occur under his experimental conditions. </p><p>Alkyl perchlorates which in the free state possess many of the proper-ties of covalent compounds have long been known to be highly explosive; in solution however they react as if they were ionised to some extent. In experiments which can lead to their formation especially at elevated temperatures the risk of serious explosion is always present. REFERENCES Trans. Faraday SOC. 1948,44 159 171 243. J. Chem. SOC. 1950 1203. 1. 2. 3. Ibid. 1950 2997. 4. Ibid. 1950 2034. 5. Ibid. 1953 827. 6. Ibid. 1951 522. 7. 8. 9. Unpublished work. 10 J. Chenz. SOL 1951 1459. Burton and Munday ibid. 1954 (in the press). </p><p>Kipping ibid. 1894 65 480 [Phato Turner's Cambridge Hall of Trinity College [Photo Turner's Cambridge King's College Chape Hall of Magdalene College [Photo Turner’s Cambridfe [Photo Turner’s Cambridge Hall of St John’s Colleg At the Vice-Chancellor’s Reception Lgt to Right Mrs Saunders The Rt. Hon. H. U.-Willink Lady Jephcott Sir Harry Jephcott, Dr B. C. Saunders- and Mfs. Willin The Rt. Hon. H. U. Willink (Vice-Chancellor) with Sir Harry Jephcott (President 19541 ANNIVERSARY MEETINGS CAMBRIDGE 245 ANNIVERSARY MEETINGS CAMBRIDGE, 8-10 April 1954 I t was Spring in Cambridge-vaulted with blue swathed in sunshine and carpeted with daffodils. Such a setting will for long be remembered by those who attended the very successful Anniversary Meetings of 1954, for which the London and East Anglia Sections were the hosts. </p><p>On their first arrival in the Reception Hall visitors were impressed by the atmosphere of cheerfulness and grace that had been imposed upon the normal austerity of the University Large Examination Hall under the inspired directions of Miss Mamie Olliver backed by the generosity of Messrs Chivers & Sons who had supplied the magnificent floral decorations. On three sides of the hall were arranged the 55 exhibits of drawings and paintings by members of the Institute (see catalogue p. 260), a very creditable and interesting group of works in various media, ranging from Miss Carlier’s talented theatrical designs in water colour to the superb draughtsmanship of W. F. Greeves’s Chartres from the intense and insistent colours of D. </p><p>E. Ladhams’s Flowerpiece in oil to the light and graceful pencil of H. J. T. Ellingham’s Stream at Lavenham. Most exhibitions have a problem picture and we were therefore glad to display T. P. McLaughlin’s pen and wash portrait of Roger Townsend, Esq. which led to considerable but probably ill-founded speculation as to whether the artist or the subject had suffered the more! Most of the members and their wives and guests were accommodated in Trinity Magdalene and Girton Colleges and the majority were already in residence by noon on 8 April. After luncheon the very busy programme of events began in earnest (a little too earnest perhaps for those who had to come in from Girton in special transport to join the main parties) with visits to the Cambridge Instument Co. </p><p>Ltd. Chivers & Sons Ltd. (who generously extended their original invitation to include 100 visitors) and Pest Control Ltd. Each of these firms had work of special interest to show though our sympathy goes out particularly to the entomologist in the last of these establishments who had grown to love his insects and felt strongly that it was a great pity to destroy them. On returning to Cambridge nearly 300 of the party attended a fascinating lecture by Alderman G. F. Hickson M.A. in which he traced the growth of the ancient Cantebrig into the modern university town, skilfully bypassing the apparently heretical view that Cambridge was founded by Oxford ! The vote of thanks for this highly entertaining and informative talk was proposed by Professor Harold Burton. </p><p>The Officers and Members of the Council and their ladies were afterwards entertained to dinner at the University Arms Hotel by the London and East Anglia Sections. A group of past and present Officers and members of the Committees of the two Sections acted as hosts with Dr Norman Booth in the Chair. Later in the evening over 400 attended a Reception and Dance in the Large Room the Guildhall by kind invitation of the Rt. Worshipful the Mayor of Cambridge Councillor T. H. Amey. The guests were received by the Mayor and hlayoress with Sir Harry and Lady Jephcott before 246 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY r a y table bearing the Cambridge maces and in a hall banked and garlanded with the now familiar luxuriant floral displays in which pink green and purple predominated. </p><p>The obvious sincerity of this welcome proved not only a delightful introduction to Cambridge hospitality but also afforded an excellent opportunity for the whole company to meet together socially for the first time. Among the major events on Friday 9 April were the Annual General Meeting held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre Pembroke Street (see p. 250) followed by the presentation of the Meldola Medal for 1952 to Dr B. C. L. Weedon and the citation of the award for 1953 to Dr R. N. Haszeldine (J. 163) after which Sir Harry Jephcott delivered the Presidential Address entitled “Biosynthesis and the Chemist.â€� This address was printed in full in the April issue (J.y 183). Rather more than 300 attended the special luncheons provided in the Halls of King’s College and Magdalene College at which the Chairs were taken by Mr G. </p><p>H. Whyatt Chairman of the East Anglia Section, and Dr B. C. Saunders Fellow of Magdalene respectively. Some idea of the gracious setting for these occasions will be obtained from the accom-panying plates. King’s College the first of the Royal foundations, received its Charter from Henry VI in 1441. I t was here that Orlando Gibbons was organist while among notable King’s men were Sir Robert and Horace Walpole and more recently Lord Keynes the economist. Magdalene College was founded in 1428 by the monks of Crowland, Walden Ramsey and Ely and its Hall was built in 1519. Among the past members of the College Samuel Pepys and Charles Kingsley are particularly remembered. </p><p>Another notable feature of these luncheons was that there were no speeches to record. Over 430 tickets were issued for the visits to Colleges in the afternoon of 9 April and the morning of 10 April some members taking part in both outings. The arrangements for these tours were made by Dr F. G. Mann, F.R.S. and Dr Saunders who had persuaded 17 research students to give their time to act as guides. Later on the Friday afternoon a large audience in the Lecture Theatre the Chemistry Department heard Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. lecture on “New Developments in Nucleic Acid and Co-enzyme Chemistry,â€� with Sir Harry Jephcott in the Chair. This survey of much of the work of the Department in organic chemistry over more than a decade showed the remarkable progress that is being made in this special branch of synthetic chemistry and the growing understanding of natural synthetic processes to which it is leading. </p><p>Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. aptly expressed the thanks of those present for a lucid and masterly account of what many had hitherto considered of comprehensible interest only to specialists in that field. Owing to the large numbers who signified their wish to be present at the Annual Dinner that evening it was necessary to hold two dinners, and it said much for the spirit of these meetings that members accepted such bifurcations without demur knowing that everything possible was being done for their comfort and enjoyment. Over 400 were distributed between the President’s Dinner in Trinity College and the Dinner of the Past President (Mr H. </p><p>W. Cremer C.B.E.) in St John’s College (see plate 19541 ANNIVERSARY MEETINGS CAMBRIDGE 247 opposite p. 244). Among the many features of interest in the Hall of Trinity the fine hammer-beams were especially noted and among the interesting portraits those of Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton on the one side and of J. J. Thomson Ernest Rutherford and E. D. Adrian on the other had a particular claim for attention. Here Dinner took place by the traditional candle-light. The official guests were the Mayor and Mayoress Mr A. H. J. Swift (Town Clerk) and Mrs Swift Alderman G. F. Hickson and Mrs Hickson Dr F. G. Mann F.R.S. (representing the Master of Trinity) and Mrs Mann Dr B. C. Saunders and Mrs Saunders, Professor W. </p><p>Wardlaw C.B.E. (President of the Chemical Society) and Mrs Wardlaw Sir William G. Ogg (President of the Society of Chemical Industry) Dr D. W. Kent-Jones (President of the Society for Analytical Chemistry) Professor R. G. W. Norrish F.R.S. (President of the Faraday Society) and Mrs Norrish Dr W. E. Ripper (Pest Control Ltd.) and Mrs Ripper Mr A. E. Stone (Cambridge Instrument Company Ltd.) and Mrs Stone and Mr H. G. Newman M.B.E. (W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.) and Mrs Newman. The Loyal Toast was followed by the toasts of the University of Cambridge and the City of Cambridge whereupon Professor W. Wardlaw proposed the toast of the Royal Institute of Chemistry in terms of warm sincerity to which the President replied on behalf of the members at large. </p><p>The toast of the Guests was proposed by Dr Norman Booth Chairman of the London Section to which Dr. Mann replied finding an opportunity to recount some of the exploits of Vigani and Richard Watson (see J. 1953 431). The Hall of St John’s College dates from 1519 and is reckoned one of the finest in Cambridge; it was admirably lengthened in 1862. The College is particularly proud of such Johnians as William Wordsworth, William Wilberforce and Samuel Butler. The Official Guests at the St John’s Dinner were Professor A. R. Todd F.R.S. and Mrs. Todd, Dr F. €3. Kipping (representing the Master of St John’s College) and Mrs Kipping Mr W. B. Chivers (Chivers 81 Sons Ltd.) and Mrs Chivers, Miss M . Olliver (Chivers & Sons Ltd.) Mr J. R. Ruck Keene M.B.E., T.D. (General Secretary of the Chemical Society) and Mrs Ruck Keene, Lt.-Col. </p><p>F. J. Griffin (General Secretary of the Society of Chemical Industry) Mr Hugh Maclean (organist) and Mrs haaclean Dr Charles Kemball (Meldola hfedallist 1951) Dr B. C. L. Weedon (Meldola Medallist 1952) Dr R. N. Haszeldine (Meldola Medallist 1953) and Mrs Haszeldine and hlr A. M. P. Brookes (Junior Bursar St John’s College) and Mrs Brookes. At this Dinner the toast of the Royal Institute of Chemistry was proposed by Professor A. R. Todd to which Mr Cremer replied. The toast of the Guests was then proposed by Dr Harry Baines (retiring Vice-president) to which Miss Olliver replied in a speech that was ranked among the best to have been heard in the Hall and the first, we understand that was ever made there by a woman. </p><p>At 9.30 a.m. on Saturday 10 April with the President in the Chair, Professor R. G. W. Norrish F.R.S. lectured to a good audience on “Light as a Tool in the Study of Reactiqn Mechanisms,â€� the special fieldof research in the Department of Physical Chemistry since the War. This very interesting account of a comparatively new tool and the effectiv 248 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY use that is being made of it particularly in the development of techniques for registering and identifying transient molecules and radicals during the extremely small interval after passing a flash before equilibrium has been established was of wide interest and excited much admiration. The appreciation of the audience was voiced by Dr J. R. Nicholls C.B.E. </p><p>During the morning two coaches left New Square for the tour through Clare and Cavendish to the ancient Suffolk wool town of Lavenham. Dr P. Sykes who proved to be a storehouse of information on local history agriculture industries and customs acted as guide and organiser of the first party while the second party was under the equally able care of Mr G. H. Pateman M.A. We are indebted to both of them for so kindly giving their services on this occasion. Members of these parties were able to note the Roman roads in the area and the use of flints, appearing in the soil that so thinly covers the Essex chalk formations in domestic and ecclesiastical architecture as well as the gradual change from whitewash to colourwash as the route passed from Essex into Suffolk and the transition from chalk to gravel. </p><p>The first stop was at Long Melford, where time was allowed to see the fine church and walk down the village street to see the Bull Hotel (1 586)-where half of the party took luncheon-and the well-known Elizabethan mansion Melford Hall surrounded by a high wall and moat. At Lavenham the other half of the party lunched at the Swan Hotel which can still show traces of the 14th century and exhibits of old weapons and the bells used by the Lavenham hand-bell ringers. A visit was then paid to the 16th-century timber-framed Guildhall (and its dungeons) where the rooms were formerly panelled with ‘linenfold,’ of which little now remains. Others also saw some of the old houses and the Wool Hall. On leaving Lavenham the route lay close to the Constable country, through the lovely village of Finchingfield. </p><p>A halt was made at Thaxted to see the Church begun in 1340 sometimes known as “the Cathedral of Essex.â€� A hurried visit to the Cutlers’ Guildhall with its black and white storeys on wooden posts and supported by cross-beams meeting in a central pillar a quick look at the ancient almshouses backed by an old windmill and then on to Saffron Walden Audley End Littlebury and back to Cambridge. Early in the afternoon four coaches left New Square for an excursion through the fenlands to Ely particularly to visit the Cathedral the third largest in Britain. It began as a monastery in the 7th century founded by the wife of Eegfrid King of Northumbria; it was plundered by the Danes in the 9th century and was later restored by King Edgar. </p><p>The building of the Church was begun in the 11 th century by Simeon then Abbot of Ely and parts of this still remain such as the South Transept and part of the North Transept and Choir. A Norman tower was afterwards added and a new Choir was consecrated in 1106. Two centuries later the Tower collapsed and extensive rebuilding took place the main fabric of the Cathedral and the Octagon Tower being completed in 1349. After 600 years this tower has been attacked by the death-watch beetle which explains the presence of scaffolding there. Visitors also saw the large side chapel with the largest existing medieval vault span (46 ft.) and th 19541 ANNIVERSARY MEETINGS CAMBRIDGE 249 intricate figure sculptures all but one of which were decapitated after the Reforma tion. </p><p>All parties returned in good time for the Organ Recital by Mr Hugh Maclean A.R.C.M. F.R.C.O. (Dr Mann Organ Scholar) in the Chapel of King’s College. The setting was perfect for the occasion with fading sunlight shining through the west window. The programme ranged from the 16th century to the present day giving samples of the kind of music that might have been heard in the Chapel from the time of its completion in 1515. Works by Samuel Scheidt J. S. Bach Robert Schumann Cesar Franck and Leo Sowerby were performed the most interesting of which perhaps was Bach’s Prelude Trio and Fugue in B flat until recently known as the Prelude and Fugue in C . The Robinson MS. which was followed in this performance shows this work to have been written in B flat with an additional trio. </p><p>The softer work of the organ was shown to good effect in two Schumann Canons and the enormous power of the instrument was evident in the final Toccata by Sowerby in which the use of the tuba as a chorus reed in the last few bars was very impressive. The final event of the programme was the Reception given by kind invitation of the Vice-Chancellor of the University the Rt. Hon. H. U. Willink M.C. M.A. Q.C. in the University Combination Room (Regent House) Old Schools attended by over 350 members and guests (see plate opp. p. 245). Members were received in the Combination Room by the Vice-Chancellor and Mrs Willink with Sir Harry and Lady Jephcott, and then passed through the Syndicate Room and the Dome Room to the Council Room and the East Room where refreshments were served throughout the evening. </p><p>Regent House is the University’s oldest building, dating from the 14th century; it was used originally as the Chapel and the Senate or Regent House of the University. Though now communicating, the various rooms represent different styles of architecture and ornament. The Syndicate Room was begun in 1438 the Dome Room was built in 1716 (over the old Porter’s Lodge of King’s College) the Council Room was completed in 1470 and still retains its original ceiling entirely con-structed in wood while the East Room replaced an earlier structure and represents perhaps the best styles of the 18th century. The meetings concluded on a friendly social note but all too soon for most of those present. </p><p>There can be no doubt of the great success of the visit to Cambridge nor of the deep feeling of gratitude all felt to the University and the City of Cambridge for their magnificent hospitality; to the Masters and Fellows of Colleges and the Directors of industrial firms for the facilities they so kindly provided; and to three members of the Institute in Cambridge-Miss Olliver and Dr Saunders (both Members of the Council) and Dr Mann (a former Member of the Council) -for their magnificent work in making arrangements for the events and subsequently extending them so as to cater for much larger numbers than had orginally been expected to attend. The invitation to hold the Anniversary Meetings in Cambridge came from the Committees of the London and the East Anglia Sections. </p><p>The joint Organising Committee of these two Sections which was responsibl 250 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY for suggesting the main features of the programme and for collaborating with the Officers of the Institute in making the detailed arrangements, consisted of Dr N. Booth (Member of the Council and Chairman of the London Section) as Chairman; Dr John Williams (Member of the Council) representing the East Anglia Section; Dr F. G. Mann; Miss M. Olliver; Dr B. C. Saunders; and Mr F. C. Hymas (Hon. Secretary, London Section) as Hon. Secretary. It says much for the foresight of this Organising Committee that the programme of events they originally proposed required hardly any subsequent alteration. </p><p>Dr Booth Dr Williams and Mr Hyrnas were also members of the Anniversary iMeetings Committee of the Council the other members being the President the Hon. Treasurer and the Secretary of the Institute; and Mr Hymas acted as liaison with the administrative officers of the Institute (especially Dr Ellingham and Mr Arnold) who were responsible for implementing the decisions of these committees. To all of these and to the many others who contributed to the success of the Cambridge meetings are due our grateful thanks. SEVENTY -SIXTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING The Seventy-sixth Annual General Meeting of the Royal Institute of Chemistry was held in Lecture Theatre No. 1 Chemistry Department University of Cam-bridge Pembroke Street Cambridge on Friday 9 April 1954 at 10 a.m. </p><p>Sir HARRY JEPHCOTT President occupied the Chair and 18 1 Corporate Members (1 19 Fellows and 62 Associates) were present. The SECRETARY (Dr H. J. T. Ellingham) read the notice convening the meeting. The Minutes of the Seventy-fifth Annual General Meeting which had been circulated to all Corporate Members (J. 1953 295) were taken as read. Annual Report of the Council for 1953 and Annual Report of the Benevolent Fund for 1953 The PRESIDENT The Annual Report of the Council for 1953 and the Annual Report of the Benevolent Fund for 1953 have been circulated as supplements to the Journal. These extensive printed Reports have been in your hands for some considerable time so I hope you will agree that they may be taken as read. (General assent was expressed.) I will now call on the Honorary Treasurer Professor Harold Burton for his comments on those sections of the Reports including the Accounts for which he has special responsibility. </p><p>The HON. TREASURER (Professor H. Burton) I would like to begin with the Report of the Benevolent Fund which has been issued for the first time as a separate publication. It is hoped that this will enable the Report to have a wider circulation amongst outside bodies and persons who may be interested as possible contributors to the Fund. Since the issue of the Report there have been a few immediate contributions including one of LIOO generously made by Mr R. Le Rossignol. The number of contributors in 1953 was 3,078 including 525 subscribers under Deed of Covenant. Since the inception of the Fund 30 years ago there have been just over 300 requests for assistance; and the number con-tinues to grow. </p><p>The Benevolent Fund Commitee gives each application sym-pathetic consideration and expends the money as wisely as possible. If members of the Institute could read some of the very moving letters thanking us for the assistance we have been able to render I am sure that they would contribute more generously than they have done in the past 19541 SEVENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING 25 1 There has been no change in the mode of presentation of the Benevolent Fund accounts; members will have noticed that there was a deficit ofElO on the year. Turning now to the finances of the Institute itself it will be seen that this year the Income and Expenditure Account has been presented in a new form. </p><p>It is hoped that this will give members information more effectively especially in connection with the cost of the various activities and services shown under separate headings. If I may anticipate the criticism that whereas expenditure has been allocated entirely amongst these activities and services the whole of the income has not I may say that in future an attempt may be made to divide the income in a similar fashion. It has been impossible to make any allocations to Reserve Accounts this year; in fact many of us are surprised that our accounts show a small surplus. There is a prospect that the surplus will be larger in 1954 and subsequent years as a result of the increased rate of subscription for senior Associates and the raising of examination fees. </p><p>This is necessary to the extent of not less than El,750 each year if we are to make provision for capital expenditure and for the extension of the scope of our intermittent publications; at the same time it is hoped and indeed anticipated that we shall enjoy a higher revenue from advertisements. We shall shortly be considering under Special Business the modification of By-Law 41(2) to enable us to invest some of our money in securities other than trustee stocks. The inflationary tendencies of the past few years have diminished the value of our holdings by no less than L7,295 and it is hoped that by wise investment in some industrial equities part or all of this will be recouped and at the same time a higher annual income may be derived from our invested monies. </p><p>The expansion of the Institute’s activities and services is reflected in the expenditure on salaries. These activities must continue to develop and they will necessitate a further increase in well-qualified active members of the staff our income must also expand to keep pace. It would be ungracious of me as your Treasurer if I did not refer to the valuable services rendered on the financial side by Mr Arnold and the loyal and enthusiastic staff of his department. The PRESIDENT I am sure we are all grateful to Professor Burton for his observations as well as for the care and attention he has given to our finances and to the work of the Benevolent Fund throughout the year. I will now ask the Secretary to indicate any important developments that have occurred since the end of 1953 in matters mentioned in the body of the Annual Report. </p><p>The SECRETARY There has been general activity in connection with most of the issues referred to in the Report. Members may be interested to know that the Sub-Committee on Conditions of Admission has already held several meetings and, while pursuing the study of long-term questions has made an interim recom-mendation that those candidates for the Associateship who fail particularly badly in the examination should not be allowed to re-enter until they have undergone a further course of study for at least a year. This proposal has been adopted and should help to cut down premature re-entries of candidates who have little prospect of passing. As a result of objections by a Local Section to the charge made to home members for the latest edition of the Register ofFeZZows and Associates a statement has been authorised for issue in the Journal on the financing of the Register and on the economy effected by making this nominal charge. </p><p>The Institute’s views on possible means for overcoming the shortage of science teachers in schools have been published in the Journal and copies have been sent to the Minister of Education and various interested organisations. Evidence has been given before a sub-committee of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee on the future of higher technological education. The British Medical Association Report on The Recognition of htoxication has been published and includes a warm tribute to Dr Kent-Jones Mr George Taylor and other members of the panel of experts appointed to investigate analytical methods for the determination of alcohol in body fluids. </p><p>The Meldola Medal for 1953 has been awarded to Dr R. N. Haszeldine for his distinguished work in the field of Fluorine Chemistry. On the other hand n 252 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY award from the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund has been made this year because the Committee felt that although there were a number of promising candidates whose names had been put forward none of them was quite of the appropriate maturity. The Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize is being awarded for the second year in succession to Mr Angus MacDonald. It will be appreciated that this award is based not only on the subject-matter of the essay but also on the command of English displayed. </p><p>The PRESIDENT then moved the following resolution :-Statements of Account be adoptedâ€� “That the Annual Report o f the Council for the year 1953 including the Annual and invited discussion on this resolution and on the acceptance of the Annual Report of the Benevolent Fund. Dr NORMAN BOOTH I have been asked by the London Section Committee to say a word about the Benevolent Fund. The Committee has been very disturbed to see that the subscriptions are falling off while at the same time the number of cases requiring assistance is rising. Existing cases are being given the very minimum. Our Committee has been wondering what the London Section could do about this and has noticed that there has been a considerable fall in the number of group subscriptions in recent years. </p><p>It feels that this form of contribution could be expanded; people who only wish to contribute a few shillings might not wish to send it to the Institute but would combine with their colleagues to send a joint cheque. Group subscriptions would provide an easy method of annual reminder. The London Section are about to get in touch with organisations in our area employing an appreciable number of members of the Institute to encourage group subscriptions. My object in mentioning this is not to advertise what the London Section are doing but to suggest that other Sectioiis might con-sider making similar approaches. Dr C. FORRESTER When covenanting for subscriptions to the Benevolent Fund is it necessary for a member to take any further action or does he merely sign the form? Supposing a Fellow or Associate cannot continue the same subscription during the seven-year period of the covenant what is his position with regard to income tax? The PRESIDENT The individual has nothing to do except sign a form sent each year from the office declaring that the subscription has been paid from his taxed income. </p><p>If he ceases to pay that annual subscription before the end of the seven-year period the Inland Revenue is entitled to reclaim the amount of tax recovered by the Fund. Mr. E. M. JOINER referring to the Benevolent Fund said This is a cause that is near to the hearts of all of us and I think we are all profoundly disturbed at the poor support given to the Fund. </p><p>I should like to suggest that in the near future, the Council should look into this matter as one of some urgency. There are so many demands nowadays upon our charity that it is no longer to be expected that the reponse to the written appeals will be sufficient for the needs of the Fund. A scientific study of the whole problem of raising money for our Benevolent Fund should be made. Much could be done through regular publicity if one page each month in the Journal could be devoted to items of interest in connection with the Fund there would be a much better response. I note with pleasure the London Section’s proposal-but every Section should do something for the Fund each year. The publicity thus achieved among members would be considerable, better support would be engendered and this would make us all feel very much better. </p><p>Professor BRISCOE You have told us that a very few shillings per head would put the Fund in a fairly satisfactory condition. Each of us should make a resolution to say to every member of the Institute that we meet “DO you know that if you gave 10s. to the Benevolent Fund it would be out of trouble for a long time ahead?â€� I think that the group subscription is an excellent idea but it should not be forgotten that there are large numbers who do not come within groups. We should be missionaries 19541 SEVENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING 253 Mr STANLEY STEVENS Could I suggest that it would be an encouraging gesture to all members of the Institute if we decided here and now to have a collection. </p><p>The PRESIDENT I think it would be more appropriate for us to put the suggestions that have been made to the Committee for I am sure that they will all be carefully considered. Mr H. D. THORNTON I have two points to make on the Report of the Council. The first is an error of fact. On page 27 reference is made to changes in Local Section Secretaries and Mr McDowell’s 25 years’ tenure of office has been held up as a record. I am told by Dr Leonard former Hon. Secretary of the Dublin Section that he assumed office in 1918 and held it until 1946. Secondly in the Income columns of the Accounts there is an item “Examination and Assessment Fees &7,182.â€� On the Expenditure side under the same heading an amount ofE3,924 is shown. I find it hard to reconcile that with the paragraph on page 29 dealing with the proposal to increase examination fees. </p><p>Those two figures seem to show that a considerable profit is being made. The HON. TREASURER Mr Thornton has left out all the other expenses. If he will look at the N.E. & I. expenditure column as a whole he will see that the total expenditure was over E10,000 and that L3,253 had to be transferred from General Funds in order to balance the N.E. & I. Account. Mr A. L. BACHARACH Reverting to Mr Thornton’s other point strictly speaking the Report only says that 25 years was a record for Mr McDowell ! The PRESIDENT If there are no more comments I will put the resolution to the meeting. The resolution was then put to the meeting and was carried unanimously. </p><p>Report of the Scrutineers and Election of Officers General Members of the Council and Censors ‘The SECRETARY read the following report of the Scrutineers :-“We have examined the ballot papers and report as follows :-The total number of ballot papers received was 2,399 of which 3 were invalid The votes were cast as under :-in some respect. Censors Gerald Roche Lynch 2387; Sir Ian Morris Heilbron 2,386; William Votes for other eligible Vice-Presidents Thomas Sherlock Wheeler 2,390; George Taylor 2,383 ; Honorary Treasurer Harold Burton 2,396. General Members uf Council Ronald George Wreyford Norrish 1,765; Jack Wheeler Barrett 1,747; Donald Holroyde Hey 1,744; John Idris Jones 1,553; Harold Cordingley 1,520 ; Charles Horace Gray 1,488 ; Herbert Henry Hodgson, 1,452; Gilbert Elliot Dodds 1,352; Edward Quentin Laws 1,293; Percy Cyril Lesley Thorne 1,136. </p><p>Wardlaw 2,385; Herbert William Cremer 2,382. Fellows 7. Alfred Louis Bacharach 2,380. Votes for other eligible Fellows 4. Signed H. G. SMITH, W. H. BENNETT, Scru t ineers . â€� The PRESIDENT You have heard the Scrutineers’ report and it only remains for me formally to declare the election of the following Fellows in their specified capacities :-Vice-presidents Mr. A. L. Bacharach Mr George Taylor Professor T. S. Wheeler. Hon. Treasurer Professor Harold Burton. General Members of the Council Dr J. W. Barrett Dr Harold Cordingley, Professor C. H. Gray Professor D. H. Hey Dr H. H. Hodgson Dr J. Idris Jones, Professor R. G. W. Norrish. Censors Mr H. </p><p>W. Cremer Sir Ian Heilbron Dr G. Roche Lynch Professor W. Wardlaw 254 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY I have also to report the election of the following new District Members of Council :-Dr M. Barak Dr W. Cule Davies Dr Sri Krishna Mr L. M. Miall Dr J. H. Skellon Mr H. D. Thornton Mr V. H. Williams Dr C. L. Wilson. A casual vacancy has occurred in the District Scotland 111 through the resigna-tion of Professor F. S. Spring owing to his impending removal from the District, and I now have to report that the Committee of the Glasgow and West of Scotland has filled this vacancy among District Members of the Council by the election of Dr W. A. Caldwell with effect from the date of this meeting. The PRESIDENT Before passing to our next business may I express on your behalf our very sincere thanks to Dr H. </p><p>G. Smith and Mr W. H. Bennett for the onerous task they undertook. The vote of thanks was accorded by acclamation. Election and Remuneration of the Auditors The PRESIDENT The next item on the Agenda is to elect the Auditors and to fix their remuneration (if any). I invite nominations for two Honorary Auditors to hold office for 1954-55. Mr A. J. PRINCE I wish to propose Mr E. Q. Laws and Dr C. W. Herd. Dr E. H. RODD seconded the motion which was carried unanimously. The HON. TREASURER I propose that Messrs. J. Y . Finlay Robertson & Go., Chartered Accountants be reappointed as professional Auditors for 1954 at the established fee of 165 guineas with an additional fee of 5 guineas for auditing the Accounts of the Benevolent Fund. </p><p>Mr W. H. RAWLES formally seconded the motion which was then carried unanimously. Dr J. R. NICHOLLS I should like to propose a hearty vote of thanks to our Honorary Auditors. Mr Laws has been an auditor for a number of years and Dr Herd has been one since he became eligible and I know that they do a considerable amount of work for the Institute. I am sorry in one respect that Mr Laws has been re-appointed for this has been possible only because he was an unsuccessful candidate for membership of the Council but what the Institute has lost in a Council Member it has gained in an Hon. Auditor. I should like to propose a vote of thanks to them both. The vote of thanks was carried with acclamation. The PRESIDENT I hope our Hon. </p><p>Auditors will take that as a warm expression of thanks and an expectation of even more work to come. Special Business The PRESIDENT You will have seen the statement on this special business, which is attached to the notice of the Meeting and I would earnestly invite your support of this motion. You have already heard about it from the Treasurer. This proposal has not been brought casually before you; it has been discussed with great care by the Finance and House Committee and subsequently by the Council. I must say at once that there is no intention or thought whatever that it would be desirable in the interests of the Institute that there should be a marked change in investment policy or that a limit should be placed on the proportion of the available funds to be invested in Trustee securities. </p><p>The point is that we as an Institute, have suffered severely during recent years owing to inflation. Some other bodies, notably the Royal Society have not been hampered by restrictions on how their money could be invested and I understand that the Royal Society is a great deal better off today than it was 20 years ago. We are a great deal worse off. The Treasurer informs me that the Chemical Society is now free from such restraint. This motion refers solely to the investment of the general funds of the Institute and does not apply to any trust funds. All we are seeking is a degree of freedom, which I am quite sure would be very wisely used so that after expert advice has been taken some of the Institute funds may be invested in other than Trustee stocks. </p><p>That is the purpose of the motion. It is the unanimous recommendation of the Council 19541 SEVENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING 255 In order that there may be no doubt about the voting procedure I will ask the Secretary to explain to you the provisions of the relevant By-laws so that if someone feels strongly against this motion he will know what action he may take. The SECRETARY Under By-law 10( 1) “any question to be decided by a General Meeting if not resolved on without division shall be decided by a simple majority of votes and subject to a demand for a count or a Postal Vote . . . voting shall be by a SHOW OF HANDS.â€� Secondly under By-law lO(2) “after a division by a SHOW OF HANDS any member present may demand a count.â€� Thirdly under By-law 12 “subject to any provision in the By-laws (that is to say the provision for a SHOW OF HANDS mentioned above) every corporate member shall have one vote and no more and such vote may be given personally or by proxy.â€� This means that the proxy votes can be included if and when a count is demanded. </p><p>The PRESIDENT The Secretary will now read the Resolution. The SECRETARY The terms of the Resolution as stated on the Notice of Meeting are as follows :-That under the powers exercisable by the Institute under or by virtue of its Royal Charter the following new By-law 41 ( 2 ) be made and adopted as a By-law o f the Institute in substitution f o r and to the exclusion of the existing By-law 41 (2) :-All funds of the Institute not needed immediately for the ordinary purposes of the Institute may be invested by the Council in the name of the Institute :-in any securities in which trustees are or may by Act of Parliament be authorised to invest and also in-(a) the stock or other securities o f any local authority in the United Kingdom or the Dominion of Canada or any province forming part thereof or the Common7.eealth of Australia or any state forming part thereof or Ihe Dominion o f New Zealand or the Union o f South Africa; the stock shares or other securities ofany statuiory undertakers that is to say a local authority company or other body or person authorised by or under an Act of Parlia-ment or an Order haiing the force of an Act of Parliament to construct work or carry on a railway canal inland navigation dock harbour tramway gas elrctricity, water sewage disposal or other public undertaking ; the debentures or debenture stock or the preference or wholly or partially guaranteed stock or shares or the ordinary or other stock or shares o f any company incorporated by a special Act o f or prouisional Order confirmed by or under a public general Act o f the Parliament of the United Kingdom or of the Dominion of Canada or of the Commonwealth of Australia or of the Dominion of New Zealand or o f the Union of South Africa or by Royal Charter. </p><p>Provided also that such investments shall only be made according to general instructions issued by the Council under the Common Seal of the Institute. Subject as aforesaid the Council may at its discretion place any monies o f the Institute temporarily on deposit with Bankers Building Societies or other financial institutions to be selected by the Council and may from time to time uary or sell any o f the investments of the Institute and may invest the proceeds of such sale in any of the stocks shares or securities hereinbefore set out. </p><p>Such sum or sums as the Council may think f i t may from time to time be applied by way of payment o f premiums on a policy or policies of insurance to create a sinking fund or funds to be applied for any purpose or purposes of the Institute to which the Council are authorised by the Charter to apph the funds of the Institute. And that the new By-law so substituted shall come into operation and take effect if and so soon as it shall be allowed with or without modification by the Lords of Her Majesty’s Most Honourable Privy Council. </p><p>41 (2). (b) (c) The PRESIDENT I now formally move the adoption of this resolution. The HON. TREASURER I beg formally to second the motion. Mr G. H. TURNER I am speaking as a private individual and I am entirely in favour of the motion. I think it is only right that the Council should be able to invest where it thinks fit. From the wording of the motion it is obvious that the Council will be free to buy the shares of any company whose stock is quoted by the Stock Exchange. May I suggest however a matter which I think should b 256 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY dealt with by the Council itself. If a Council member is interested in a firm in whose shares the Council is considering an investment he should declare his interest and for his own protection he should not vote. </p><p>Secondly I think myself that not less than 50 per cent of funds invested in other than Trustee securities should be invested in loans or the shares of companies in the United Kingdom. The PRESIDENT Both these points are very proper ones and I am sure the Council will have them in mind. Dr M. A. PHILLIPS I am not against the resolution one bit but I think it would be wrong for me not to say what is in my mind. This is a carefully-worded motion prepared under expert legal advice and there is not the slightest doubt about what it means. The point I feel it my duty to refer to is that it is a very general and well understood principle that if you invest in order to get a higher return there is a greater risk. </p><p>So long as that risk is appreciated I have no objection because I am not worried by it. There might be a tendency to buy shares of chemical industries and these might be taken away by nationalisation. With the proviso that we recognise that in departing from trustee stocks the risk is higher I would say go ahead. THE PRESIDENT Thank you very much. The Finance Committee and Council were not primarily concerned with securing an increase in income but with protecting the Institute against further capital loss. Safety will be in our minds and in particular we do want to be a little safer in respect of our capital. Mr N. F. RAPPS Mr President may I please put my case as that of a junior member being an Associate and one who has not the intelligence to interest himself deeply in finance. </p><p>My feeling is that the financial affairs of the Institute are in the hands of a very sound team and if that team sees fit to advise a certain course of action to the advantage of the Institute I am prepared to accept that advice and to vote in favour of this motion. No other member present having expressed a desire to speak on the motion, the PRESIDENT reported as follows on the appointment of proxies and the instructions given to them :-Of 164 members who had appointed proxies 157 had appointed the President and of these 120 had instructed him to vote for the motion 2 to vote against and 35 to act according to his discretion. Of the seven members who had appointed proxies other than the President four wished to vote for the motion one against and two left the decision to their proxies. </p><p>The PRESIDENT intimated that the votes to be exercised at his discretion would be used in support of the motion if a count were demanded and in that event there would therefore be at least 159 out of a total of 164 proxy votes to be cast in favour of the resolution. The motion was then put to the meeting and by siiow of hands was approved without dissentient . The PRESIDENT Does any member wish to demand a count? (No member demanded a count.) Then I declare the resolution dub carried. Vote of Thanks to the Officers and Members of the Council 1953-54 Professor J. W. COOK This particular item of business is not on the printed paper which has been circulated but I have a proposal to make. </p><p>We have already heard from this meeting an expression of confidence in the Council and it is my very pleasant duty to propose a vote of thanks to the Members of the Council for their services to the Institute during the past year. Some will be departing and others will take their places but the majority will continue to serve. I find myself in that position as one who is not a member of Council and has no prospect of becoming so. My sole knowledge of the last Council’s activities is therefore derived from the Annual Report but knowing something of the activities of the Council during past years I find plenty of evidence of new activity. The names of Members of the Council for 1953-54 are printed inside the cover of the Report ; there are 48 including yourself Mr President 7 Vice-presidents and the Hen. </p><p>Treasurer. I remember that when one new member of Council attended his first meeting he found himself as a commercial man looking around and One further word. I have heard it said that there is nothing so past as a Past President 19541 THIRTIETH CONFERENCE OF HON. SECRETARIES 257 making an estimate of the cost of the meeting in terms of the salaries of those present. The remuneration statistics might enable one to assess the amount. When you think that 48 members come and spend a day ten times a year on the business of the Institute you will realise how much time-and valuable time-is given to such service. You yourself Mr President have taken a very active part in the work of the Local Sections and we all regard that as a very important part of the Presidential duties. </p><p>Moreover from my own experience I know what a large number of dinners you must have eaten in the name of the Institute. We have also heard much evidence of the solicitude of the Hon. Treasurer for the affairs of the Institute and of the Local Sections. It would be unwise to single out members but I would like to make one reference to Dr Baines a retiring Vice-president who has been a loyal and active member for a good many years past; he will be greatly missed. Other Members of Council I should like to mention are those who have been particularly concerned with this meeting in Cambridge. I think one of the earliest occasions on which the idea was mooted was that on which the proposal was put forward by Dr Saunders in consultation with the Officers of the London Section. </p><p>There appeared at first to be some constitutional difficulty as Cambridge was within the area of the London Section but it was concluded that this did not conflict with the requirement that the meeting should be outside London this year. Dr Saunders has taken a very active part in the arrangements for the Meetings. That applies likewise to Miss Olliver; as a member of the Council and as a local member she has done a great deal. Finally I want to refer to Dr Norman Booth who is now going off the Council. Both on and off the Council and as Chairman of the London Section he has taken a very active part in affairs. On behalf of the Fellows and Associates of the Institute I should like to express thanks to the Officers and Council of the Institute for all they have done. </p><p>May I invite those present to express their appreciation in the usual manner. The vote of thanks was accorded by acclamation. Dr NORMAN BOOTH I have been asked to reply because I am one of the retiring members though I am afraid that the President has not found me as retiring on Council as he might have wished. It is a great honour a great privi-lege and a great responsibility to serve on the Council. I suppose that members of Council do this work because they enjoy it and for this reason do it with enthusiasm. On behalf of the retiring officers and members of Council I should like to thank Professor Cook for the way in which he proposed this vote of thanks and all of you for the way in which you received it. </p><p>Mr D. M. FREELAND I feel we ought to express our thanks and appreciation to Dr Ellingham and the other administrative officers and staff of the Institute for their work during the past year and especially for the amount that has been done in connection with these anniversary meetings. I am sure that everyone will support me in this. (Applause.) The SECRETARY It has been a great pleasure to see that the effort involved in making the arrangements for these meetings has been so well rewarded. Indeed, our principal difficulties arose from the almost embarrassingly enthusiastic interest that members have taken in this visit to Cambridge. The meeting then terminated. THIRTIETH CONFERENCE OF HON. SECRETARIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS The Thirtieth Conference was held at the University Arms Hotel Cambridge, on 10 April at 2 p.m. </p><p>with the President Sir Harry Jephcott in the Chair; Professor Harold Burton Hon. Treasurer and Dr E. H. Rodd Chairman of the Publications Committee were also present. The Secretary and Registrar and the Assistant Secretaries were in attendance. The Local Sections were represented by their Hon. Secretaries except that Mr R. Goulden represented the Bristol and District Section Mr W. J. Bayley the Hull and District Section Dr W. Cule Davies the Leeds Area Section and Dr J. 0. Harris the Newcastle upon Tyne and Ncrth-East Coast Section 258 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY Annual Report of the Council.-The Publications Committee at their March meeting had recommended that in future Annual Reports the introduc-tory section should be appreciably increased thus allowing the detailed sections A-H of the Report to be notably reduced. </p><p>Before reaching a conclusion on these recommendations the Council had decided to ask the Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections for their views. The general consensus of opinion of the Conference was that an introductory general report on the present lines followed by detailed accounts of the various aspects of the work of the Institute throughout the year, was the form of greatest use to individual members who were thus enabled to obtain a general picture of Institute activities and to study more fully those matters that lay within the ambit of their special interests. The rather long Section C-Status Privileges and Employment of Members-had in fact not been criticised but rather welcomed. </p><p>The Conference unanimously decided to recommend to the Council that the present form of the Annual Report be main-tained without any major changes in the future. Local Section Affairs.-It was reported that some criticism of reports of Local Section Affairs had been received by the Editor the main point being not that such reports should be curtailed but that they should be enlivened and made of more general interest to members at large. It was recognised that lectures on scientific subjects did not lend themselves to the technique of the social column writer but some of these could in any event be dealt with through separate lecture summaries. </p><p>It was agreed however that when events of a social character were held the help of Section members most skilled in reporting such events should if possible be enlisted for this purpose. It was noted that the monthly Journal offered greater scope for the reporting of Local Section Affairs and that delays in submitting reports were undesirable. Civil Defence.-The Birmingham and District Section were concerned to know what further assistance should be afforded by the Institute to the Civil Defence Authorities in the recruitment of Technical Reconnaissance Officers in order to ensure that suitably qualified people were appointed. The present practice was for the Institute to make available a copy of the printed Register to ahy Local Authority that enquired and to draw attention to appropriate sections of the Geographical Index; it had not been considered proper to attempt to put forward names of individual members. </p><p>I t was suggested at the Conference, however that the Institute should assume a more active r61e in this matter through the Local Sections and it was agreed that Local Authorities should be put into touch with Hon. Secretaries of Sections who might be able to assist them in securing suitable members as T.R.Os. This was not a matter in which Regional Scientific Advisers were directly concerned. On the suggestion of the Chairman Mr N. F. Rapps Hon. Secretary of the North Wales Section who had given considerable thought to these questions as a result of personal experience, was asked to prepare an article dealing with various aspects of this problem for publication in the Journal and his willing acceptance of this task was warmly welcomed. </p><p>Joint Meetings.-The Dublin and District Section asked for information on the means adopted by Local Sections to co-ordinate Section activities with those of other chemical bodies in the same area. An interesting exchange of ideas and information on current practices then took place. It was generally felt that co-operation to as great an extent as local conditions permitted was to be encouraged. With the numerous bodies now in existence co-operation in drawing up programmes had become essential in order to avoid overlapping of dates and subjects. In some large centres such as Manchester ajoint calendar was published. In other areas unnecessary duplication of notices was avoided by the use of a joint register of all members of cognate bodies. </p><p>Purposes of Local Section Meetings.-The London Section wished to have the views of the Conference on the primary purposes of Local Section meetings there being two main points of view on this question ( a ) that meetings should be held for the benefit instruction or entertainment of present members 19541 THIRTIETI-I CONFERENCE OF HON. SECRETARIES 259 ( b ) that they should aim at attracting non-members and particularly students with a view to their becoming members subsequently. After some discussion it was generally agreed that these points of view were complementary and that .both purposes should be fulfilled in a well drawn-up programme. It was suggested that meetings for the discussion of professional and educational matters might be held more often and that representatives of organisations interested in particular topics might be invited to attend. </p><p>It was recognised that joint meetings with bodies other than purely scientific societies sometimes involved difficulties. It was noted however that the only point that had been made by the Council in this connection was that in meetings with trade union bodies care should be taken to ensure that the Institute did not become associated with resolutions or state-ments having political implications. Institute Membership.-As agreed at the 29th Conference further con-sideration was given to the reasons why in some areas and in some fields of activity the proportions of chemists who have become members of the Institute are not as high as the average. </p><p>Consideration was given to the criticisms that were sometimes levelled at the profession e.g. there was still insufficient distinction in the public mind between pharmacists and chemists though it was recognised that the process of public enlightenment had grown considerably in recent years, particularly from the contribution of chemists to the war effort; the credit for many chemical discoveries had gone to medicine possibly owing to the prevalence of the Doctor’s degree among professional scientists ; low salaries were occasionally offered in advertisements in the daily press for posts of relatively high respon-sibility; the apparent neglect of scientists in the award of public honours though there appeared to be some improvement in this respect since the War. </p><p>These points seemed to indicate the need for greater publicity for the profession, in which the Institute could play an important part. This was no new problem, but one that had to be kept continually under review. As regards advertisements for posts it was the practice whenever inadequate remuneration was offered for an official letter to be sent from the Institute to the originators pointing out that a chemist with the necessary qualifications and experience could not be expected to apply; more suitable conditions were often suggested. The other matters seemed to involve the long-term education of the public and of local authorities and they raised problems that could not be solved overnight. </p><p>Against these criticisms which showed that much yet remained to be done in the spheres of publicity and public education were to be set the following points : that the membership of the Institute is maintaining a steady growth in spite of the fact that honours graduates can secure posts easily without joining their profes-sional organisation; and that the maintenance of the Institute’s standards was a foremost consideration irrespective of any possible effect such standards might have in restricting its potential size. Proxy Voting at General Meetings.-The Liverpool and North-Western Section had noted with misgiving that under the present By-law 10(1) unless a count is demanded at a General Meeting the show of hands alone is taken to indicate the decision of the members without taking into account any proxy votes that may have been cast. </p><p>The recent statement by the Council (J. 1953, 592) had not removed such misgivings for it might be interpreted to mean that proxy votes could not be included after a show of hands had been taken. I t was recommended that this whole question should be re-examined. At the end of the meeting the President thanked the Hon. Secretaries or their Deputies for having attended the Conference and again referred to the pleasure with which he looked forward to the friendly atmosphere and profitable exchanges of views on these now regular occasions. hlr H. D. Thornton voiced the thanks of the Local Sections to all those who had helped in the organisation of the Cambridge Meetings. Finally Mr J. </p><p>Ashley-Jones thanked the President for so skilfully conducting the discussion from the Chair and for the pleasure it gave the Local Sections to know of his great interest in their work on behalf of the profession 260 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY EXHIBITION OF DRAWINGS AND PAINTINGS The following works by members of the Institute were hung in the large Examination Hall of the University of Cambridge and were on view throughout the period of the Anniversary Meetings. BARNETT A. J. G. 1. Farmhouse Interior Finland ( O i l ) . 2. Balquholly Woods ( O i l ) . 3. Elm Tree (Pencil). BROUGHTON H. J. 4. Rickmansworth ( O i l ) . CARLIER Miss G. I. M. Theatrical Designs 5. Richard I1 (Tinted Drawings). 6. Bluebeard ( Water Colour). </p><p>7. Lydia Languish (Water Colour). COLE R. J. 8. John (Pencil). 9. Segula (Oil). CROMPTON T. R. 10. Interior of Liverpool Anglican CULLINANE N. M. 11 Albergo Modern0 (Oil). 12 Bottles and Glasses ( O i l ) . 13. ELIAS P. G. 14. Swans (Oil). 15. Sunset ( O i l ) . 16. Swiss Scene ( O i l ) . ELLINGHAM H. J. T. 17. The Stream Lavenham (Pencil). 18. Sunday Afternoon St. Ives (Water 19. Water Mill Bosham (Water Colour). EWART J. A. D. 5 1. Summer Afternoon ( Water Colour). 52. Autumn Impression (Water Colour). 53. November Sunlight (Water Colour). GIBBS E. M. 20. “Christmas Cardâ€� ( O i l ) . GREEVES W. F. 2 1. 22. Nanga Parbat (Water Colour). 23. Chartres (Water Colour). HARTLEY R. S. 24. Night Piece Leeds ( O i l ) . 25. </p><p>Folly Hall Norwood (Wood En-26. Folly Hall I11 (Aquatint). Cathedral (Indian Ink). Still Life with Onions ( O i l ) . Colour) . The Sella Dolomites ( Water Colour). graving). HOBSON P. 27. Hastings Castle (Water Colour). 28. Aberdeen Harbour (Pencil). KAPE J. M. 29. The Dingle Mount Tram (Water 30. 31. Colour) . LADHAMS D. E. 32. Flowerpiece ( O i l ) . 33. Love Lane Weymouth ( O i l ) . MCLAUGHLIN T. P. 34. MARDLES E. W. J. 35. Whitby( Composition) ( Water Colour). 36. Whitby Town (Water Colour). 37. Brixham Harbour Devon (Water MARTIN A. R. 38. Maiden Castle ( Wood Engraving). 39. The Tree by the Yard (Scraperboard). 40. Corfe Castle ( Wood Engraving). MEADOWS A. J. 41. Ben Nevis from Corpach (Water 42. Cole Tit ( Water Colour) . </p><p>43. Bullfinch ( Water Colour). NUTTER A. 44. Craigallion (Pen and I n k ) . 45. The Stour-Grove Ferry (Pen and Ink). 46. Clared Bay Aberystwyth (Water Colour). RITCHIE P. D. 47. The Lantern Boats Collioure (Brush 48. St Jean-pied-de-port Pyrenees TRITTON Mrs S. M. 54. Austrian Village ( O i l ) . 55. Flower Study ( O i l ) . WILLIAMS K. A. 49. Milner Street Chelsea ( W a t e r 50. Chiswick Eyot (Water Colour). Colour) . “Twilight Expressâ€� ( Water Colour). Sunset and English Village (Water Portrait of Roger Townsend Esq. (Pen and Wash). Colour) . Colour) . Drawing). ( Water Colour). Colour) 19541 BOOK REVIEWS 26 1 BOOK REVIEWS Quantum Chemistry. Kenneth S. Pitzer. Pp. x + 529. Prentice-Hall Chemistry Series. (London Constable & Go. </p><p>Ltd. 1953.) This is a welcome addition to the still relatively small textbook literature of theoretical chemistry. I t covers much the same ground as Eyring Walter and Kimball’s well-known book but on the whole it makes easier reading. The basic part of the new work that dealing with quantum mechanics the hydrogen atom and the approximate theory of polyelectronic atoms and of molecules seems a little hurried as if the author were impatient to get on to something more interesting. But by contrast the sections dealing with spectra and their relation to thermodynamics are splendidly written and the later part of the book includes an excellent introduction to the theory of the solid state and to nuclear phenomena, and a very useful series of 24 mathematical and numerical appendixes. </p><p>In the early chapters the concepts of quantum mechanics are unsatisfyingly presented as in the sentence (p. lo) “All attempts to detect the waves themselves, beyond relative numbers of particles have failed,â€� which neglects the fact that what one detects depends on what one looks for. The energy level diagram of hydrogen (p. 12) does not accord with the reviewer’s preconceptions. Maxima of angular wave-functions are called “bond strengthsâ€� (p. 163) without regard to the circumstance that they do not even maintain the qualitative variation that would justify such an interpretation. On the other hand the central part of the book and the final 108 pp. of appendixes are very valuable. The appendixes alone which contain many useful formulae as well as numerical tables to facilitate the calculation of mole-cular from thermodynamic properties or vice versa make the work indispensable to anyone interested to develop the quantitative aspects of molecular structure. </p><p>63s. net. C. K. INGOLD Elsevier’s Encyclopaedia of Organic Chemistry. Edited by F. Radt. Series 111 Volume 12 B Part VII. Naphthoic Acids and their Halogen, Nitrogen and Hydroxyl Derivatives. Pp. xliv; 3965-4560. (Amsterdam : Elsevier Publishing Co. Ltd. ; London distributors Cleaver-Hume Press, Ltd. 1953.) El6 to subscribers. For many years Beilstein has held pride of place as the encyclopaedia of organic chemistry. Nevertheless the fact that its second supplement now nearing completion covers the literature only to 1929 is a defect of increasing seriousness as the speed of chemical development accelerates. </p><p>On this account the old-established Dutch publishing firm of Elsevier decided before the last war to support a plan for a comprehensive encyclopaedia of organic chemistry using a system of literature coverage which would reduce the time-lag associated with Beilstein. An editorial office was established in Amsterdam a team of Dutch English German and Swiss chemists assembled and a thorough search of the organic chemical literature of all countries begun. A master file for the whole work was thus established and up to now there have been issued 12 bound parts of the Encyclo-paedia comprising some 10,000 pages and relating to volumes 12 (bicyclic compounds) 13 (tricyclic compounds) and 14 (tetra- and higher cyclic compounds). </p><p>The gap between the appearance of a volume and literature recorded in it has been reduced to an average of four years. To keep the encyclopaedia up-to-date, supplements for each volume will be issued ten years after the appearance of the main volume. In their choice of material for immediate publication the editors have given priority to the fields in which the existing German documenta-tion is farthest in arrear. It comprises the naphthoic acids their hydro-derivatives homologues halogen, nitrogen and hydroxyl derivatives. The literature has been consulted up to and including 1944 and papers concerning the structure of compounds up to 1933. Not only chemical but also physical and physiological data are included. It was at first intended not to cover the patent literature but this policy has been reversed. </p><p>The present work is Part VII of Volume 12B 262 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY Previous parts of Elsevier were received with world-wide appreciation and this one reaches the high standard set by its predecessors. It is thorough in its treatment it is magnificently printed and bound and the tables summarising the properties of related compounds are excellently constructed. As usual in this encyclopaedia there are comprehensive subject and formula indexes. But the most striking feature of the book is the concise lucid and workmanlike presenta-tion of data. The masterly manner in which the necessary and sufficient practical details of the reactions described are selected for inclusion produces that sense of intellectual satisfaction which the contemplation of a professional job well done always gives. </p><p>Reading one section of Elsevier makes one long for the appearance of the part dealing with one’s own interest-roll on volume 17! Biochemical Preparations. VoJ ume 3. Esmond E. Snell Editor-in-Chief. (New York :John Wiley and Sons Inc.; London Chapman All chemists who are interested in the relation of their science to the processes occurring in living organisms will welcome a further instalment of Biochemical Preparations. Those who are well versed in the technique of biochemistry will still find this book of great value; those organic chemists who from time to time overstep the invisible boundary between their zone and the other sector will find the preparative details and the references indispensable. </p><p>Of the 24 preparations described at least 12 involve the manipulation of plant or animal tissues or the use of micro-organisms. Spectroscopy ion-exchange resins and enzymic methods are frequently used to check the purity of the final products. The use of various snake-venoms as sources of L-amino acid oxidase in the oxidative deamination of L- or DL-leucine to or-ketoisocaproic acid is described and the reader is told where these somewhat unusual aids are obtainable. In general, when a technical product having a trade name is cited the same information is given. We must however protest at being advised twice to use a mixture of chloroform and Skellysolve-B in the purification of protoporphyrin dimethyl ester without enlightenment as to what this second substance is. </p><p>The description of almost every preparation involves some point of special interest. The footnotes appended to the preparation of muscle phosphorylase dealing with the physiology of rabbits are very illumina-ting. The use of the detergent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in modifying the biochemical properties of a suspension of Streptococcus faecalis used in the pre-paration of L-citrulline from L-arginine is unusual. One preparation describes the extraction of isocitric acid from a member of the Crassulaceae. This recalls the work of Nelson who showed that the substance long known as “crassulaic malic acidâ€� was in reality isocitric acid. In the section on the preparation of the optically active lactic acids by fermen-tation of glucose with the appropriate bacillus there is a reference to the work of P. </p><p>F. Frankland and MacGregor on the resolution of DL-lactic acid by “abacterial growthâ€� carried out at Dundee in 1893. It is remarked that the rotation ofzinc lactate is opposite in sign to that of the free acid. A similar observation by Frankland and Frew in 1890 during their resolution of DL-calcium glycerate by Bacillus ethaceticus launched Frankland on his long study of optical activity and deprived biochemistry in this country of its earliest exponent. Misprints are almost absent but headings IIIa on pages 21 and 25 dealing with the preparation of Co-enzymes I and I1 would be more correctly described as “precipitation by silver nitrateâ€� and ‘‘mercuric acetateâ€� respectively rather than “by silverâ€� and “by mercury.â€� Metallic silver is actually used in biochemical operations as in Dudley’s method for the recovery of organic bases from their platinichlorides. </p><p>More is likely to be heard in the future of amino acids contain-ing the (CHJ2C-S- link and the account of the synthesis of L- and D- penicillamines is to be welcomed. In the scheme outlining the synthesis of penicillamine it is the sodium methoxide which along with hydrogen sulphide is the effective agent in the third stage and not methyl alcohol as shown in the diagram. T. S. WHEELER Pp. viii + 128. and Hall Ltd. 1953.) 28s. net. Only a few can be cited. F. CHALLENGE 19541 BOOK REVIEWS 263 The Biochemistry of Genetics. J. B. S. </p><p>Haldane. Pp. 144. (London: Professor Haldane was reader in Biochemistry at Cambridge and published a monograph on enzymes almost a quarter of a century ago. This was an impor-tant work on the classification and dynamics of enzymes which is still of value. In the present book Haldane tells how he left Cambridge in 1932 to work at the John Innes Horticultural Institute on biochemical genetics and to investigate the enzymes concerned in pigment formation in plants. He did not investigate plant enzymes however but became a geneticist. This explains how his qualifi-cations are ideal for a subject that is in the fields both of biology and biochemistry. In addition to the knowledge of the subjects he has an original and stimulating mind so that this short book is of more than ordinary interest. </p><p>One of the earliest studies of biochemical genetics was concerned with the so called “Inborn errors of metabolismâ€� in man described by Garrod in 1909. In this part of the subject Haldane refers frequently to the recently published Galton Laboratory Monograph “An introduction to Human Biochemical Geneticsâ€� by H. Harris. Some abnormalities of this type such as alkaptonuria in which tyrosine is converted to homogentisic acid (2 :5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid), give indications of the probable metabolic path of the substances in question. The application of modern methods of analysis such as paper chromatography to clinical biochemistry is facilitating development of this aspect of biochemical genetics. The study of the biochemistry of mutants of the fungus Neurospora C~USSQ has also given valuable information on the metabolic pathways of purines pyrimi-dines and amino acids as mutant forms of the fungus often lack one specific enzyme and so can be used to show intermediate steps in metabolism. </p><p>In some cases the metabolic paths revealed by this technique have been found to occur in mammalian tissues. In other chapters the genetics of viruses bacteria yeasts and higher plants and the problems of mutation and adaptation are discussed. The material is based on a series of lectures given to biochemists at University College London and provides a stimulating account of a fascinating field of biochemistry which is developing rapidly. George Allen and Unwin 1954.) 15s. net. E. BOYLAND British Veterinary Codex 1953. </p><p>Pp. xxiii + 737. (London The Pharma-The publication of the British Veterinary Codex marks an unique association between members of the Pharmaceutical Society and the veterinary profession. Work on the publication has been pursued for 34 years with the object of providing a book of reference for pharmacists veterinarians and others interested in veter-inary medicine. The British Veterinary Codex Committee appointed a number of Sub-committees to help in the preparation of this volume and was assisted by a number of individual consultants throughout the Commonwealth. The Formulary Sub-committee was assisted by veterinary surgeons and pharmacists from the retail and wholesale firms supplying materials from which animal medicines are prepared. Sub-committees were also formed to deal with Action and Uses, Biological Products Analytical Standards Antibiotics and Hormones. </p><p>As far as possible formulae and preparations have been selected in accordance with the British Pharmacopoeia or the British Pharmaceutical Codex which are adopted as the legal standards in the Courts. Hitherto no such uniformity has been established in veterinary medicine; however the Britkh ‘Veterinary Codex will now be accepted as giving the necessary standards of quality and will be welcomed by all branches of the veterinary profession. Part I consists of a series of monographs on drugs chemicals and related substances; Part I1 com-prises antisera vaccines and related products and Part I11 is the Formulary. Part I deals with approximately 430 substances 70 of which are not included ceutical Press 1953.) 45s. </p><p>(postage 1s.) The British Veterinary Codex is divided into three main parts 264 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY in the B.P. or the B.P.C. and are therefore new. Nearly all these are used against worm infestations and protozoon infections. Standards for these drugs have been produced and it is hoped that they will take their place with the more established drugs used in human medicine. Part I1 includes a general monograph devoted to antitoxic sera antibacterial sera and antiviral sera. The Biological Sub-committee drew up a list of substances also to be included in this part. It delegated the preparation of monographs on antibiotics and on hormones to two Special Sub-committees of experts. </p><p>The standards for antibiotics and hormones are those of human medicine and thus these Sub-committees were concerned only with action and uses. The mono-graphs deal with 61 materials and cover a wide range of bioIogical products used throughout the Commonwealth with accounts of how several of them can be prepared so as to conform to the British Veterinary Codex standards for purity, safety and efficiency. Here the word “standardâ€� means the minimum levels in respect of the various qualities to which the products must conform. Part I11 covers approximately 300 recipes most commonly used in preparations described in Part I. About a quarter of these recipes are new in that they are peculiar to veterinary practice and have not been described in a Pharmacopoeia. </p><p>The remainder are well-established formulations for veterinary or medical use, and are described in either the B.P. or the B.P.C. Preparations of a similar type have been grouped together each group being prefaced by a descriptive mono-graph. Special recipes from textbooks on veterinary medicine manufacturers and members of the profession have been given and these cover a wide variety of substances. The rest of the formulary covers small groups pessaries eye drops etc. and general preparations of extracts infusions and so on. The British Veterinary Codex concludes with 16 valuable appendixes which cover quantitative tests for heavy metals limit tests biological assays of vitamins and sera tests for purity and sterilisation thermometric equivalents weights and measures and finally a list of synonyms. </p><p>Errors and omissions seem neglibible although one might have expected reference to warfarin the new rodent poison and to the possibilities of thallium poisoning in man and domestic animals. In Australia there is special legislation to prevent the uncontrolled sale of thallium products. Indeed greater reference might have been made to the Dangerous Drugs Act and veterinary medicine. A word of warning might have been added in dealing with types of veterinary medicines emphasising the care that is necessary in administering them and the importance of animal restraint if harm is to be avoided to both animal and operator. The work can be highly commended to all those whose work concerns or impinges upon veterinary medicine; it should also be of considerable interest to many engaged in human medicine pharmacology physiological chemistry and agriculture. </p><p>Furthermore it will undoubtedly provide a useful jumping-off ground for further research. The publishers and all concerned can be congratu-lated upon the success of their task. Industrial Inorganic Analysis. Roland S. Young. Pp. viii + 368. (London : In his preface the author refers to the increasing number of monographs on special fields of analysis. He suggests that these monographs must necessarily omit many elements that have to be considered in a general inorganic laboratory. The title of this book implies that it will remedy these omissions but it cannot be said to have succeeded. The book comprises chapters on 45 elements from aluminium to zirconium; most of these are metals but carbon chlorine cyanogen fluorine nitrogen, oxygen sulphur selenium and tellurium are included. </p><p>The treatment is uneven and in the first chapter on aluminium the short-comings of the author’s scheme are revealed. After a discussion on General Procedure there is a section headed Special Procedures. In this section six lines W. R. WOOLDRIDGE Chapman and Hall Ltd. 1953.) 36s. net 19541 BOOK REVIEW 265 are devoted to Magnesium-base alloys two to Pigments two to Steels and two to Aluminium Ores. Only in the first example is any attempt made to suggest a procedure in the second the reference is to a paper in the third and fourth to monographs of the Aluminium Co. of America and the US. Steel Corporation. </p><p>Nor is there any reference in this chapter to the determination of aluminium in clays and refractory materials. In the chapter on Calcium we are told correctly how to precipitate the oxalate but the instructions for the decomposition of refrac-tory products are quite inadequate. Carbon we are told “may be encountered in the analytical laboratory of a metallurgical industry as carbonate in minerals and ore as carbon in iron and steel or non-ferrous alloys in coals gases organic compounds graphite amorphous carbon or industrial diamond.â€� Half a page is then given to the use of the Schroedter alkalimeter. For the determination of carbon in iron and steel the reader is referred to six books on metallurgical analysis although in addition a “trainâ€� is described and instructions of a general nature are given for the combus-tion of steels. </p><p>The determination of graphite in cast-iron is given under Special Procedures. The section on Chromium consists of 2& pages and ends with the statement : “A good procedure has been recently described for very low chromium contents in biological materialâ€� and gives a literature reference ! By contrast the next chapter on Cobalt runs to 26 pages but the author is careful to distinguish those methods ofwhich he has personal experience from others which he says “have been proposed and doubtless give good results in certain cases.â€� The chapter on Niobium and Tantalum contains no reference to the chromatographic procedures that have been developed during the last 2 or 3 years and gives only the tannin methods of Schoeller and Powell. </p><p>The chapter on Oxygen begins “Wth the exception of oxygen in gases the determination of this element is rarely encountered in most industrial laboratories.â€� A detailed account of a method for the determination of sulphur and oxygen in refined copper is then given and this is followed by “Special Procedures.â€� These consist of 5 short notes of which note 4 is typical “Methods for the determination of oxygen in steel are given by Lundell Hoffman and Bright (‘Chemical Analysis of Iron and Steel’) and in aluminium by the handbooks of the aluminium companies. â€� These comments are admittedly critical but they are offered so that the reader may form an idea as to the planning of the book. Let it be added that where the methods given are clearly based on the author’s experience they are sound and workmanlike. </p><p>They are indeed often written in the language of the metallurgical assay laboratory. It would perhaps be pedantic to quarrel with this had not the author suggested that the book “may also serve to acquaint the university student at the senior or graduate level with the technique and viewpoint of the industrial laboratory. It has been the writer’s experience that new men often take a long time to become accustomed to procedures suitable for analysing many samples in a day.â€� The reviewer shares the author’s objective and his observation but is doubtful if this book will achieve success in this particular direction. Nevertheless provided the limitations concealed by its title are understood, it should prove a useful addition to the library of any inorganic analyst for, besides the description of the main analytical procedures many useful pieces of information and details of technique are given throughout the text. </p><p>The references after each chapter form in addition a valuable collection of sources of information. The printing is clear and the binding good. R. C. CHIRNSID 266 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY LOCAL SECTION AFFAIRS Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 27 April in the University Union Broad Street Aberdeen, with Dr M. B. Watson in the Chair. The Secretary’s report and the financial statement were read and adopted. Mr A. F. Thomson District Member of Council then gave a short account of the work of the Council during the past year. </p><p>Officers and Members of Committee for the following year were elected as follows:-Chairman Dr M. B. Watson; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Dr H. G. M. Hardie; Hon. Auditor Mr D. W. Menzies; Members of Committee, Dr W. T. H. Williamson Dr W. J. Donaldson Dr J. A. Lovern Dr R. H. Thomson and Messrs D. B. Cameron and J. A. Gard. Mr A. F. Thomson, District Member of Council and Dr R. B. Strathdee F.R.S.E. General Member of Council are ex oficio members of committee. Belfast and District.-The Annual General Meeting was held on 23 March. There was the usual small attendance associated with business meetings. The following were elected for the coming Session :- Chairman Dr T. Caughey; Vice-chairman Dr M. </p><p>H. Hall; Honorary Secretary Mr W. W. Harpur; Honorary Treasurer Dr W. Honneyman ; Members of Committee Messrs McDowell Howard McConaghy and Ford-Kirkpatrick. Cumberland and District.-The Section held a Joint Meeting with the Glaxo Scientific Society at Ulverston on 22 January with Dr F. J. Wilkins of Glaxo Ltd. in the Chair. The large audience was privileged to be addressed by the President Sir Harry Jephcott on “Some Experiences of Food Legislation during the War.â€� In a fascinating and reminiscent lecture Sir Harry described some of the many problems he had encountered in the war years in the Goods and Drugs field and told of their solution. Mr K. Saddington Chairman of the Section proposed the vote of thanks which was carried with acclamation. </p><p>On 25 February Dr L. J. Bellamy Chemical Inspectorate M.O.S. Woolwich, presented a lecture on “The Infra-red Determination of Organic Structure.â€� There was a good attendance of members at the Windscale Club Seascale, and Mr F. J. Woodman an old colleague of the lecturer presided. Dr Bellamy referred briefly to the techniques of I.R. spectrometry and in a lively and entertaining fashion discussed the relationship between absorption character-istics in various regions of the infra-red band and molecular structure. The lecture was illustrated by slides and charts. The lecturer dealt capably with numerous questions raised and was thanked for his excellent presentation by Mr K. Saddington. On 25 March Mr A. W. Doyle H.M.I. for Chemistry in Technical Colleges and Institutes in the North of England lectured at the Grammar School White-haven on “The Structure of Technical Education.’’ Dr H. </p><p>Gregson Principal of the Whitehaven Technical Institute presided before a rather disappointing attendance of members of the Institute and the Whitehaven Scientific Society. The lecturer gave a masterly interesting and informative account of the aims and types of the different establishments for Further Education and the various examining bodies for which evening and part-time as well as full-time students are prepared. The speaker referred to opportunities for scientific research and to the development of technological education in this country. The lecture aroused a lively discussion and Mr Doyle was warmly thanked by Mr F. J. Woodman. </p><p>Dublin Section.-A meeting of the Section was held in the Chemistry Department Trinity College Dublin on 26 February Dr V. C. Barry Chairman, presiding. At the outset the Chairman conveyed the congratulations of the members to Professor T. S . Wheeler on his impending election as a Vice-president of the Institute and mentioned that this would be the first occasion that a member of the Dublin Section had filled this Office 19541 LOCAL SECTION AFFAIRS 267 Next the Chairman extended a hearty welcome to Professor Harold Burton, Honorary Treasurer of the Institute who gave a lecture on “Reactions of Some Organic Cations,â€� a summary of which appears on page 242. The lecture proved of considerable interest to the organic research workers present and a lively discussion ensued which was concluded by the Chairman conveying to Professor Burton the thanks of the members. </p><p>The Section in conjunction with the Chemical Society the Institute of Chemistry of Ireland and the Dublin Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, held meetings in University College Cork on 23 March University College, Dublin on 24 March and University College Galway on 26 March. At each meeting Dr E. J. Bourne University of Birmingham gave an address on “Some Aspects of Oligo- and Poly-Saccharide Synthesis,â€� in which he dealt with the methods employed for the purification of enzymes and for the separation and identification of the products of enzyme action on different substrates. Among many interesting topics mention was made of the use of infra-red spectroscopy in distinguishing between a- and @-glycosidic linkages. </p><p>Dr Bourne stressed that the study of enzymic synthesis of /3-linked saccharide molecules had so far made little progess. The Annual General Meeting was held in the Chemistry Department, University College Dublin on 24 March. The Honorary Auditors Messrs B. G. Fagan and G. A. F. Harrison were re-elected on the proposal of Mr W. C. O’Neill seconded by Mr W. J. Stringer. A ballot was held to fill two vacancies on the Committee for which four nomin-ations had been received; it resulted in the election of Messrs T. W. Breaden and R. 0. V. Lloyd. The thanks of the members were conveyed to the outgoing members of Committee Dr J. G. Belton and Mr V. H. Bowers for their services to the Section on the motion of Dr A. </p><p>G. G. Leonard seconded by Mr J? W. Parkes. The Chairman proposed the adoption of the draft of the new rules for the Section which had been circulated with the notice of meeting. The Honorary Secretary in seconding the proposal outlined the reasons why new rules were required and the steps which had been taken to draft them. He then indicated the main points of difference embodied in the proposed new rules. A considerable discussion ensued and it was finally agreed on the proposal of Dr Leonard seconded by Mr Parkes that the time at the disposal of the meeting was insufficient for full consideration to be given to the matter which should be deferred to a Special General Meeting to be summoned for the purpose. Members were invited to express their opinions on a suggestion from the Conjoint Chemical Council of Ireland that in order to save postage expense one notice per month should be issued to cover all the meetings taking place in the month. </p><p>In view of the conflicting opinions expressed it was decided to make no recommendation in the matter. On the proposal of the Chairman the thanks of the Section were expressed to the authorities of Trinity and University Colleges Dublin for the meeting facilities afforded to the Section during the Session. Dr V. C. Barry presided. This concluded the business before the meeting which then terminated. Dundee and District.-On 19 March Dr H. B. Nisbet F.R.S.E. Principal of the Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh delivered a lecture in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Dundee on “Technical Education.â€� Dr T. </p><p>J. Morrison was in the Chair. The leading position in the chemical industry now acquired by the US. was due largely he said to the rapid development of the profession of chemical engineering. The old tradition of relying entirely on the combination of the industrial chemist and the mechanical engineer was outmoded. He pleaded for a broadening of scientific education in the universities and the devehpment not only of technical knowlege and skill but of a liberal outlook on Dr Nisbet spoke about the training of the chemical technologist. Dr Nisbet was not in favour of early specialisation in university courses 268 JOURNAL OF ?‘HE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY LhtAY life an appreciation of the organisation of industry and an interest in administra-tive problems. </p><p>Mr C. W. Macfarlane proposed the vote of thanks which was warmly accorded. East Anglia.-The fifth meeting of the session was held at Ipswich on 28 January. Mr G. H. Whyatt was in the Chair and a good number of members and guests were present. Mr D. Reichenberg of the C.R.L. Teddington spoke on “Ion Exchange Resins.â€� Using sulphonated cross-linked polystyrene resins as an example he discussed the effect of such factors as the degree of cross-linking, the presence and concentration of different ions in the solution being treated, bead-size of resin particles size and charge of ions in solution and ions already absorbed on the rate and degree of exchange. Finally various applications of the resins were considered. </p><p>Mr T. P. Dee proposed a vote of thanks at the end of the discussion. Mr F. Shaw was in the Chair. Dr A. G. Lipscomb gave a talk on “Special Assignations; from Chemistry to Atomic Physics in War.â€� He described the early German gas attacks and the measures taken to counteract them the formation and training of the Special Brigade R.E. and his own experiences with this unit. After a brief survey of the war gases available from 1939-1945 he went on to deal with the constitution and mode of action of the nerve gases and ended with a description of the proposed duties and equipment of the Technical Reconnaissance Officers in the present Civil Defence Organisation. After a discussion Dr J. C. Earl proposed a vote of thanks. The seventh meeting was held in Norwich 011 16 March with Mr G. </p><p>H. Whyatt in the Chair. Dr Williams spoke of the cleaning of wheat and then showed how the four basic stages of breaking classification purification and reduction are built up into the complex system necessary to ensure a clean separation of bran and germ from finely-ground endosperm. He showed how the miller has adapted his processes to meet the demands of modern ideas on nutrition and to the necessity of producing high quality flour at a high extraction rate. Discussion had to be kept brief because of lack of time and Dr S. H. Edgar expressed the appreciation of the meeting in his vote of thanks. The Annual General Meeting was held on 24 April at the Oriental Cafk, Westgate Street Ipswich with Mr G. H. Whyatt in the Chair. The Section was happy and proud to welcome the President Sir Harry Jephcott on this occasion. </p><p>The Hon. Secretary in his report for 1953-54 noted that seven meetings have been held this session three at Ipswich and four at Norwich. Attendance at meetings has on the whole been satisfactory though members are frequently outnumbered by guests mainly technical students and senior schoolchildren, whose attendance is greatly to be encouraged. The outstanding event of the year for the Section has been the holding of the Anniversary Meetings in Cambridge the London Section and ourselves acting jointly as hosts. The meetings were a great success largely because of the hard work of the Joint Organising Committee and a small local Sub-Com-mittee in Cambridge. Members will be pleased to learn that the dinner given by the two Sections to the Officers and Members of the Council and towards which so many members subscribed was by no means the least successful function. </p><p>On the motion of Dr J. W. Corran seconded by Dr S. H. Edgar the Hon. Secretary was asked to write to Dr Briers and Mr Jones at the Norwich City College expressing the thanks of the Section for placing a room at our disposal for meetings. After the adoption of the Hon. Treasurer’s report the following Officers and Members of Committee were elected for the coming year :-Chairman, Mr G. H. Whyatt; Hon. Secretary Mr 11. F. Bamford; Hon. Treasurer Dr F. C. Lloyd (Mr T. P. Dee retiring after 7 years’ service); Members of Committee, The sixth meeting was held at Norwich on 10 February. </p><p>Dr J. Williams gave a talk on “Flour Milling. 19541 LOCAL SECTION AFFAIRS 269 Mr S. Booth I>r J. W. Corran and Messrs T. P. Dee Cyril Hall W. C. Hanson and F. Shaw; Hon. Auditor Mr H. S. Hunt. After tea which followed the formal business meeting Sir Harry Jephcott gave his address on ‘‘Some War-Time Experiences of Food Legislation.â€� After recounting his early experiences at the Ministry of Food Sir Harry went on to describe the measures taken under emergency conditions to control the flood of food substitutes which appeared in 1941 under conditions of acute shortage. A stop-gap regulation was followed by a more foolproof Order in Council and Sir Harry gave us an insight into the mechanics of this type of legislation. He then went on to describe his experiences in America when studying their methods of food legislation. </p><p>Comparing legislation in that country and in this he pointed out that the Americans had gone much further than ourselves in the direction of legislation against what they term ‘misbranding.’ An article would be deemed to be misbranded if the first impression gained on looking at it was misleading. The federal authorities made great use of their powers of seizure of articles in inter-State commerce followed by legal action in a court of record. All cases concerning articles in inter-State commerce were dealt with on a federal basis in a court of record. This had led to the building up of a mass of case law which applied universally. This procedure had obvious advantages over our method of proceeding in courts of summary jurisdiction on a purely local basis. </p><p>The Federal Food and Drugs Authority had no jurisdiction over advertising which was controlled by the Federal Trade Commission. Their mode of action was by the issue of ‘cease and desist’ orders. Dr J. C. Earl proposed a vote of thanks to the President and this was carried with acclamation. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-A Film Evening was arranged jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry on 15 January in the Royal Technical College and it was well attended despite stormy weather. The programme consisted of the following films all of which were of a high standard and were much appreciated :-“Around a Gum treeâ€�-the story of the Australian Gum Tree; “Gasâ€�-a Dutch film of great interest; “Streptomycinâ€�-its discovery, development and manufacture; “Steelâ€�-a colour film of all processes; and “Chameleonâ€�-a fascinating natural study. </p><p>On 12 February a lecture was delivered by Professor H. N. Rydon of the University of Manchester entitled “Studies in the Organic Chemistry of Phos-phorus.â€� Professor Rydon began his lecture by discussing briefly the differences between the organic chemistry of phosphorus and that of nitrogen arising from the capacity of phosphorus to expand its valency shell to include more than 8 electrons. He then described the preparation of the addition compounds of triphenyl phosphite with alkyl halides and with halogens and the reactions of these compounds with alcohols to give good yields of alkyl halides. Alkyl halides can also be prepared in good yield by the reaction between an alcohol, triphenyl phosphite and an alkyl halide a hydrogen halide or a halogen; the reaction of an alcohol with triphenyl phosphite and a halogen is a very convenient preparative method for alkyl halides and might well replace the older method. </p><p>Professor Rydon concluded his lecture with a .brief discussion of the mechanism of the reactions involved. A vote of thanks was proposed by Professor J. M. Robertson. The 35th Annual General Meeting was held on 12 March in the Royal Tech-nical College when the following Office-bearers and new members of committee were elected Chairman Professor F. S. Spring F.R.S. ; Vice-chairman Professor H. Nicol; Hon. Secretary Mr W. G. Desmond Wright; Hon. Treasurer Dr A. C . Syme; Members of Committee Mr Hugh Moir and Dr I. </p><p>M. Dawson. Professor Spring was unable to occupy the Chair on account of illness and the retiring Chairman Professor J. W. Cook F.R.S. was absent owing to a prior com-mitment. Professor P. D. Ritchie occupied the Chair and after conducting the formal business offered the congratulations of the Section to Professor Spring on his newly announced appointment to King’s College Newcastle and to Professor Cook on his appointment to Exeter as Principal. The Section would greatly Tea was served at the close of the meeting 270 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY miss the valued services of these two gentlemen and all were grateful for the sterling work they had done for it. Thanks were also expressed to the retiring members of Committee Professor Robertson and Dr C. </p><p>L. Hewett. Immediately following the business the Chair was taken by Professor Nicol, and a lecture was delivered by Professor F. S. Dainton of the University of Leeds entitled “Why Polymerisation Occurs.â€� A summary of this lecture will be published later in this Journal. A vote of thanks was expressed by Dr W. A. Caldwell and tea was served at the conclusion of the meeting. Huddersfie1d.-A meeting of the Section held on 8 February was addressed by Dr F. L. Rose O.B.E. on “Chemotherapy and the Organic Chemist.â€� Dr Rose whose work in this field is well known dealt mainly with the methods adopted to develop compounds of specific therapeutic properties and indicated that once a compound having the required property is known the aim is to determine the structure responsible for the activity and then by modifying the structure and substituent groupings to obtain compounds of higher activity or with other desirable properties. </p><p>The lecturer illustrated the talk by indicating the progress of development of several well-known active substances in particular the antimalarials and sulphur drugs. Mr T. Ritchie presided at the meeting and the lecturer was thanked by Dr J. R. Atkinson. The Annual General Meeting of the Section held on 9 March was well attended. Following the reports of the Hon. Treasurer and the Hon. Secretary, which were adopted with little discussion Dr W. R. H. Hurtley and hlr C. V. Hockey were elected to fill the vacancies on the Committee caused by the retire-ment by rule of Dr W. </p><p>McMeeking and Mr T. Ritchie. Dr H. H. Goldthorpe was once again proposed and unanimously elected to the duties of Hon. Auditor, which he has so willingly undertaken for many years past. The retiring members of the Committee including the retiring District Member of Council Dr G. R. Ramage were thanked by the Hon. Secretary on behalf of thc Section members for their services over the last three years. The Annual General Meeting was followed by a very interesting and enter-taining talk by Dr A. s. Curry of the Forensic Science Laboratory Wakefield, on “Science in the Detection of Crime.â€� The lecture was very well illustrated by lantern slides and an impressive demonstration of the detection of blood-stains was given. The lecturer was thanked by Dr. </p><p>R. Scott. Liverpool and North-Western.-There was an attendance of 140 at the 35th Anniversary Dinner and Social of the Section held on 12 March at Reeces Restaurant Liverpool. Dr M. L. Meara the Section Chairman presided, welcomed the new associates and proposed the toasts. Mr K. Godfrey replied on behalf of the 24 new associates who were present. The guest of the evening was Dr J. Holmberg from the LKB Laboratories Stockholm who is one of the leading research workers in fat chemistry in Sweden. Dr Holmberg only the day previously had given an address to the Oils and Fats Group of the S.C.I. at the University of Liverpool entitled “Investigations on Animal Fats.’’ Mr Robertson Dodd as the senior fellow present was called upon to say a few words and he reminisced with his usual sparkling wit. </p><p>The entertainment following the dinner was organised by Mr Harry Weatherall our chemist-musician who incidentally is the organist at Liverpool Parish Church. As in previous years he acted as compkre and was assisted in the non-musical parts by Mr N. Heron. The Annual General Meeting of the Sub-section in conjunction with a Scientific Film Show was held at the County Club Preston on 18 March. Dr Meara was in the Chair and congratulated the Sub-section on its activities. He offered the good wishes of the Liverpool Section and said that both Liverpool and Manchester welcomed the idea of a new Preston and Fylde Section and hoped that it would have every success. Mr A. B. Crowther the Sub-section honorary secretary gave his report, which showed that four meetings had been held in Preston and one in Lancaster, with an average attendance of fifty. </p><p>In view of the imminent formation of a new section it was decided to defer election of the new committee until the inaugura 19541 LOCAL SECTION AFFAIRS 27 1 meeting could be called. The existing committee was asked to carry on until then. Two films were shown “Fabrics of the Futureâ€� and “The Technique of Sampling,â€� with an interval for refreshment. London.-It is the policy of the present Committee of the Section to attempt to arrange at least one meeting in each Session at which an acknowledged authority reviews recent developments in some branch of our science. This Session we were fortunate in securing the services of Professor A. R. J. P. Ubbe-lohde F.R.S. </p><p>who gave an address entitled “Some Recent Advances in Physical Chemistryâ€� at a joint meeting with the London Section of the Society of Chemical Industry at the Institute of Metals on 24 March. The speaker drew attention to the great advances in experimental techniques and theory since the 1890s, when physical chemistry first emerged as a distinct branch of science. He was forced therefore to confine himself to dealing with one experimental and one theoretical advance and he gave an account of the use of relaxation methods in studying processes that occurred within extremely short intervals of time and of modern developments in the theory of phase transitions. At a joint meeting with the Chelsea Polytechnic Chemical Society held at Chelsea on 31 March Mr W. </p><p>M. Lewis in an address entitled “Science in Criminal Investigation,â€� gave a fascinating account of various methods used in the Forensic Laboratories. As might be expected the microscope and ultra-violet and infra-red photography figured prominently in the examination of traces of foreign matter found on the clothing of suspected persons in the examina-tion of documents counterfeit coins and so on. In drowning cases identification of diatoms in the lungs or stomach and determination of the chloride content of the right and left sides of the heart can provide useful information. The outstanding event in the period under review was without doubt the most successful Anniversary Meeting held in Cambridge over the period 8 to 10 April. The Section has reason to feel particularly pleased that the Council accepted their Committee’s invitation to hold this year’s celebrations in such pleasant surroundings. </p><p>Full of memories of quiet college lawns and murmuring fountains stimulating lectures and informal discussions the tones of the organ in King’s College Chapel and drifts of daffodils bathed in perfect Spring sunshine, those members of the Section who were forunate enough to be present felt a deep sense of gratitude to those whose hard work made such an enjoyable experience possible. Errata.-Dr L. C. Myerscough has drawn attention to two errors in the report of his lecture on p. 2 12 of the April issue :-(1) (2) For 13’Cs read 144Ce. Manchester and District.-A conjoint meeting with the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry was held at the University on 28 January. </p><p>Professor Gee was in the Chair this being the first meeting at which he has presided since his arrival on the Manchester scientific scene The lecture on “Polymerisation and its Reversal,â€� was given by Professor F. S. Dainton. The current interest in this topic was shown by the high level of the discussion which followed and which Professor Dainton handled in competent fashion. On 18 February Dr M. L. Meara gave his lecture on “Fats Produced by Micro Organismsâ€� at the Technical College Bolton Dr D. W. Hill presiding. For an out-of-town meeting this was exceptionally well attended. The lecture was very well received and the ensuing discussion was so animated that it had ultimately to be closed by the Chairman because of the lateness of the hour. </p><p>A one-day symposium on “Dynamic Stereochemistryâ€� was held on 3 1 March at The University Manchester conjointly with the Chemical Society the Institute of Petroleum and the Society of Chemical Industry. The organisation of this event was in the hands of the Chemical Society Dr M. A. T. Rogers undertaking the main burden of the work. The symposium was unusually successful even by Manchester standards as may be judged from the fact that For cc-ray therapy read y-ray therapy 272 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY while the main audience consisted of 400 filling the large chemistry lecture theatre an overflow audience of 250 were accommodated in an adjoining room and had the proceedings relayed to them by television equipment installed by Messrs. </p><p>Marconi Ltd. It is believed that this is the first occasion on which tele-vision has been used to permit a larger audience at a scientific meeting. For the morning session the chairman was Professor C. K. Ingold F.R.S. and the following papers were given “The Steric Course of Heterolytic Eliminationâ€� by Professor E. D. Hughes F.R.S. “Steric Effects in Nucleophilic Substitutionâ€� by Dr P. B. D. de la Mare and “Neighbouring Groups in Substitution and Rearrange-mentâ€� by Professor S. Winstein (Los Angeles). The afternoon session at which Professor E. R. H. Jones F.R.S. was in the Chair comprised the following papers “Transannular Reactions and Transannular Cyclisation~’~ by Professor V. Prelog (Zurich) “Some Aspects of Conformational Analysisâ€� by Professor D. </p><p>H. R. Barton and “The Stereochemistry of the Diels-Alder Reactionâ€� by Professor K. Alder (Cologne). The Annual Ladies’ Evening was held at the Manchester College of Tech-nology on 29 April. In his introductory remarks the Chairman Dr D. W. Hill, said that although the Manchester Section had gained a reputation for the sustained high level of popularity and piquant choice of topic for this event he felt that this year would be by no means the least successful in the series. This opinion proved to be justified. The subject was “Wineâ€� and the lecturer Mr G. Osgood of John C. Carlson Ltd. and who is also a member of the Section Committee. Admission which was by ticket was as usual completely subscribed for and an audience of some 300 members and ladies listened to Mr Osgood’s interesting and obviously authoritative lecture. </p><p>He described the various species of vine and their methods of culture in the different wine-growing areas of the world of most of which Mr Osgood had first-hand knowledge. The lecturer then dealt with the harvesting of the crop pressing fermentation and maturation and finally with the operations of clarification blending and bottling. For the first time many members now realised the difference between a tawny and a vintage port for example or appreciated some of the points to look for in a hock or a claret. After a buffet supper the company proceeded to a wine-tasting session arranged and presided over by Mr Osgood. For this purpose and through the courtesy and munificence of numerous local and national wine merchants a number of tables had been arranged each devoted to a family of wines and carrying a wide range of members of that family. </p><p>The guests were invited to pass from table to table or to con-centrate on one family as they wished sampling any wine that appealed to them. The range of wines was extraordinarily varied and provided a most valuable object lesson of a sort for which the opportunity rarely arises; it was greatly appreciated by novice and connoisseur alike. Also in the room was an interesting miniature exhibition of cellar equipment by the courtesy of the makers Messrs John C. Carlson Ltd. Ashton-under-Lyne ; this comprised bottle soaking and washing machines wine filters and filling corking labelling and capsuling machines. </p><p>In spite of the fact that the proceedings went on to a late hour and that the supplies of wine were on a lavish scale it is greatly to the credit of the Manchester Section that the meeting finally broke up in good order. Indeed, one committee member who through choice possibly misguided drank nothing stronger than orange squash during the evening declared that he saw nothing in the bearing of the departing guests to distinguish them from those leaving a more orthodox scientific meeting. The Section’s best thanks are due to Mr Osgood, the College authorities and all those who contributed to make the evening such a successful and unusual termination to the season’s activities. Following the customary practice an interesting programme of Works Visits has been arranged by the Social Sub-committee and details will shortly be circulated to members. </p><p>But a more practical demonstration was to follow. Newcastle upon Tyne and North-East Coast.-The 35th Annual General The Meeting was held on 24 March at King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne. reports of the Hon. Treasurer and the Hon. Secretary were read and adopted 19541 LOCAL SECTION AFFAIRS 273 The Officers and Committee for 1954-55 are Chairman Dr E. W. Mills; Vice-chairman Mr H. E. Blayden; Hon. Treasurer Mr W. Marsden; Hon. Secretary Dr J. Gibson; Hon. Asst. Secretary Mr W. F. Stones; Members of Committee Dr E. E. Aynsley Dr R. W. Bolland Dr. J. D. Harris Mr R. B. Heslop Dr H. R. Thirsk and Professor W. F. K. Wynne-Jones. It was the unanimous decision of the meeting that a letter of appreciation and good wishes be sent to Professor G. </p><p>R. Clemo F.R.S. thanking him for all his help and encouragement to the Section since he came in 1925 and wishing him a long and happy retirement. This meeting was followed by a lecture entitled “The Nature of the Co-Ordinate Link,â€� given by Dr J. Chatt of the I.C.I. Butterwick Research Labora-tories Welwyn to a large audience. Dr Chatt gave a full and lucid account of the nature of the co-ordinate link and the properties of compounds in which this bond is present giving particular emphasis to the electronic configuration of donor and acceptor atoms and the type of hybridisation involved. At the conclusion of the lecture following some discussion Professor G. E. Coates of Durham proposed a vote of thanks which was carried with acclamation. </p><p>North Wales.-A meeting at the New Denbighshire Technical College, Wrexham on 26 March was addressed by Professor F. H. Garner O.B.E. of the University of Birmingham. The lecture on ‘‘Transfer Mechanism of Droplets and Bubblesâ€� was illustrated by a film in colour demonstrating the mechanism of transfer of material across the boundary of a droplet suspended in an immiscible liquid and the currents set up within the drop itself. Mr V. H. Williams presided, and after a good discussion a vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by the Vice-chairman of the Section Mr W. E. Hamer. Deccan.-A meeting of the Section was held on 4 March 1954 when Dr Leslie C. Coleman C.I.E. gave a lecture on “Agriculture in India and Canada -a Comparison.â€� Dr Coleman explained at length the importance of basic education of the rural population in regard to the development of agriculture. </p><p>He compared the conditions obtaining generally in India and particularly in Mysore State with those in Canada and concluded that in respect of basic education while India is lagging behind Canada has advanced very considerably. The Secretary proposed a vote of thanks and the meeting terminated. On 23 March Dr Julian Huxley F.R.S. delivered a lecture on “Evolution and Human Destiny,â€� Professor M. S. Thacker Director Indian Institute of Science presiding. Dr Huxley traced the three main facets of evolution viz. cosmic biological and human or psycho-social since the beginnings of the universe and remarked that further development on this planet is dependent on man. </p><p>He said that, based on scientific facts we have to-day a reasonably comprehensive picture of human destiny and he therefore urged a more intensive study of the biological and physical sciences. He observed that while knowledge of the world must be unified we should retain the maximum of diversity in culture. He considered the various peoples of the world as great participants in an International Society and appealed for world co-operation for a turning-point in human history had come which would eventually lead to the development of a new religion to cope with the problems of human destiny. Dr C. V. Natarajan Chairman of the Section proposed a vote of thanks and the meeting terminated. Eastern India.-A meeting of the Section was held in the conference room of Messrs Tata’s research and control laboratories Jamshedpur on 29 January. </p><p>Mr J. N. Rakshit Chairman presided. Mr N. Sen opened the meeting and welcomed the audience to the first Section meeting at Jamshedpur and expressed a hope that it would be possible for the Committee to arrange more such meetings in the future 2 74 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY The Chairman introduced Dr R. P. Puri who gave a lecture illustrated with lantern slides on “Modern Trends in the Treatment of Brackish Waters.â€� The first part of the lecture described some of the more important recent developments in the treatment of brackish waters. He mentioned briefly (1) the Diesel-waste heat plant at the University of California (2) the temperature difference plant at Abidjan on the coast of French West Africa where the tem-perature difference between the surface water and water at the level of the ocean bed is utilised for the production of power and de-salted water (3) solar distil-lation units at M.I.T. </p><p>and at the University of California. The second part dealt with the electrochemical treatment of water employing ion-exchange membranes. Dr Puri described his experiments at the Iowa State College and discussed at length the electrochemical properties of cation exchangers. The results indicated that sodium chloride could be removed easily from water by this process but the elimination of calcium and magnesium salts was not at all satisfactory. This he attributed to the very slow conductance of calcium and magnesium salts as compared with sodium compounds. </p><p>He suggested that a combined plant consisting of (1) an electrochemical ion-exchange mem-brane unit for the removal of sodium salt and (2) a columnar ion-exchange demineralisation unit for the elimination of calcium and magnesium salts might be employed for the production of sweet water from brackish sea-water. The lecture was much appreciated and evoked quite a number of questions. After a lively discussion the Chairman conveyed to the lecturer the hearty thanks of the meeting for his most interesting talk. Speaking on behalf of the local members Dr G. Murty thanked the Com-mittee for organising a meeting of the Section at Jamshedpur and welcomed the idea of holding such meetings at important centres covered by the Eastern India Section. </p><p>The Hon. Secretary congratulated the local organisers for the success of the meeting. Votes of thanks were accorded to Messrs Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd., for the use of their Conference Room and to those who participated in the arrangements for the meeting. In conclusion he spoke of the work of the Royal Institute of Chemistry in India and mentioned the possibility of an examination for the Associateship being held in Delhi in January 1955. Malaya.-The Section now has 24 members in official (government, municipal etc.) appointments 6 in the University of Malaya and 14 in commerce or industry. The following lectures have been delivered since the last report (J. 1953, 407) :-Mr R. C. Norris spoke on “Antioxidantsâ€� on 26 October and we were privileged to hear Professor H. </p><p>J. Emelkus lecture on the “Applications of Radio-active Isotopesâ€� on 27 November. A visit to the Central Laboratory of the Shell Company took place in August. The 1953 Chemistry Memorial Medal has been awarded to Mr Loke Kwong Hung who graduated in 1953. It is proposed to mark the inaugural presentation with the publication of a brochure containing brief biographical notes on the five members it commemorates. The rules provide for the Medal to be awarded annually by the Vice-Chancellor and Professor of Chemistry in the University and the Chairman of the Malaya Section to a chemistry student (normally a recent graduate) of the University. (The brochure has now been printed-ED.) Errata (1) On p. </p><p>432 under STOKES Robert Harold, the date of the award of the MELDOLA MEDAL should be 1946 and not as printed there. It is regretted that this error should have been perpetuated in the February issue p. 94. (2) We are pleased to state that Professor J. W. BAIN of Toronto (p. 20) is alive and well. The words “Since deceasedâ€� apply to Professor J. W. MCBAIN. March Journal. On p. 165 under the entry relating to Mr. E. C O L L I N S ~ ~ Singapore read Hong Kong. Register of Fellows and Associates 19541 OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL 1954-55 2 75 OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL 1954-55 PRESIDENT SIR HARRY JEPHCOTT M.Sc. F.P.S. Barrister-at-Law. VICE-PRESIDENTS ALFRED LOUIS BACHARACH M.A. HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE DSc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. F.INsT.F. </p><p>HERBERT WILLIAM CREMER C.B.E. MSc. M.I.CHEM.E. M.INsT.F. DOUGLAS WILLIAM KENT-JONES BSc. PH.D. ERNEST HARRY RODD D.Sc. A.C.G.I. D.I.C. GEORGE TAYLOR O.B.E. THOMAS SHERLOCK WHEELER PH.D. D.Sc. F.R.C.Sc.I. F.I.C.I. F.IxsT.P. M.I.CHEM.E. F.K.I., M.R.I.A. HON. TREASURER HAROLD BURTON PH.D. D.Sc. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL ARTHUR PRICE BACKSHELL MONTEFIORE BARAK. M.Sc. D.PHII.. JACK WHEELER BARRETT BSc. PH.D. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. A.M.I.CHEM.E. FREDERICK GEORGE BROUGHALL B.Sc. WALTER ANDERSON CALDWELL BSc. PH.D. FREDERICK CHALLENGER PH.D. DSc. RALPH CLARK CHIRNSIDE JAMES FREDERICK CLARK MSc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. F.R.A.C.I. HAROLD CORDINGLEY BSc. PH.D. M.ED. WALTER CULE DAVIES PH.D. D.Sc. HUBERT CHARLES SIEGFRIED DE WHALLEY M.I.CHEM.E. M.I.BIoL. JOHN FREDERICK JAMES DIPPY PH.D. </p><p>D.Sc. CHARLES HORACE GRAY D.Sc. M.D. A.R.C.S. M.R.C.P. JACK OATWAY HARRIS BSc. PH.D. DONALD HOLROYDE HEY PH.D. DSc. DOUGLAS WILLIAM HILL PH.D. D.Sc. HERBERT HENRY HODGSON M.A. B.Sc. PH.D. JOHN IDRIS JONES DSc. SRI KRISHNA C.I.E. PH.D. D.Sc. F.N.I. GEOFFREY HERBERT MACADAM M.A. LAURENCE MACKENZIE MIALL B.A. GEORGE HERBERT MOORE M.Sc. F.P.S. WILLIAM ALFRED CYRIL NEWMAN C.B.E. B.Sc. A.R.C.S. A.R.S.M. D.I.C. F.I.M. M.I.M.M. RONALD GEORGE WREYFORD NORRISH B.A. PH.D. Sc.D. F.R.S. CHARLES WILLIAM NORTH BSc. A.K.C. F.T.I. MAMIE OLLIVER M.Sc. MAGNUS ALFRED PYKE B.Sc. PH.D. BERNARD CHARLES SAUNDERS M.A. Sc.D. D.Sc. KENNETH SCHOFIELD B.Sc. PH.D. JOSEPH HENRY SKELLON T.D. MSc. PH.D. SIR WILLIAM KERSHAW SLATER K.B.E. D.Sc. HAROLD CECIL SMITH M.Sc. </p><p>PH.D. ROY BROWN STRATHDEE O.B.E. T.D. M.A. B.Sc. PH.D. F.R.S.E. ALEXANDER FRANCIS THOMSON B.Sc. HAROLD DOUGLAS THORNTON B.Sc. A.R.C.Sc.I. M.I.C.I. ERNEST JAMES VAUGHAN hl.Sc. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. KENNETH ALAN WILLIAMS B.Sc. PH.D. M.INsT.PET. A.INsT.P. VERNON HARCOURT WILLIAMS MSc. CECIL LEEBURN WILSON M.Sc. PH.D. F.I.C.I 276 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY INSTITUTE AFFAIRS Portraits of Members for Press Use.-In view of certain enquiries that have recently been received it has become necessary to state that the Institute has not been asked by any firm of photographers to authorise them to offer to take photographs of members and therefore no such offer is made with the approval of the Institute. Journal Binding Service.-Details of the binding service offered by W. </p><p>Heffer & Sons Ltd. were circulated with the April number. Members’ copies will be bound in green buckram for 8s. 6d. including return postage. Covers only can be supplied at 3s. 6d. Members wishing to avail themselves of this service are advised to make sure that the plates for the April number which were distributed in a separate folder in May are forwarded with the 12 monthly issues for 1953 and the Annual Refort f o r 1952 for inclusion in their bound copies. All enquiries should be addressed to W. Heffer & Sons Ltd. Hills Road, Cambridge. Statistical Methods in Analytical Chemistry.-The monograph by Mr D. R. Read on “Statistical Methods with Special Reference to Analytical Chemistry’’ has for some time been out of print. </p><p>As there continues to be a demand for it the Publications Committee has decided to reprint a limited edition by the photo-litho method and copies will shortly be available price 4s. 6d., post free. ‘Those wishing to make sure of receiving a copy should place their orders with the ofice of the Institute as soon as possible. EXAMINATIONS Examinations will be held in August and September 1954 as follows :-For the Associateship : Theoretical papers in London Birmingham and Glasgow and if required, in other centres on Monday and Tuesday 6 and 7 September. Practical exercises in London on Tuesday to Friday 3 1 August to 3 September inclusive and in London Birmingham and Glasgow on Wednesday to Saturday, 8 to 11 September inclusive. If the number of entries is large some candidates in the London area will be required to do their practical exercises on Tuesday to Friday 14 to 17 September inclusive. </p><p>Candidates will be asked to state their preference as to the centre for their theoretical papers and the period and centre for their practical exercises but it must be clearly understood that no guarantee is given that their wishes can be met, as laboratory accommodation at each centre is limited. Candidates who have not yet been accepted for examination and who wish to present themselves in September should obtain from the Assistant Registrar without delay the prescribed Application Form so as to allow ample time to secure thereon the necessary signatures certifying that they have complied with the Regulations concerning their courses of training. </p><p>The completed Applica-tion Form must reach the Institute not later than Monday 31 May, 1954. N o Application in respect of the September Examination will be con-sidered if received after that date. Entry Forms will be sent as soon as they are ready to all accepted candidates. The last date for the receipt of Entry Forms will be Monday 28 June, 1954. For the Fellowship : In the week beginning Monday 13 September in London or elsewhere at the discretion of the Council. Last dates for application and for entry will be as for the Associateship except that candidates who desire to present themselves for examination in Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to a particular field of work or in a Special Branch must submit their Entry Forms not later than Monday 31 May. </p><p>No Entry will be accepted if received after that date 19541 INSTITUTE AFFAIRS 2 77 PERSONAL NOTES News of Honorary Fellow On 8 April Sir Henry Dale O.M. F.R.S. opened the extension to the Radiochemical Centre at Amersham specially designed to meet the increasing demand for the production of radio-isotopes which have entirely beneficent uses, for “the enrichment of human prosperity and happiness.â€� Honours and Awards Mr H. W. Cremer C.B.E. Past President has been appointed a Fellow of King’s College London. Dr K. G. Denbigh Fellow university lecturer in the department of Chemical Engineering Cambridge was awarded the degree of DSc. by the University of Leeds on 27 March. Dr Alexander Fleck Fellow in acknowledgment of the honour reflected on the home of his boyhood by his distinguished services to industry was recently made a burgess of the Borough of Saltcoats Ayrshire. </p><p>Dr A. Gottschalk Fellow was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science at its first general meeting on 8 April. Mr G. T. Gurr Fellow author of Biological Staining Methods has been awarded the Hinchley Medal of the British Association of Chemists. Dr G. A. Nicholson Associate is working as a postdoctorate fellow with Dr G. Schneider at the National Research Laboratory Ottawa on the physical and thermodynamic properties of gases. Educational Dr R. A. Dodd Fellow has been appointed senior lecturer in metallurgy at the University of the Witwatersrand. Dr G. E. C. Francis Fellow senior lecturer at St Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical College has been appointed to the University Readership in Biochemistry tenable at that College. </p><p>Mr R. Groves Fellow Headmaster of Campbell College Belfast has been appointed Master of Dulwich College. Dr W. S . Haldane Fellow has been appointed Headmaster of Myth School, Perthshire. Dr F. R. Harris Fellow has been appointed head of the Department of Pure and Applied Science Enfield Technical College. Borough Councillor A. C. Hoare Fellow Vice-chairman of the Governing Body Ewe11 County Technical College has been elected Chairman of its Science Advisory Committee. Dr J. C. Parkinson Associate has been appointed Head of the Pharmacy Department Brighton Technical College as from 1 September. Public and Industrial Mr R. </p><p>E. Ansell Associate manager of the sales department Henry Wiggin & Co. Ltd. has been appointed to the Board of that company. Mr J. Bernstein Associate has been appointed works manager of the Simplex (Oldbury) Factory and foundry. Mr S. A. Brazier O.B.E. Fellow technical manager Dunlop’s general rubber goods division Manchester has been appointed technical consultant to the division. He remains on the development and research Board and on the local divisional Board. Dr H. H. Chambers Associate formerly chief chemist has been appointed Director of Research Sondes Place Research Institute and will be generally responsible for the management and operations of the Institute. Mr G. W. Douglas Fellow has been appointed overseas liaison officer with the British Leather Manufacturers Research Association. </p><p>Mr W. T. Edwards Fellow Hon. Secretary of the Midlands Society for Analytical Chemistry has taken up a position with the R. & D. Branch of the Department of Atomic Energy (Industrial Group) 278 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INST~UTE OF CHEMXSTRY c a y Dr R. F. Goldstein Fellow has been appointed general manager chemicals division British Oxygen Co. Ltd. Mr G. C. Graver Fellow has been appointed manager Publicity and Informa-tion Department British Geon Ltd. and British Resin Products Ltd. Mr H W. G. Hignett Fellow has been appointed to the Board of Henry Wiggin & Co. Ltd. and will take charge of technical (metallurgical) control and development in all the Wiggin plants. Dr H. Hollings O.B.E. Fellow has been appointed to the Board of Cannon (Holdings) Ltd. </p><p>as from 1 May. Mr E. H. Jones Associate has been appointed joint managing director of Capper Pass and Son Ltd. Dr W. P. Kennedy Fellow formerly senior medical officer with the Ministry of Health has joined The Distillers Co. (Biochemicals) Ltd. as medical adviser. Mr M. R. Mills Fellow technical director Norman Smee and Dodwell Ltd., has been appointed head of the British Oil and Cake Mills development labora-tories at Erith. Mr E. H. Nurse Fellow has been appointed Deputy Government Chemist in succession to Dr J. R. Nicholls. Mr Cyril V. Oliver J.P. Fellow has been elected President of the British Paper and Board Makers’ Association Inc. and thus becomes also President of the British Paper and Board Industry Research Association Kenley. </p><p>Dr F. P..Reed Associate has been appointed director of research Arnold, Hoffman and Co. Inc. of Providence Rhode Island an associated company of Mr C. E. A. Shanahan Fellow has left B.I.S.R.A. to be chief chemist at the joint central research department of Richard Thomas & Baldwin Ltd. and the Steel Company of Wales. Mr J. V. Smart Fellow has been appointed as technical director to Glaxo Laboratories (Pakistan) Ltd. Karachi. Mr J. L. Sweeten Associate formerly chief chemical engineer Metal Propellers, Ltd. has joined the Kellogg International Corporation as a senior project engineer. Mr V. Tarica Associate has left the University of Cape Town and is now managing director of Central African Chemicals Salisbury Southern Rhodesia. </p><p>Mr H. C. Weson Fellow has been appointed to the staff of the Lead Develop-ment Association a non-profit-earning body sponsored by the chief Common-wealth lead producers. Mr J. Wharton Fellow has been appointed research manager Courtaulds (Alabama) Inc. Mobile Alabama. Mr D. A. Yoxall Associate has been appointed chief chemist John Richardson, Leicester Ltd. Retirements Mr B. M. Brown Fellow has resigned as Controller Applied Division The Brewing Industry Research Foundation but is being retained in an advisory capacity. Mr J. G. Clarke Associate has resigned his directorship with Albright & Wilson Ltd. on the grounds of ill-health. Emeritus Professor H. B. Dunnicliff Fellow has retired from his appointment as Specialist Officer in the Ministry of Defence and is not seeking any further professional employment. </p><p>Mr J. D. Hamer Fellow has retired from his position as Official Chemist D f the Orient Steam Navigation Co. Ltd. having joined the Orient Line in 1926. His work on the use of hydrogen cyanide and the many safety regulations in connection with the fumigation of ships is well known. Mr Hamer will continue in private practice at Rhode Farm Newbarn Longfield Kent and will specialbe in advice to ship-owners and shippers. Mr H. M. Lowe Fellow chief chemist By-products Department Donnan, Long & Co. Ltd. retired last month. Dr J. R. Nicholls C.B.E. Fellow Deputy Government Chemist has retired after 43 years in the Department. I.C.I. Ltd 19541 PROFESSIONAL NEWS AND NOTES 279 PROFESSIONAL NEWS AND NOTES COURSES AND STUDENTSHIPS Dubk Summer School in Organic Chemistry.-The Institute of Chemistry of Ireland has arranged a summer school to be held at University College Dublin from 6 to 9 July. </p><p>The programme comprises : Fundamentals of organic chemistry 4 lectures by Professor T. S. Wheeler; Newer methods and reagents in organic chemistry 2 lectures by Professor W. Electrophoresis 2 lectures by Dr E. F. McCarthy; Organic chemistry and analysis 2 lectures by Dr C. L. Wilson; Distillation 2 lectures by F. T. Riley; Chromatography 2 lectures by Dr F. J. Coll; Spectrophotometry 2 lectures by P. W. D. Mitchell. Cocker ; Fees for the course are 1 guinea for members of the I.C.I. 2 guineas for non-members and 10s. for students. Application should be made to the Secretary The Institute of Chemistry of Ireland 18 Ely Place Dublin enclosing the appropriate fee. </p><p>Kingston upon Hull Municipal Technical College.-Chemists who wish to gain experience in Semi-Micro Inorganic Qualitative Analysis may attend a 5-week course at the College beginning on Thursday 17 June. The meetings will be from 7 to 9 p.m. and will be devoted entirely to practical work. Fee 14s. Enquiries should be addressed to the Principal Municipal Tech-nical College Park Street Kingston upon Hull. Royal Technical College Salford.-A post-advanced Chromatography course will be held in the week 13-17 September inclusive (see J. 167). It is designed for those of graduate A.R.I.C. and H.N.C. levels who desire an introduc-tion to the fundamental principles and some of the recent applications of chroma-tography. </p><p>Syllabus nature scope and methods of chromatography; practical applica-tions (general methods) ; paper chromatography-organic ; paper chromato-graphy-inorganic ; gas chromatography-partition; gas chromatography-displacement ; ion exchange-inorganic; ion exchang-rganic ; the separation of proteins etc. Applications for enrolment should be addressed as soon as possible to the Registrar Royal Technical College Salford accompanied by the requisite fee (8 guineas with residence at Holly Royde; 4 guineas without residence). Wolverhampton and Staffordshire Technical College.-The following special courses are to be held next session: Course in General and Clinical Biochemistry-a part-time muse of 2 years' duration beginning in September of interest to candidates for F.R.I.C. </p><p>or M.Sc. (2) Introduction to Spectrochemical Method-10 evening lectures with demonstration of representative equipment beginning in September. (3) Introduction to Radiochemical Technique and Methods-16 lectures and periods of practical work beginning in September. (4) Modern Physico-chemical Methods in Analytical Chemistry-10 evening lectures beginning in February 1955. (5) X-ray Diffraction and Radiography-10 evening lectures beginning in February 1955. (6) Modern Developments in Medical Laboratory P r a c t i c d evening lectures covering recent advances in Biochemistry Bacteriology Haema-tology and Histology beginning in September. Further particulars can be obtained from the Head of the Department of (1) Applied Science The Technical College Wulfmna Street Wolverhampton 280 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY r a y Woolwich Polytechnic.-Applications are invited from Honours graduates and from students entering for their Final Honours (Special) degree examination in June next for Research Studentships in (i) Chemistry and (ii) Physics. </p><p>The studentship will normally lead to the Ph.D. degree (Internal) of the University of London. Particulars and application form are obtainable from the Clerk to the Governors Woolwich Polytechnic London S.E. 18. Its value isE350 p.a. and is tenable for two or three years. B.I.F. BIRMINGHAM The Chemical Industry combined stand at Castle Bromwich Birmingham, on display from 3 to 14 May (J. 172) comprised exhibits from 20 firms which, taken together provided a good cross-section of the British chemical industry. </p><p>An indication of the exhibits is given below :-Albright and Wilson Ltd.-Silicones. The new Llm. plant at Barry S. Wales is now coming into full production. A. Boake Roberts & Co. Ltd.-Plasticisers and stabilisers synthetic lubricants, metallic stearates inhibitors etc. Borax Consolidated Ltd.-Wide range of borates with industrial applications, from nylon to boron steels. British Drug Houses Ltd.-Items suggesting the very wide field of application of chemical reagents. British Glues & Chemicals Ltd.-Glues dextrine adhesives latex compounds, synthetic resins and emulsions etc. British Titan Products Co. Ltd.-Diagrammatic display from raw materials to final distribution. </p><p>W. J. Bush & Co. Ltd.-Selection of aromatic fine and pharmaceutical chemicals. Coalite and Chemical Products Ltd.-Products from low temperature carbonisation of coal e.g. phenolic products and hydrocarbon oils, Joseph Crosfield & Sons Ltd.-Soaps and soap-powders silicates and deter-gents edible oils and fats. Distillers Co. Ltd.-Display outlining contributions to synthetic ethyl alcohol, monomeric styrene polyvinyl plastics plasticisers pharmaceutical intermediates antibiotics etc. Hickson & Welch Ltd.-Special display of “Photineâ€� range of optical whiten-ing agents and applications. Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.-Dioramas showing part played by I.C.I. chemicals in agriculture the health services and industry. </p><p>industrial chemicals and literature. Imperial Smelting Corporation Ltd.-Display featuring fluorine chemicals; sulphuric acid vanadium catalyst zinc tetroxy chromate as corrosion inhibitor and fluorescing agents. Laporte Industries Ltd.-Hydrogen peroxide and related percompounds, barium compounds acid phosphate products detergents and mineral acids. Marchon Products Ltd.-Surface active agents detergents foam boosters, emulsifiers phosphates fatty alcohols. Monsanto Chemicals Ltd.-Thermoplastics capacitor impregnants heat transfer media transformer fluids wood preservatives silicon organic chemicals corrosion prevention. Shell Chemical Manufacturing Co. Ltd.-Epikote resins in surface coatings and plastics and adhesives and applications. Peter Spence & Sons Ltd.-Alum and aluminium sulphate activated alumina dessicant mixed catalysts based on alumina. </p><p>John & E. Sturge Ltd.-Citric acid and range of fine chemicals high grade fillers various products of very high purity. United Coke and Chemicals Go. Ltd.-Range of chemicals from coke-oven plants e.g. phthalic anhydride tar acids benzoles “high flash solvent,â€� coumarone resins “Orglossâ€� (black varnish paint) 19541 PROFESSIONAL NEWS AND NOTES 28 1 MEETINGS AND EXHIBITIONS British Association Annual Meeting.-The Preliminary Programme for the Annual Meeting at Oxford to be held from 1 to 8 September 1954 has been published. Sir John Cockcroft is President of Section A-Mathematics and Physics Sir John Lennard-Jones of Section B-Chemistry and Ronald Gould of Section L-Education. </p><p>All who intend to be present are requested to complete and return the Registration Form obtainable with the programme from Burlington House, London W. 1 as early as possible. The Inaugural Meeting is due to take place in the Sheldonian Theatre on the evening of 1 September when the President Dr E. D. Adrian O.M. P.R.S., will deliver his Address on “Science and Human Nature.â€� It is expected that this meeting will be preceded by a Convocation for the conferment of Honorary Degrees by the University of Oxford. Two evening discourses will be delivered in the Town Hall on 3 and 6 September. There will be a number of temporary exhibitions in the Pitt-Rivers Museum, the Ashmolean Museum the Bodleian Library the School of Geography the Departments of Forestry and Geology and probably also in the History of Science Museum the College of Technology Science and Art and the Oxford University Press. </p><p>On 2 September Sir John Lennard-Jones will deliver an Address to Section B on “New Ideas in Chemistry,â€� while discussions and papers will follow on the impact of new ideas on physical inorganic and organic chemistry. On 3 September there will be discussions and papers on “Coal and Britain’s Future.â€� On 6 September the subjects will be (i) the chemistry of natural products and (ii) metallurgy and on 7 September new by-products from coal and British minerals. Section B excursions are being arranged to the following places of interest :-Wolvercote Paper Mill ; Radiochemical Centre Amersham ; National Coal Board Research Establishment Cheltenham; Northern Aluminium Co. </p><p>Banbury; Alpha Cement Co. Shipton; Oxford Waterworks; A.E.R.E. Harwell; Esso Research Lab. Abingdon; Oxford Gas Works ; Nuffield Organisation; Oxford Sewage Disposal Works ; College of Science Shrivenham. Future meetings of the Association will be held in Bristol (1955) Sheffield (1956) and Dublin (1957). International Congress of Industrial Chemistry.-The XXVII th Congress organised with the collaboration of the Federation of Chemical Industries in Belgium will be held in Brussels from 11 to 19 September. All information relating to the Congress is being circulated in a special publication issued jointly by Chimie et Industrie and Industrie Chimique BeZge. Requests for information may be addressed to XXVIIe Congrb de Chimie Industrielle ComitC d’organisation 32 rue Joseph 11 Bruxelles. </p><p>Society of Chemical Industry Corrosion Group.-A joint conference with the Association Belge pour l’Etude 1’Essai et 1’Emploi des Mattriaux (A.B.E.M.) will be held in Brussels from 1 to 4 June. A programme of meetings for the discussion of papers dealing with fundamental and practical aspects of corrosion and of visits to corrosion test-sites factories and laboratories has been arranged and authorities from France Holland and Sweden have announced their intention of taking part. International Textile Exhibition.-The Second International Textile Exhibition will be held in Brussels from 25 June to 10 July 1955 the first having been held at Lille in 1951. It will be housed in the Palais du Centenaire on the Heysel heights. </p><p>The Exhibition will cater for every aspect of the textiles industry, from raw materials (including artificial fibres) machinery and accessories to processing chemicals dyes dressings and finished goods 282 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY Textile Institute.-The Annual Conference of the Textile Institute on “Colour and Textilesâ€� is being held jointly with the Society of Dyers and Colour-ists at Scarborough from 8 to 11 June. Visitors will come from most European countries the U.S.A. and Commonwealth countries. Papers ranging from informative labelling on colour fastness to spun-coloured fibres and yarns are to be delivered and an exhibition of fibres and yarns is to be staged. A civic reception is to be extended by the Mayor of Scarborough to conference visitors. </p><p>Enquiries should be addressed to the General Secretary The Textile Institute, 10 Blackfriars Street Manchester 3. THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 1953 The Report on The Chemical Industry 1953 recently published by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers price 1s. (cash with order) is founded on the results of a questionnaire sent to member-firms. It deals with the industry’s plans of expansion for the years 1953-57 and compares the situation at the end of 1952 with that in 1948 in respect of capital employment research and develop-ment production and productivity imports and exports. From the returns the Association comes to the following conclusions about developments in the years 1948-52 :-Capital employed has risen from A230 m. </p><p>to E406 m. and total employment from 141,817 to 151,349 (scientific staff from 6,176 to about 7,400). By far the largest increase has been in the number of administrative technical (excluding qualified professional) clerical and sales employees. Employed capital per employee increased from &1,600 to L2,700. Production has increased by 29 per cent in volume compared with 15 per cent for all manufacturing industries with an estimated increase in value of about 60 per cent. Productivity showed a marked increase-21 per cent on a volume basis and 51 per cent on a value basis. Annual expenditure on research and development rose from A8-5 m. to E l 1 a 2 m., while exports rose by over 70 per cent toA151.7 m. The total cost of all expansion schemes in view at the end of 1952 for the next five years is about L230 m. </p><p>The industry is confident of being able to maintain its leading position by means of the many specialities such as high-quality fine chemicals pharmaceu-ticals dyestuffs plastics and synthetic fibres evolved through the inventive genius and technical skill of those who serve it. PHARMACY AND POISONS ACT 1933 Attention is drawn by the Home Office to the Poisons List Order 1954 (S.T. 1954 No. 266) and the Poison Rules 1954 (S.I. 1954 No. 267) which were made on 8 March 1954 and brought into operation on 1 April 1954. These Statutory Instruments amend the Poisons List and Rules. (1) The Poisons List To Part I of the Poisons List Order 1953 (S.I. 1953 No. 1300) after the item “Tribromethyl alcohol,â€� there is added “Tri-2 (-chloroethy1)amine; its salts.â€� (2) Th Poisons Rules The Poisons Rules 1952 (S.I. </p><p>1952 No. 2086) are amended as follows :-(i) To provide recognition for the National Formulary Amendments are made in Rules 2 ( l ) and 18 (l) (2) and (4) ; (ii) Tri-2(-chloroethyl)amine; its salts is added to the First and Fourth Schedules ; (iii) The entry for sodium nitrite in Group I1 of the Third Schedule is amended to provide exemption for preparations containing not more than 0.1 per cent of sodium nitrite for the destruction of rats or mice. Copies of the Poisons List Order 1954 (2d. net) and of the Poisons Rules 1954 (2d. net) may be obtained from H.M. Stationery Office or through any bookseller 19541 PROFESSIONAL NEWS AND NOTES 283 OTHER RECENT PUBLICATIONS Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie.-The reprinting of vols. </p><p>421-522 of this periodical is now in progress. They will be reprinted in groups of twenty volumes starting with vol. 522. Vols. 523-542 are already available cloth-bound for L66 3s. Single volumes can be supplied at E3 1s. 3d. per volume sewn. These volumes can be ordered through Lange Maxwell and Springer Ltd., Maxwell House 242 Marylebone Road London N.W. 1. The Recognition of Intoxication.-Copies of this pamphlet the report of a Special Committee of the British Medical Association (see J. 93) can now be obtained from the British Medical Association Tavistock Square London W.C. 1 ., price 1s. The five main sections of the report deal with alcoholic intoxication and the law the medical examination a model scheme of medical examination the medical evidence and the determination of alcohol in body fluids respectively. </p><p>Appendixes A to E deal with the Cavett and Kozelka and Hine methods of alcohol estimation preliminary and confirmatory tests and lists of offences in which “drunkennessâ€� plays a part. The Institute Panel under the Chairman-ship of Dr D. W. Kent-Jones was responsible for the preparation of Appendixes A to D. Before proceeding to the revision of the second report mentioned in their terms of reference the Committee has decided to await the results of work now in progress in this country relating to the physiological effects of alcoholic intoxica-tion. Corrosion-Prevention and Control.-This latest pocket-sized intro-duction into the long list of monthly journals is devoted to the very important subject of corrosion prevention and the majority of the articles presented are reviews of past meetings compilations of previously published data and other information or deal with descriptions of certain proprietary articles. </p><p>The principal appeal will thus be limited to those who have practical uses for processes of corrosion prevention and wish to maintain some contact with possible methods without gaining any deep insight into their nature and principles and to those who wish to know of some of the available commercial products and recently issued patents. Corrosion prevention is perhaps too large and diffuse a subject for successful specialisation as the field which must be covered inevitably develops into matters concerning pre-treatment plating and painting which are already catered for by several publications but provided the information is useful and authoritative this need not be detrimental. </p><p>However it is often a matter of annoyance to the busy industrial reader of many journals to find constant repeti-tions in slightly different guises of virtually the same original information and it appears that critical care will need to be used in the present publication if this very common fault is to be avoided in future. In brief this new journal is not a scientific or academic publication but one that will be of some interest to the everyday user of metals. Subscriptions (30s. per annum or 75s. for 3 years) should be sent to Holland House 140 Cromwell Road London S.W.7. </p><p>Periodic Mortality of Fish South Africa.-Among the interesting research reports and papers received recently from members we have selected for notice the Investigational Report No. 14 of the South Africa Department of Commerce and Industries Division of Fisheries by Cmdr. W. J. Copenhagen, O.B.E. who has investigated the periodic large-scale mortality of fish in the Walvis region on the south-west coast of Africa some 11’ N of Cape Town. The mass mortality of fish in this region occurs almost annually generally during December or January and this has been correlated with certain meteorological and oceanographic conditions. Off this coast there is a permanent area of about 6,000 square miles where the sea bottom is characterised by a sulphide diato-maceous ooze lying about 3 miles off shore and outwards with a broad tongue into the sea-bottom of Walvis Bay. </p><p>The cold Benguela current flows northwards over this bottom being rich in nutrient salts and well seeded with phytoplankton, [R. G. 284 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY thus supplying food for a vast quantity of surface fish-bottom fish are extremely scarce or unknown. With the sudden onset of winds from north to west the current is retarded or even reversed and masses of sub-tropical highly-saline Atlantic water replace it. This sometimes results in an increase of temperature from 13â€� to as much as 24â€� C which with the equally sudden increase in salinity, destroys the coastal plankton. The zone thus receives organic matter in the form of dead plankton and higher forms of animal life. </p><p>This deposit accumulates and a narrow layer of stagnant water is formed in the open sea leading to the depletion of dissolved oxygen in which conditions sulphate-reducing micro-organisms flourish producing hydrogen sulphide. Under certain meteorological con-ditions the bottom water may be forced up and the surface fish are killed. The occurrence of poisonous plankton under certain conditions in this fertile environ-ment is also an important factor. It is not yet known whether mass mortalities of fish are caused by anoxia by anoxia together with hydrogen sulphide poisoning, by poisonous plankton or by a combination of these factors. OTHER SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS Chemical Society Elections.-The following elections were announced at the A.G.M. </p><p>of the Chemical Society held in Manchester on 2 April President, Professor W. Wardlaw; Vice-presidents who have not filled the Office of President, Professor E. R. H. Jones Professor R. P. Linstead Professor H. W. Melville; Treasurer Mr M. W. Perrin; Elected Ordinary Members of Council Dr C. C. Addison Dr V. C. Barry Dr E. J. Bourne Dr E. A. Braude Dr H. M. N. H. Irving Professor J. M. Robertson Professor H. N. Rydon and Professor H. D. Springall. City and Guilds Insignia Award in Technology.-The City and Guilds of London Institute has now amended the regulations for the Insignia Award in order to extend the range of preliminary qualifications (see J. 50). For an interim period candidates need not be refused registra.tion beczuse they hold no Full Technological Certificate or other City and Guilds Certificate qualification, provided they hold others that are deemed to be acceptable by the Committee. </p><p>It is stressed that the Insignia Award is in no way intended to compete with or interfere with the claims and interests of other awards or the qualifications and requirements of other bodies. Employment of Older Engineers.-The Council of the Engineers’ Guild has agreed to the proposal that a panel should be assembled of Guild members who occupy positions as directors of companies or are of equivalent status and that one member of this panel should be available at stated times to interview by appointment any older engineer seeking the Guild’s help. It would be the panel member’s duty to assess the capabilities of the person interviewed and then to write personally to one or more persons known to him and occupying a position similar to his own giving particulars of the applicant and suggesting a “voidâ€� for which the applicant’s qualifications and experience might render him suitable in the company concerned. </p><p>P.S.A.B. Convention.-The Tenth Convention arranged by the Federation of British Industries and the Public Schools Appointments Bureau in conjunction with Messrs R. & W. Hawthorn Leslie and Co. Ltd. Messrs W. D. & H. 0. Wills Ltd. and Messrs Thomas Hedley & Co. Ltd. was held in Newcastle upon Tyne from 5 to 9 April. The Director of the Bureau the Northern and Southern Secretaries and 21 careers masters from schools as far distant as Portsmouth Edinburgh and the Isle of Man were the guests of these companies and were welcomed to the City of Newcastle. </p><p>This convention opened a new field in the Bureau’s travels; much was seen and an understanding acquired of Tyneside industry and its requirements. The schools represented were Alleyn’s ; Barnard Castle; Bedford ; Bootham ; Canford ; Coatham; Dame Allan’s ; Dulwich ; Fettes ; King William’s; Lancing; Mill Hill ; Oundle ; Portsmouth ; Royal Grammar Lancaster ; Royal Grammar, Newcastle; St George’s Harpenden; St Lawrence; Sevenoaks and Wakefield Grammar. [M. G. C. 19541 PROFESSIONAL NEWS AND NOTES 285 §ociety for Analytical Chemistry Western Section.-The Council of the Society has approved the formation of a Western Section which arranged for the Inaugural Meeting to be held on 8 May in the Technical College Lecture Theatre Newport (Mon). </p><p>Following a short morning session lunch was taken at the Westgate Hotel and on the completion of business in the afternoon Dr D. W. Kent-Jones President of the Society gave an address on “Alcohol Deter-mination and its Medico-Legal Aspects.â€� THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN MODERN EDUCATION In his presidential address to the British Society for the History of Science, Dr H. Hamshaw Thomas M.B.E. F.R.S. pointed out that students of scientific and technological subjects now formed a majority in British universities. I t was of importance to the individual and to the nation that their education should fit them to take an effective part in the life of the country. </p><p>In a recent report of the Universities Grants Committee it was said that a university would fail of its essential purpose if it did not provide a broad humanistic culture as well as a vocational training. From his long experience as a university science teacher the speaker thought that at present the provision of that culture was lacking. This was not the fault of the students since they had so much to learn; the progress of every branch of science during the past fifty years has given them a load of work that has become almost unbearable. The close specialisation now neces-sary deprives men and women of the wider culture which would help to fit some of them to become administrators works managers business men and so forth. Directors of industry often prefer to choose for managerial posts those trained in Arts subjects. </p><p>The narrow specialist may not make a good teacher and he will often not become a first-rate scientist because the different branches of science are now so closely interlocked. It was suggested that the situation could best be met by the provision of well-designed courses of instruction in the History of Science dealing with the broad picture of man’s discoveries in Nature and with the way in which people have thought about natural phenomena. History cannot be really separated from Philosophy and most young scientists need an introduction to logic and philo-sophical ideas. Our debt to the past should be realised especially for the way in which the ancient Greeks began systematic thought about natural objects. </p><p>The factors that caused the advance or retardation of natural knowledge should be studied as well as the reasons for the long retention of erroneous hypotheses. Through a knowledge of the lives and characters of selected scientists students may come to understand more of human personality and to realise that the minds of other people often work in a way unlike their own. By reading more books on history and philosophy a greater ability to write good continuous prose may be gained. When the courses of study for science students at our universities are revised as they must be before long time should be allowed for the study of the humanistic aspects of science so that the danger of a cleavage between scientists and the general public is reduced. </p><p>The history of scientific discovery should also be widely taught at school to those who do not intend to take up scientific work. Such teaching can give a connected story of advancing knowledge and a simple explanation of the way in which it has affected our everyday life. Many people have suddenly become aware of the fact that scientific discoveries have brought about the most profound changes in human affairs that the world has ever seen. They have never con-sidered the manifold benefits which the human race has received from the labours of men of science but they are now terrified by the power that atomic trans-formation has put into our hands. We should all do our utmost to secure the general recognition of Natural Science as a branch of human endeavour 286 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY CORRESPONDENCE TEACHERS’ SALARIES “Cold Comfort’’ SIR,-I have read the letter of Mr Files and I have re-read those of Dr Lowndes and Mr Clark. </p><p>Tom Hood wrote : From one vessel into another.â€� “So sorrow is cheered by being pour’d I t is no doubt consoling to Mr Files to have a Correspondence column to pour his troubles into. I have been thinking about what Breitmann in the Ballads did when he found that he got ‘nodings’ and he asked “Can such dings be?â€� The corresponding move for Mr Files would be to get elected to the Burnham Committee and then to pitch into the other side. Farmers used to be regarded as champion grumblers but Mr Clark runs them dose. Some of us did not get 14 weeks hoIiday in a year nor two half-days in each of the remaining weeks. </p><p>We worked much longer than from 9 to 4; yet we survived it. Cheer up Mr Clark the Midsummer holidays are in the offing. Think of the charwoman’s advice. Have a geranium ready to put in your ’at and be ’appy and let that condition continue when you get back to work. A. PRICE Park Grove Barnsley Yorks. [This Correspondence is now closed. ED.] SOLUTIONS TO THE TEACHER SHORTAGE SIR,-There has recently been a large correspondence in various journals on the subject of the shortage of teachers and the inadequacy of their salaries. Nearly all of the letters have given the points of view of official organisations and of established teachers and all have related the above aspects as cause and effect. I would like to put the point of view of an undergraduate about to decide on his future as a chemist and also to suggest a possible solution to the problem. </p><p>The student is made ‘money-conscious’ during his degree course by the policy of certain L.E.A.s. The approximate net value of a maintenance award is L180 pea. The result of this is that up to 16 weeks per annum may be spent in earning sufficient to enjoy even a moderate standard of living and this in turn means lack of attention to studies and a determination to consider only the size of the pay-packet in the future. I suggest as a long-term policy that maintenance grants should be awarded on a national basis directly from the Ministry of Education bringing them all up to E256-the present Ministry figure-and then they should be tied to the cost of living index. </p><p>The extra money would come from the reduction of costs brought about by cutting out the unnecessary link in the chain M. of E.-L.E.A.-Student. I do not consider this an extravagant demand and if carried out it would certainly increase both the number and quality of teachers. The short-term solution concerns the use of those chemists who are un-employed owing to company rearrangements and are too old to find other employment easily (J. 1953 503). If one or more of these senior members of the profession went to each school in need of them it would result not only in a straightforward increase in staff but also by concentrating on the Science VIth Forms in putting chemistry in its correct perspective. This scheme may be developed in many ways but in any guise it would solve two problems simultaneously. </p><p>I quote Middlesex as an example. D. P. MOODY Student Lordship Lane East Dulwich 19541 GENERAL NOTICES 287 GENERAL NOTICES Members’ Room.-For description and photograph see J. 1953 112. The Members’ Room is open from 9.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. on weekdays and from 9.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. on Saturdays. Light refreshments can be obtained between 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. on Mondays to Fridays inclusive. Appointments Register.-Lists of vacancies are prepared weekly notifica-tions being made on behalf of employers free of charge. These lists are supplied free to members who are without employment or who have been given notice of the termination of their employment and also to unemployed students who have been registered for at least 6 months and are in the last term of training for the A.R.I.C. </p><p>Members in paid employment are asked to contribute 1 guinea towards the cost of this service for a period of 6 months. Any Fellow or Associate requiring the services of chemists is asked to communi-cate with the Assistant Registrar. Benevolent Fund.-Contributions to the Benevolent Fund should be addressed to the Honorary Secretary of the Fund 30 Russell Square London, W.C.l. Cheques should be crossed and made payable to “The Royal Institute of Chemistry.â€� Library Facilities.-( i) All members and registered students have full borrowing rights from the Library of the Chemical Society Burlington House, Piccadilly W. 1. The Library is open from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. </p><p>(Saturdays 5 p.m.). Books can also be borrowed by post. (ii). Journals and books on chemical and other scientific subjects (excluding medicine) can be borrowed from the Science Museum Library South Kensing-ton London S.W.7. On the receipt of an application by the Institute a requisi-tion form will be completed and forwarded to the Library. The periodical or book will then be sent direct to the address given. Boots Booklovers Library.-Preferential terms are offered to members of the Institute. Class ‘A’ books may be had on loan at 22s. 6d. per volume for 12 months and Class ‘B’ books at 10s. 6d. per volume for 12 months. An Application Form with certificate of membership will be supplied on request. Lantern Slides.-Members wishing to borrow lantern slides of portraits of great chemists for use in lectures are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which they are to be used. </p><p>Lists will be supplied on request. Journal Covers and Binding Service.-Journal covers in green buckram can be obtained from W. Heffer & Sons Ltd. Hills Road Cambridge price 3s. 6d. Alternatively members’ copies can be bound for 8s. 6d. including return postage. All enquiries should be addressed to W. Heffer and Sons Ltd. Changes of Address.-Members and registered students are requested to notify promptly any change in their permanent address for registration. Such notifications should be sent to the Assistant Registrar and not to the Hon. Secre-taries of Local Sections. If an address different from that registered is used in correspondence it will not be recorded unless a definite request is made. </p><p>‘In order to facilitate identification correspondents are requested to ensure that their names and full initials are legible. Changes of Appointment etc.-Members changing their employment or receiving civic or other public appointments are requested to keep the Institute informed. It is important that such information should be accurate in detail, especially as it may be used in the “Personal Notesâ€� section of the Journal. Local Sections of the Institute.-A complete list of Local Sections with reference letters and the names and addresses of Hon. Secretaries will be found on p. 288. Publications of the Institute.-A list of recent publications was given on p. x of the April issue JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY LOCAL SECTIONS OF THE INSTITUTE [MAY Section Aberdeen and North of Scotland Belfast and District Birmingham and Midlands Bristol and District Cardiff and District Cumberland and District Dublin and District Dundee and District East Anglia East Midlands Edinburgh and East of Scotland Glasgow and West of Scotland Huddersfield Hull and District Leeds Area Liverpool and North-Western London Manchester and District Mid-Southem Counties Newcastle upon Tyne and North-North Wales East Coast Sheffield South Yorkshire and South Wales North Midlands South-Western Counties Stirlingshire and District Tees-side Hon . </p><p>Secretary H. G. M. Hardie Ph.D. A.R.I.C. 21 Braeside Avenue Aberdeen W. W. Harpur B.Sc. A.R.I.C. 17 Chlorine Gardens Malone Road, S. A. Ray B.Sc.. F.R.I.C. c/o British Titan Products Co. Ltd., E. Hardhg B.Sc. A.R.I.C. 1 1 Julius Road Bishopston Bristol W. T. Roberts B.Sc. A.R.I.C. 52 Butleigh Aveniie. Cardiff J. W. Lacas B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Whitehaven Technical Institute, H. D. Thornton B.Sc. A.R.C.Sc.I. F.R.I.C. City Laboratory, J. B. Wilson B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. The Corner 73 Commercial H. F. Bamford M.A. F.R.I.C. John Mackintosh Sr Sons Ltd. J. W. Murfin B.Sc. F.R.I.C. 8 Musters Crescent West Bridgford, J. K. Grant B.Sc.. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. Department of Biochemistry, W. G. D. Wright A.R.T.C. F.R.I.C. c/o James Macneill & Sloan, A. K. Dunn B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Sandbeds Honley Nr. Huddersfield W. J. Bayley B.Sc. A.I.M. F.R.I.C. 57 Park Lane Anlaby Park, W. A. Wightman M.A. F.R.I.C. The University Leeds 2 J. Ashley-Jones A.R.I.C. c/o J. Bibby & Sons Ltd. Great Howard Street Liverpool 3 F. C. Hymas M.Sc. F.R.I.C. c/o Spratt’s Patent Ltd. Morris Road London E. 14 R. E. Fairbairn B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Dyestuffs Division Hexagon House Blacklcy Manchester 9 D. L. Griffiths B.Sc. A.R.I.C. A.hf.L. Hostel Holton Heath Poole Dorset J. Gibson M.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. Chemistry Department The Technical College Sunderland Co. Durham N. F. Rapps B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Analytical Department Monsanto Chemicals Ltd. Ruabon Wrexham Denbighshire D. J. D. Unwin B.Sc. A.I.M. A.R.I.C. The Park Gate Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. P.O. Box 23 Rotherham E. E. Ayling M.Sc. F.R.I.C. University College Singleton Park, Swansea E. R. Brdthwaite M.Sc. F.Ph.S. F.R.I.C. Research Department, Acheson Colloids Ltd. Prince Rock Plymouth F. S. Fowkes B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. 28 Learmouth Street Falkirk, Stirlingshire H. W. B. Reed B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C. 72 Oxbridge Avenue, Stockton-on-Tees Co. Durham Belfast 72-73 High Street Birmingham 4 (in Dr Woodcock’s absence) Catherine Street Whitehaven Municipal Buildings Castle Street Dublin Street Dundee (Caley Branch) Chapelfield Works Norwich Nottingham University of Edinburgh Teviot Place Edinburgh 8 Ltd. 38 French Street Glasgow S.E. Kingston upon Hull Malaya Cape of Good Hope New Zealand Deccan Madras Western India Northern India Eastern India Ceylon R. C. Norris B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Department of Chemistry Outram H. E. Krumm A.R.I.C. “Sonnenschein,â€� 3 Leeuwendal Crescent, N. H. Law M.Sc. A.N.Z.T.C. F.R.I.C. Dominion Laboratory, R. A. Rajagopalan B.Sc. Ph.D. A.I.I.Sc. F.R.I.C. Indian Institute K. V. Sundaram Ayyar M.Sc. F.R.I.C. 3 Jagadiswara Street, A. M. Tyabji Ph.D. A.R.I.C. Somerset Cottage 61d Bhulabhai G. S. Saharia hl.Sc. Ph.D. D.I.C. F.R.I.C. Department of K. B. Sen MSc. F.R.I.C. c/o Bird & Co. Ltd. Coal Department A. Sanddingam B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. Industrial Research Road Singapore 3 Cape Town Sydney Street West Wellington C. 1 New Zealand of Science Bangalore 3 India T’Nagar Madras 17 Madras India Desai Road Bombay 26 India Chemistry The University Delhi 8 India Calcutta India Laboratory Hunupitiya Lake Road Colombo </p></section></art-body></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. May 1954</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. 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Chem.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><originInfo><publisher>The Royal Society of Chemistry.</publisher></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0368-3958</identifier><identifier type="coden">JRICAS</identifier><identifier type="RSC sercode">JI</identifier><part><date>1954</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>78</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>May</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>231</start><end>288</end><total>58</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">E84CF2DDE999CDF7D3BFC055A2A93FB112FECEB1</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1039/JI9547800231</identifier><identifier type="ms-id">JI9547800231</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>RSC Journals</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>The Royal Society of Chemistry</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><annexes><json:item><extension>gif</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>image/gif</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/E84CF2DDE999CDF7D3BFC055A2A93FB112FECEB1/annexes/gif</uri></json:item></annexes><author></author><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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