Hypnoanalgesia and the study of pain experience: from Cajal to modern neuroscience
Identifieur interne : 000218 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000217; suivant : 000219Hypnoanalgesia and the study of pain experience: from Cajal to modern neuroscience
Auteurs : Renzo C. Lanfranco ; Andrés Canales-Johnson ; David HuepeSource :
- Frontiers in Psychology [ 1664-1078 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) did not only contribute to neurobiology and neurohistology. At the end of the 19th century, he published one of the first clinical reports on the employment of hypnotic suggestion to induce analgesia (hypnoanalgesia) in order to relieve pain in childbirth. Today, the clinical application of hypnoanalgesia is considered an effective technique for the treatment of pain in medicine, dentistry, and psychology. However, the knowledge we have today on the neural and cognitive underpinnings of hypnotic suggestion has increased dramatically since Cajal’s times. Here we review the main contributions of Cajal to hypnoanalgesia and the current knowledge we have about hypnoanalgesia from neural and cognitive perspectives.
Url:
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01126
PubMed: 25324822
PubMed Central: 4179709
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4179709Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Hypnoanalgesia and the study of pain experience: from Cajal to modern neuroscience</title><author><name sortKey="Lanfranco, Renzo C" sort="Lanfranco, Renzo C" uniqKey="Lanfranco R" first="Renzo C." last="Lanfranco">Renzo C. Lanfranco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile</institution><country>Santiago, Chile</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales</institution><country>Santiago, Chile</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Canales Johnson, Andres" sort="Canales Johnson, Andres" uniqKey="Canales Johnson A" first="Andrés" last="Canales-Johnson">Andrés Canales-Johnson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales</institution><country>Santiago, Chile</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit</institution><country>Cambridge, UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huepe, David" sort="Huepe, David" uniqKey="Huepe D" first="David" last="Huepe">David Huepe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales</institution><country>Santiago, Chile</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25324822</idno><idno type="pmc">4179709</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4179709</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4179709</idno><idno type="doi">10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01126</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000218</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000218</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Hypnoanalgesia and the study of pain experience: from Cajal to modern neuroscience</title><author><name sortKey="Lanfranco, Renzo C" sort="Lanfranco, Renzo C" uniqKey="Lanfranco R" first="Renzo C." last="Lanfranco">Renzo C. Lanfranco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile</institution><country>Santiago, Chile</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales</institution><country>Santiago, Chile</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Canales Johnson, Andres" sort="Canales Johnson, Andres" uniqKey="Canales Johnson A" first="Andrés" last="Canales-Johnson">Andrés Canales-Johnson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales</institution><country>Santiago, Chile</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit</institution><country>Cambridge, UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huepe, David" sort="Huepe, David" uniqKey="Huepe D" first="David" last="Huepe">David Huepe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales</institution><country>Santiago, Chile</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Frontiers in Psychology</title><idno type="eISSN">1664-1078</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) did not only contribute to neurobiology and neurohistology. At the end of the 19th century, he published one of the first clinical reports on the employment of hypnotic suggestion to induce analgesia (hypnoanalgesia) in order to relieve pain in childbirth. Today, the clinical application of hypnoanalgesia is considered an effective technique for the treatment of pain in medicine, dentistry, and psychology. However, the knowledge we have today on the neural and cognitive underpinnings of hypnotic suggestion has increased dramatically since Cajal’s times. Here we review the main contributions of Cajal to hypnoanalgesia and the current knowledge we have about hypnoanalgesia from neural and cognitive perspectives.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abbasi, M" uniqKey="Abbasi M">M. Abbasi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ghazi, F" uniqKey="Ghazi F">F. Ghazi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barlow Harrison, A" uniqKey="Barlow Harrison A">A. Barlow-Harrison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sheikhvatan, M" uniqKey="Sheikhvatan M">M. Sheikhvatan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohammadyari, F" uniqKey="Mohammadyari F">F. Mohammadyari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdeshahi, S K" uniqKey="Abdeshahi S">S. K. Abdeshahi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hashemipour, M A" uniqKey="Hashemipour M">M. A. Hashemipour</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mesgarzadeh, V" uniqKey="Mesgarzadeh V">V. Mesgarzadeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shahidi Payam, A" uniqKey="Shahidi Payam A">A. Shahidi Payam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Halaj Monfared, A" uniqKey="Halaj Monfared A">A. Halaj Monfared</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abrahamsen, R" uniqKey="Abrahamsen R">R. Abrahamsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dietz, M" uniqKey="Dietz M">M. Dietz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lodahl, S" uniqKey="Lodahl S">S. Lodahl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roepstorff, A" uniqKey="Roepstorff A">A. Roepstorff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zachariae, R" uniqKey="Zachariae R">R. Zachariae</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ostergaard, L" uniqKey="Ostergaard L">L. Ostergaard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Basar, E" uniqKey="Basar E">E. Basar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosen, B" uniqKey="Rosen B">B. Rosen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Basar Eroglu, C" uniqKey="Basar Eroglu C">C. Basar-Eroglu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greitschus, F" uniqKey="Greitschus F">F. Greitschus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Braid, J" uniqKey="Braid J">J. Braid</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cassileth, B R" uniqKey="Cassileth B">B. R. Cassileth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keefe, F J" uniqKey="Keefe F">F. J. Keefe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Pascalis, V" uniqKey="De Pascalis V">V. De Pascalis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bellusci, A" uniqKey="Bellusci A">A. Bellusci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gallo, C" uniqKey="Gallo C">C. Gallo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magurano, M R" uniqKey="Magurano M">M. R. Magurano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, A C" uniqKey="Chen A">A. C. Chen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Pascalis, V" uniqKey="De Pascalis V">V. De Pascalis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cacace, I" uniqKey="Cacace I">I. Cacace</name></author><author><name sortKey="Massicolle, F" uniqKey="Massicolle F">F. Massicolle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Del Percio, C" uniqKey="Del Percio C">C. Del Percio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Triggiani, A I" uniqKey="Triggiani A">A. I. Triggiani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marzano, N" uniqKey="Marzano N">N. Marzano</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Rosas, M" uniqKey="De Rosas M">M. De Rosas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Valenzano, A" uniqKey="Valenzano A">A. Valenzano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petito, A" uniqKey="Petito A">A. Petito</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Derbyshire, S W" uniqKey="Derbyshire S">S. W. Derbyshire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whalley, M G" uniqKey="Whalley M">M. G. Whalley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oakley, D A" uniqKey="Oakley D">D. A. Oakley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Derbyshire, S W" uniqKey="Derbyshire S">S. W. Derbyshire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whalley, M G" uniqKey="Whalley M">M. G. Whalley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stenger, V A" uniqKey="Stenger V">V. A. Stenger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oakley, D A" uniqKey="Oakley D">D. A. Oakley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Doesburg, S M" uniqKey="Doesburg S">S. M. Doesburg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roggeveen, A B" uniqKey="Roggeveen A">A. B. Roggeveen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kitajo, K" uniqKey="Kitajo K">K. Kitajo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ward, L M" uniqKey="Ward L">L. M. Ward</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dorfman, D" uniqKey="Dorfman D">D. Dorfman</name></author><author><name sortKey="George, M C" uniqKey="George M">M. C. George</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schnur, J" uniqKey="Schnur J">J. Schnur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simpson, D M" uniqKey="Simpson D">D. M. Simpson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davidson, G" uniqKey="Davidson G">G. Davidson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Montgomery, G" uniqKey="Montgomery G">G. Montgomery</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Egner, T" uniqKey="Egner T">T. Egner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jamieson, G" uniqKey="Jamieson G">G. Jamieson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gruzelier, J" uniqKey="Gruzelier J">J. Gruzelier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Elliotson, J" uniqKey="Elliotson J">J. Elliotson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Esdaile, J" uniqKey="Esdaile J">J. Esdaile</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Esdaile, J" uniqKey="Esdaile J">J. Esdaile</name></author><author><name sortKey="Esdaile, D" uniqKey="Esdaile D">D. Esdaile</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Facco, E" uniqKey="Facco E">E. Facco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pasquali, S" uniqKey="Pasquali S">S. Pasquali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zanette, G" uniqKey="Zanette G">G. Zanette</name></author><author><name sortKey="Casiglia, E" uniqKey="Casiglia E">E. Casiglia</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Faymonville, M E" uniqKey="Faymonville M">M. E. Faymonville</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laureys, S" uniqKey="Laureys S">S. Laureys</name></author><author><name sortKey="Degueldre, C" uniqKey="Degueldre C">C. Degueldre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Delfiore, G" uniqKey="Delfiore G">G. DelFiore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luxen, A" uniqKey="Luxen A">A. Luxen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Franck, G" uniqKey="Franck G">G. Franck</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fell, J" uniqKey="Fell J">J. Fell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fernandez, G" uniqKey="Fernandez G">G. Fernandez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klaver, P" uniqKey="Klaver P">P. Klaver</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elger, C E" uniqKey="Elger C">C. E. Elger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fries, P" uniqKey="Fries P">P. Fries</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fingelkurts, A A" uniqKey="Fingelkurts A">A. A. Fingelkurts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fingelkurts, A A" uniqKey="Fingelkurts A">A. A. Fingelkurts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kallio, S" uniqKey="Kallio S">S. Kallio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Revonsuo, A" uniqKey="Revonsuo A">A. Revonsuo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fuchs, P N" uniqKey="Fuchs P">P. N. Fuchs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, Y B" uniqKey="Peng Y">Y. B. Peng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boyette Davis, J A" uniqKey="Boyette Davis J">J. A. Boyette-Davis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Uhelski, M L" uniqKey="Uhelski M">M. L. Uhelski</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gamundi, A" uniqKey="Gamundi A">A. Gamundí</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rial, R V" uniqKey="Rial R">R. V. Rial</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nicolau, M C" uniqKey="Nicolau M">M. C. Nicolau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Timoner, G" uniqKey="Timoner G">G. Timoner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gauld, A" uniqKey="Gauld A">A. Gauld</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, M G" uniqKey="Gonzalez M">M. G. González</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hutcherson, C A" uniqKey="Hutcherson C">C. A. Hutcherson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Plassmann, H" uniqKey="Plassmann H">H. Plassmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gross, J J" uniqKey="Gross J">J. J. Gross</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rangel, A" uniqKey="Rangel A">A. Rangel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kallio, S" uniqKey="Kallio S">S. Kallio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hyona, J" uniqKey="Hyona J">J. Hyona</name></author><author><name sortKey="Revonsuo, A" uniqKey="Revonsuo A">A. Revonsuo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sikka, P" uniqKey="Sikka P">P. Sikka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nummenmaa, L" uniqKey="Nummenmaa L">L. Nummenmaa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kallio, S" uniqKey="Kallio S">S. Kallio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Revonsuo, A" uniqKey="Revonsuo A">A. Revonsuo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamalainen, H" uniqKey="Hamalainen H">H. Hamalainen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Markela, J" uniqKey="Markela J">J. Markela</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gruzelier, J" uniqKey="Gruzelier J">J. Gruzelier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kosslyn, S M" uniqKey="Kosslyn S">S. M. Kosslyn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thompson, W L" uniqKey="Thompson W">W. L. Thompson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costantini Ferrando, M F" uniqKey="Costantini Ferrando M">M. F. Costantini-Ferrando</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alpert, N M" uniqKey="Alpert N">N. M. Alpert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spiegel, D" uniqKey="Spiegel D">D. Spiegel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Landolt, A S" uniqKey="Landolt A">A. S. Landolt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Milling, L S" uniqKey="Milling L">L. S. Milling</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lesh, T A" uniqKey="Lesh T">T. A. Lesh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Westphal, A J" uniqKey="Westphal A">A. J. Westphal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niendam, T A" uniqKey="Niendam T">T. A. Niendam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yoon, J H" uniqKey="Yoon J">J. H. Yoon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Minzenberg, M J" uniqKey="Minzenberg M">M. J. Minzenberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ragland, J D" uniqKey="Ragland J">J. D. Ragland</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lutz, A" uniqKey="Lutz A">A. Lutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greischar, L L" uniqKey="Greischar L">L. L. Greischar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rawlings, N B" uniqKey="Rawlings N">N. B. Rawlings</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ricard, M" uniqKey="Ricard M">M. Ricard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davidson, R J" uniqKey="Davidson R">R. J. Davidson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lutz, A" uniqKey="Lutz A">A. Lutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Slagter, H A" uniqKey="Slagter H">H. A. Slagter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dunne, J D" uniqKey="Dunne J">J. D. Dunne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davidson, R J" uniqKey="Davidson R">R. J. Davidson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lynn, S J" uniqKey="Lynn S">S. J. Lynn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rhue, J W" uniqKey="Rhue J">J. W. Rhue</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Macdonald, A W" uniqKey="Macdonald A">A. W. MacDonald</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, J D" uniqKey="Cohen J">J. D. Cohen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stenger, V A" uniqKey="Stenger V">V. A. Stenger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carter, C S" uniqKey="Carter C">C. S. Carter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mack, P" uniqKey="Mack P">P. Mack</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yam, A K" uniqKey="Yam A">A. K. Yam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chin, A Y" uniqKey="Chin A">A. Y. Chin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcgeown, W J" uniqKey="Mcgeown W">W. J. McGeown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mazzoni, G" uniqKey="Mazzoni G">G. Mazzoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Venneri, A" uniqKey="Venneri A">A. Venneri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kirsch, I" uniqKey="Kirsch I">I. Kirsch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcgeown, W J" uniqKey="Mcgeown W">W. J. McGeown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Venneri, A" uniqKey="Venneri A">A. Venneri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kirsch, I" uniqKey="Kirsch I">I. Kirsch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nocetti, L" uniqKey="Nocetti L">L. Nocetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, K" uniqKey="Roberts K">K. Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Foan, L" uniqKey="Foan L">L. Foan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Melloni, L" uniqKey="Melloni L">L. Melloni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Molina, C" uniqKey="Molina C">C. Molina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pena, M" uniqKey="Pena M">M. Pena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Torres, D" uniqKey="Torres D">D. Torres</name></author><author><name sortKey="Singer, W" uniqKey="Singer W">W. Singer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez, E" uniqKey="Rodriguez E">E. Rodriguez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mesmer, A" uniqKey="Mesmer A">A. Mesmer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oster, M I" uniqKey="Oster M">M. I. Oster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Palmieri, A" uniqKey="Palmieri A">A. Palmieri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kleinbub, J R" uniqKey="Kleinbub J">J. R. Kleinbub</name></author><author><name sortKey="Calvo, V" uniqKey="Calvo V">V. Calvo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soraru, G" uniqKey="Soraru G">G. Soraru</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grasso, I" uniqKey="Grasso I">I. Grasso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Messina, I" uniqKey="Messina I">I. Messina</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Patterson, D R" uniqKey="Patterson D">D. R. Patterson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jensen, M P" uniqKey="Jensen M">M. P. Jensen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wiechman, S A" uniqKey="Wiechman S">S. A. Wiechman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sharar, S R" uniqKey="Sharar S">S. R. Sharar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Porro, C A" uniqKey="Porro C">C. A. Porro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baraldi, P" uniqKey="Baraldi P">P. Baraldi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pagnoni, G" uniqKey="Pagnoni G">G. Pagnoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Serafini, M" uniqKey="Serafini M">M. Serafini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Facchin, P" uniqKey="Facchin P">P. Facchin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maieron, M" uniqKey="Maieron M">M. Maieron</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Radovancevic, L" uniqKey="Radovancevic L">L. Radovancevic</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Raij, T T" uniqKey="Raij T">T. T. Raij</name></author><author><name sortKey="Numminen, J" uniqKey="Numminen J">J. Numminen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Narvanen, S" uniqKey="Narvanen S">S. Narvanen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hiltunen, J" uniqKey="Hiltunen J">J. Hiltunen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hari, R" uniqKey="Hari R">R. Hari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Raij, T T" uniqKey="Raij T">T. T. Raij</name></author><author><name sortKey="Numminen, J" uniqKey="Numminen J">J. Numminen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Narvanen, S" uniqKey="Narvanen S">S. Narvanen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hiltunen, J" uniqKey="Hiltunen J">J. Hiltunen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hari, R" uniqKey="Hari R">R. Hari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rainville, P" uniqKey="Rainville P">P. Rainville</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duncan, G H" uniqKey="Duncan G">G. H. Duncan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Price, D D" uniqKey="Price D">D. D. Price</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carrier, B" uniqKey="Carrier B">B. Carrier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bushnell, M C" uniqKey="Bushnell M">M. C. Bushnell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rainville, P" uniqKey="Rainville P">P. Rainville</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hofbauer, R K" uniqKey="Hofbauer R">R. K. Hofbauer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bushnell, M C" uniqKey="Bushnell M">M. C. Bushnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duncan, G H" uniqKey="Duncan G">G. H. Duncan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Price, D D" uniqKey="Price D">D. D. Price</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ram N Y Cajal, M A" uniqKey="Ram N Y Cajal M">M. A. Ramón y Cajal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ram N Y Cajal, S" uniqKey="Ram N Y Cajal S">S. Ramón y Cajal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ram N Y Cajal, S" uniqKey="Ram N Y Cajal S">S. Ramón y Cajal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ram N Y Cajal, S" uniqKey="Ram N Y Cajal S">S. Ramón y Cajal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Craigie, E H" uniqKey="Craigie E">E. H. Craigie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cano, J" uniqKey="Cano J">J. Cano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ray, W J" uniqKey="Ray W">W. J. Ray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keil, A" uniqKey="Keil A">A. Keil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mikuteit, A" uniqKey="Mikuteit A">A. Mikuteit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bongartz, W" uniqKey="Bongartz W">W. Bongartz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elbert, T" uniqKey="Elbert T">T. Elbert</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez, E" uniqKey="Rodriguez E">E. Rodriguez</name></author><author><name sortKey="George, N" uniqKey="George N">N. George</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lachaux, J P" uniqKey="Lachaux J">J. P. Lachaux</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martinerie, J" uniqKey="Martinerie J">J. Martinerie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Renault, B" uniqKey="Renault B">B. Renault</name></author><author><name sortKey="Varela, F J" uniqKey="Varela F">F. J. Varela</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rotge, J Y" uniqKey="Rotge J">J. Y. Rotge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lemogne, C" uniqKey="Lemogne C">C. Lemogne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hinfray, S" uniqKey="Hinfray S">S. Hinfray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huguet, P" uniqKey="Huguet P">P. Huguet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grynszpan, O" uniqKey="Grynszpan O">O. Grynszpan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tartour, E" uniqKey="Tartour E">E. Tartour</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sala, J" uniqKey="Sala J">J. Sala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cardena, E" uniqKey="Cardena E">E. Cardena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holgado, M C" uniqKey="Holgado M">M. C. Holgado</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anez, C" uniqKey="Anez C">C. Anez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perez, P" uniqKey="Perez P">P. Perez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perinan, R" uniqKey="Perinan R">R. Perinan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sohl, S J" uniqKey="Sohl S">S. J. Sohl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stossel, L" uniqKey="Stossel L">L. Stossel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schnur, J B" uniqKey="Schnur J">J. B. Schnur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tatrow, K" uniqKey="Tatrow K">K. Tatrow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gherman, A" uniqKey="Gherman A">A. Gherman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Montgomery, G H" uniqKey="Montgomery G">G. H. Montgomery</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stefanidou, M" uniqKey="Stefanidou M">M. Stefanidou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sola, C" uniqKey="Sola C">C. Sola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kouvelas, E" uniqKey="Kouvelas E">E. Kouvelas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Del Cerro, M" uniqKey="Del Cerro M">M. del Cerro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Triarhou, L C" uniqKey="Triarhou L">L. C. Triarhou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tan, G" uniqKey="Tan G">G. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fukui, T" uniqKey="Fukui T">T. Fukui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jensen, M P" uniqKey="Jensen M">M. P. Jensen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thornby, J" uniqKey="Thornby J">J. Thornby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waldman, K L" uniqKey="Waldman K">K. L. Waldman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tan, G" uniqKey="Tan G">G. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rintala, D H" uniqKey="Rintala D">D. H. Rintala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jensen, M P" uniqKey="Jensen M">M. P. Jensen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fukui, T" uniqKey="Fukui T">T. Fukui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, D" uniqKey="Smith D">D. Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, W" uniqKey="Williams W">W. Williams</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Valentini, E" uniqKey="Valentini E">E. Valentini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Betti, V" uniqKey="Betti V">V. Betti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, L" uniqKey="Hu L">L. Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aglioti, S M" uniqKey="Aglioti S">S. M. Aglioti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vandevusse, L" uniqKey="Vandevusse L">L. VandeVusse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Irland, J" uniqKey="Irland J">J. Irland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Healthcare, W F" uniqKey="Healthcare W">W. F. Healthcare</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berner, M A" uniqKey="Berner M">M. A. Berner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fuller, S" uniqKey="Fuller S">S. Fuller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adams, D" uniqKey="Adams D">D. Adams</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vanhaudenhuyse, A" uniqKey="Vanhaudenhuyse A">A. Vanhaudenhuyse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boly, M" uniqKey="Boly M">M. Boly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balteau, E" uniqKey="Balteau E">E. Balteau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schnakers, C" uniqKey="Schnakers C">C. Schnakers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moonen, G" uniqKey="Moonen G">G. Moonen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luxen, A" uniqKey="Luxen A">A. Luxen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wager, T D" uniqKey="Wager T">T. D. Wager</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rilling, J K" uniqKey="Rilling J">J. K. Rilling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, E E" uniqKey="Smith E">E. E. Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sokolik, A" uniqKey="Sokolik A">A. Sokolik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Casey, K L" uniqKey="Casey K">K. L. Casey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davidson, R J" uniqKey="Davidson R">R. J. Davidson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yaster, M" uniqKey="Yaster M">M. Yaster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Front Psychol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Front Psychol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Front. Psychol.</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Frontiers in Psychology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1664-1078</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Frontiers Media S.A.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25324822</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4179709</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01126</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Psychology</subject><subj-group><subject>Mini Review Article</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Hypnoanalgesia and the study of pain experience: from Cajal to modern neuroscience</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lanfranco</surname><given-names>Renzo C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn001"><sup>*</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://community.frontiersin.org/people/u/167303"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Canales-Johnson</surname><given-names>Andrés</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://community.frontiersin.org/people/u/116203"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huepe</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://community.frontiersin.org/people/u/87104"></uri></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><sup>1</sup><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile</institution><country>Santiago, Chile</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>2</sup><institution>Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales</institution><country>Santiago, Chile</country></aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>3</sup><institution>Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit</institution><country>Cambridge, UK</country></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by: <italic>Adam B. Barrett, University of Sussex, UK</italic></p></fn><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Reviewed by: <italic>Devin Terhune, University of Oxford, UK; Benjamin Andrew Parris, University of Sussex, UK</italic></p></fn><corresp id="fn001">*Correspondence: <italic>Renzo C. Lanfranco, Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Universidad de Chile, Avenida La Paz 1003, Santiago 8431617, Chile e-mail: <email xlink:type="simple">renzo.lanfranco@u.uchile.cl</email></italic></corresp><fn fn-type="other" id="fn002"><p>This article was submitted to Consciousness Research, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>9</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><elocation-id>1126</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>16</day><month>9</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Lanfranco, Canales-Johnson and Huepe.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p> This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) did not only contribute to neurobiology and neurohistology. At the end of the 19th century, he published one of the first clinical reports on the employment of hypnotic suggestion to induce analgesia (hypnoanalgesia) in order to relieve pain in childbirth. Today, the clinical application of hypnoanalgesia is considered an effective technique for the treatment of pain in medicine, dentistry, and psychology. However, the knowledge we have today on the neural and cognitive underpinnings of hypnotic suggestion has increased dramatically since Cajal’s times. Here we review the main contributions of Cajal to hypnoanalgesia and the current knowledge we have about hypnoanalgesia from neural and cognitive perspectives.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>hypnosis</kwd><kwd>hypnotic suggestion</kwd><kwd>analgesia</kwd><kwd>Santiago Ramón y Cajal</kwd><kwd>cognitive neuroscience</kwd><kwd>consciousness</kwd><kwd>history</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="2"></fig-count><table-count count="0"></table-count><equation-count count="0"></equation-count><ref-count count="66"></ref-count><page-count count="7"></page-count><word-count count="0"></word-count></counts></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Hypnoanalgesia, i.e., the use of hypnotic suggestion to relieve pain, is widely accepted as an effective technique for the treatment of pain. However, the clinical use of hypnoanalgesia is not new. Throughout history, several cases of people using hypnosis to relieve pain have been documented. Some of the most remembered are Anton Mesmer (1734–1815; <xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">Mesmer, 1974</xref>; <xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">Radovancevic, 2009</xref>), John Elliotson (1791–1868; <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">Elliotson, 1843</xref>), James Esdaile (1808–1859; <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">Esdaile, 1852</xref>), and James Braid (1795–1860; <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">Braid, 1850</xref>). However, one of the very first clinically detailed publications reporting the analgesic properties of hypnotic suggestion for pain relief was authored by Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934), the famous Spanish physician best known for his exceptional contributions to neurobiology and neurohistology. Here we review a less well-known side of Cajal: his particular way of employing hypnotic suggestion in order to induce analgesia. We also explore how the clinical use of hypnoanaglesia has evolved since then, and what modern neuroscience tells us about the neural and cognitive underpinnings of the hypnotic phenomena.</p></sec><sec><title>BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE: SANTIAGO RAMÓN Y CAJAL</title><p>Cajal was born on the 1st May 1852 in the town of Petilla de Aragón, Navarra, Spain. He lived in several towns during his childhood and later studied medicine in the city of Zaragoza. Unlike his academic performance during his schooldays, he excelled academically during his university studies, having been inspired to study medicine by his father, an anatomy professor at the University of Zaragoza. In 1875, Cajal started his doctoral studies in Zaragoza and began teaching histology in Madrid. Later on, Cajal was appointed professor of General and Descriptive Anatomy at the University of Valencia (1883), professor of Histology and Pathology in Barcelona and Madrid (1892), and director of the National Institute of Hygiene (1901; <xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">Ramón y Cajal, 1889</xref>) (see <bold>Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref></bold>).</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>FIGURE 1</label><caption><p><bold>Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1899</bold>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="fpsyg-05-01126-g001"></graphic></fig><p>Throughout his scientific career, Cajal was interested in a myriad of intellectual activities. He dedicated most of his time to research anatomy, physiology and morphology, especially of the nervous system and its connections. Based on his past findings, he proposed what later became known as the “neuron doctrine” – an idea that encompassed laws and theories about nerve impulses and the neurobiological organization of the brain, nowadays widely known. He published many articles on the topic and was awarded countless honorary doctorates and prizes, including the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1906, along with the Italian physician Camillo Golgi (<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">González, 2006</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>CAJAL’S INTEREST IN HYPNOSIS</title><p>Cajal had many interests besides neurobiology. He was also passionate about photography, chess, and literature. He wrote both essays and novels, including a story about a hypnotherapist who attempted to create a utopia by using hypnosis (<xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">Stefanidou et al., 2007</xref>; <xref rid="B57" ref-type="bibr">Sala et al., 2008</xref>).</p><p>Moreover, Cajal had a fervent interest in psychological phenomena and higher cortical functions, particularly consciousness. He was fascinated by hypnosis for most of his life, keeping track of research and discoveries in the field, the major contributors being his contemporaries Charcot (of Salpêtrière school), and Liébeault and Bernheim (of Nancy school). But it was during his time at the University of Valencia (1884–1887) when Cajal’s interests in hypnosis really took off. Cajal organized, along with his wife and friends from the gatherings of the Agricultural Club, a “<italic>Committee of Psychological Research</italic>” that was held in Cajal’s own home. There, he carried out several hypnotic experiments with both healthy people and people with mental disorders, as well as with people who claimed to have mental powers, such as spiritual mediums (<xref rid="B53" ref-type="bibr">Ramón y Cajal et al., 1966</xref>; <xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">Ramón y Cajal, 2002</xref>; <xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">Stefanidou et al., 2007</xref>).</p><p>Cajal was interested in several hypnotic phenomena, including cataplexy; analgesia; visual, auditory and tactile hallucinations; and amnesia. He proved to be extremely skillful in inducing hypnosis and guiding imagery to his patients, thus becoming rather popular amongst patients who were suffering from hysteria and neurosis. Amongst his major accomplishments were: “<italic>the total transformation of the patient’s emotional state, restoration of appetite in hysterical-epileptic patients with loss of appetite, sudden cessation of hysterical attacks with loss of consciousness, radical forgetfulness of painful and tormenting events, and the complete abolition of delivery pain in normal women</italic>” (<xref rid="B53" ref-type="bibr">Ramón y Cajal et al., 1966</xref>).</p><p>Years later, Cajal closed his clinic due to taking a new academic position in Barcelona (<xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">Ramón y Cajal, 2002</xref>; <xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">Stefanidou et al., 2007</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>CAJAL AND THE USE OF HYPNOANALGESIA IN CHILDBIRTH</title><p>Even though the first reports of using hypnoanalgesia may be attributed to James Esdaile – an English surgeon who practiced in India (<xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">Esdaile and Esdaile, 1846</xref>; <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">Gauld, 1992</xref>), the first case study on the use of hypnoanalgesia in labor and delivery was published by <xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">Ramón y Cajal (1889)</xref>. It consisted of a clinical case study of his own wife, Silveria Fañanás, who had been preparing to give birth to their sixth child, Pilar, in Barcelona. Wishing to avoid seeing his wife suffer the pain like in her previous childbirths, Cajal proposed that she used hypnosis as a pain relief method, which she accepted. Thus, both their daughter Pilar, and their last child Luis, were born whilst their mother was under hypnosis (<xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">Ramón y Cajal, 2002</xref>).</p><p><xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">Ramón y Cajal’s (1889)</xref> article was published in the <italic>Catalan Medical Gazette</italic> under the title: “<italic>Pain of childbirth considerably attenuated by hypnotic suggestion</italic>.” Unfortunately, the publication went largely unnoticed. It received only a brief and anonymous comment in the British Medical Journal (1889). Much later, <xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">Stefanidou et al. (2007)</xref> presented an English translation that finally allowed its dissemination:</p><p>Cajal describes a woman who had been prepared for hypnoanalgesia 10 days prior to her childbirth. She was able to reach an alleged state of somnambulism, characterized by anesthesia, catalepsy and subsequent amnesia. Cajal reports to have had carried out a pre-tested method in order to attenuate her pain. Furthermore, Cajal argues the little resistance that the patient exhibited to hypnotic suggestions as believing the technique to be harmless was further attenuated by her fear of childbirth pain. According to Cajal, the hypnotic suggestions employed revolved around the idea of how quickly the delivery was going to be, and that even if contractions were strong and constant, the pain would remain minimal and utterly tolerable: “<italic>We told her that she would be conscious of the stronger pain produced both by the cervical dilation, and during the fetus expulsion; but the severity of that pain would be difficult to distinguish from the weak pain known as preparative or ‘moscas’ [pain of the very first contractions]</italic>” (<xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">Ramón y Cajal, 1889</xref>; <xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">Stefanidou et al., 2007</xref>).</p><p>According to Cajal’s report, the patient’s only perceived discomfort during childbirth that never turned into pain. In fact, it seemed to Cajal that the discomfort that she felt was due to respiratory distress and fast heart rate related to the intense physical work involved in childbirth, rather than pain (<xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">Ramón y Cajal, 1889</xref>). Thus, to the patient’s great surprise, her cervix was fully dilated and the birth was completed in <30 min (<xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">Stefanidou et al., 2007</xref>). Moreover, the patient’s recovery was rather fast as well; in 5 days she was already back on her feet and returned to her daily activities.</p><p><xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">Ramón y Cajal’s (1889)</xref> final remarks highlighted how useful hypnosis could be in attenuating childbirth pain without causing any of the organic alterations seen as side effects of chloroform-induced sleep.</p></sec><sec><title>CAJAL’S FINAL YEARS USING HYPNOSIS</title><p>During his last years, Cajal abandoned his neurobiological research in order to focus on the study of dreams and spiritualism; he even hired an alleged medium from Zaragoza to carry out experiments. However, later on he realized that the medium was a fraud. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Cajal maintained the belief that hypnosis may connect mind and matter, thus forming a method capable of producing profound neurobiological changes (<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">Gamundí et al., 1995</xref>). As <xref rid="B52" ref-type="bibr">Ramón y Cajal (1947)</xref> himself stated: “<italic>I do not consider [to be] … unrealistic … the achievement of a mental orthopedics capable of correcting the functional aberrations of the brain; on the contrary, I judge it possible that, dispelling certain prejudices, physiology, assisted by methods of psychophysical hypnosis and scientific pedagogy, could eliminate antisocial impulses or reduce them to a negligible minimum</italic>.”</p><p><xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">Ramón y Cajal (2002)</xref> also included his experiences employing hypnoanalgesia in a collection of his works in 1924, in a book entitled “Ensayos sobre el hipnotismo, el espiritualismo y la metafísica” [“Essays on hypnotism, spiritualism and metaphysics”], in which he gathered hundreds of analyses of his own dreams and others’. Cajal finished the manuscript months before his death. Unfortunately, during the Spanish Civil War (1936), the Alfonso XIII Institute of Hygiene in Madrid, where the manuscript was kept, was severely damaged during a bombing and the document was lost forever (<xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">Ramón y Cajal, 1889</xref>; <xref rid="B57" ref-type="bibr">Sala et al., 2008</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>CURRENT RESEARCH IN HYPNOTIC MODULATION OF PAIN EXPERIENCE</title><p>Since Cajal’s early contributions to the clinical practice of hypnoanalgesia, there has been a gradual increase in scientific interest in the efficacy of its clinical application as compared to other analgesic strategies. Another line of research has focused on its neural and cognitive underpinnings, posing the question of what hypnotic suggestion does to brain function.</p><p>Hypnotically suggested algesia has been employed to identify the brain mechanisms that are directly associated to the emotional component of pain experience. <xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">Rainville et al. (1997)</xref>, for instance, used hypnotic suggestion to dissociate the affective from the sensory aspects of pain. In a positron emission tomography (PET) study, they demonstrated that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) showed to be deeply involved in such functional dissociation. Furthermore, <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">Derbyshire et al. (2004)</xref> used hypnotic suggestion to induce pain in the absence of a noxious stimulus. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), they showed that the pain matrix activity (i.e., brain regions recruited in pain experience, such as ACC, insular cortex, secondary somatosensory cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) was increased by hypnotic suggestions of pain in a greater way than during imagining of pain. According to the results, hypnotic suggestion to induce pain would decrease the activation in the perigenual ACC, a region that has been related to internal monitoring of sensory information (<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">Porro et al., 2002</xref>). Thereafter, other investigations were carried out in order to elucidate the brain mechanisms underlying the hypnotic modulation of pain experience. For example, <xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">Raij et al. (2009)</xref>, showed, using fMRI, that the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), which is involved in modulating the brain’s pain matrix, has an increase in activity during hypnotic suggestion. Given that dlPFC activation strength also predicts the effectiveness of placebo analgesia (<xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">Wager et al., 2004</xref>) and has been widely reported to be related to cognitive control as well (<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">MacDonald et al., 2000</xref>; <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">Hutcherson et al., 2012</xref>; <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">Lesh et al., 2013</xref>), it seems feasible it may have an important role in modulating other regions related to pain experience, such as secondary somatosensory cortex. However, further research is required in this regard.</p><p>Similarly, hypnotically suggested analgesia has also been employed in studying neural mechanisms underlying pain experience and relief. <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Faymonville et al. (2000)</xref>, using PET, showed that hypnoanalgesia decreases both pain sensation and unpleasantness of noxious stimuli by activating ACC and right-sided extrastriate (which have been related to stress symptoms) and decreases thalamic nuclei activity. ACC has been associated to social pain (i.e., unpleasant experience related to actual or potential damage to one’s sense of social connection or social value) and to the affective component of pain (<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">Fuchs et al., 2014</xref>; <xref rid="B56" ref-type="bibr">Rotge et al., 2014</xref>). Other studies have presented supplementary results upon the subjective experience of pain (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">Faymonville et al., 2000</xref>; <xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">Raij et al., 2005</xref>). For instance, using a thulium-YAG laser to induce pain, <xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">Vanhaudenhuyse et al. (2009)</xref> explored activation within the pain matrix when comparing painful and non-painful stimulation. As expected, activity within the pain matrix was significantly decreased during hypnoanalgesia (see <bold>Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref></bold>).</p><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>FIGURE 2</label><caption><p><bold>(A)</bold> Brain regions showing significant (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) activation during noxious stimulation (≥450 mJ) in normal wakefulness (mean laser intensity 534 ± 8 mJ). <bold>(B)</bold> In the hypnotic state, intensity-matched sensory stimuli failed to elicit any cerebral activation. <bold>(C)</bold> Brain regions showing significant differences with activation induced by identical stimuli (mean laser intensity 532 ± 14 mJ) in hypnotic state. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier, Inc.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="fpsyg-05-01126-g002"></graphic></fig><p>In addition, studies using electroencephalography (EEG) have also helped to unveil intrinsic and neurological aspects of pain experience and how it is modulated by hypnoanalgesia. For instance, it has been shown that late event-related potentials (ERPs) waveforms make a difference when comparing high and low hypnotically susceptible individuals during hypnoanalgesia (<xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">Ray et al., 2002</xref>). These results might signify higher top-down modulation in highly hypnotizable people when compared to lower hypnotizable people. Moreover, significant reductions in phase-ordered gamma patterns have been reported in medium to high hypnotizable individuals while performing a pain task during hypnoanalgesia. The pattern was predictive of subjective pain ratings (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">De Pascalis et al., 2004b</xref>). Gamma activity has been previously associated to early processing of stimulus information (<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">Basar et al., 1987</xref>), and integration of sensory feature binding (<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">Fell et al., 2003</xref>). There is evidence that has linked large-scale gamma-band phase synchronization to attention focusing (<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">Doesburg et al., 2008</xref>), awareness (<xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">Rodriguez et al., 1999</xref>; <xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">Melloni et al., 2007</xref>), and cognitive control in meditation (<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">Lutz et al., 2004</xref>, <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>). Reductions in phase-ordered gamma patterns might be taken as a marker of loss of cognitive control and metacognition, which would fit the cognitive state of someone successfully following hypnotic suggestions.</p><p>In another experiment, it was shown that hypnoanalgesia in high hypnotizable individuals elicited higher central peaks of the ERP P300, which was interpreted as a signal of an altered brain functioning. Such a conclusion would support the idea of a dissociated control, where hypnoanalgesic responses occurred with involuntariness (<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">De Pascalis et al., 2004a</xref>). Recently, <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">Del Percio et al. (2013)</xref> reported that some EEG features were related to hypnotizability rather than hypnotic suggestion. Furthermore, <xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">Valentini et al. (2013)</xref>, recently demonstrated that hypnotic suggestion modulates both sensory and affective dimensions of the subjective experience of pain, especially in high hypnotizable participants. Hypnotic suggestions did not significantly affect early stages of sensory processing. However, late ERP components such as P2a and P2b showed increase and decrease wave amplitudes, respectively, and an increase in gamma band power, during unpleasantness manipulation.</p><p>The theories that have addressed the phenomenon of hypnotic suggestion could be classified into two groups: the “state” and the “non-state” theories. The former assume that a distinguishable neurobiological state is needed in order for hypnotic suggestions to yield its effects on cognition and consciousness. The latter postulate that hypnotic suggestions do not need a special neurobiological state to modulate cognition and consciousness. Even though experimental research involving hypnoanalgesia has certainly contributed to both clinical practice and neurobiological knowledge, we still lack of a theory that satisfactory explains the nature of hypnotic suggestions. For example, some studies show that hypnosis (as a state of consciousness) modulates specific brain regions (<xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">Rainville et al., 2002</xref>) and presents very specific eye movement patterns that may not be achieved during wakefulness (<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">Kallio et al., 2011</xref>). Hypnotic suggestion has been shown to dissociate systems in charge of cognitive control and attentional conflict monitoring (<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">Egner et al., 2005</xref>), while neutral hypnosis (i.e., the induction of hypnosis without further suggestions) has shown to decrease brain activity in the anterior portion of the default-mode network in high suggestible participants, but not in low suggestible participants (<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">McGeown et al., 2009</xref>). In fact, neutral hypnosis has also shown to induce changes in several cortical regions and its activity patterns, including changes in functional connectivity (<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">Fingelkurts et al., 2007</xref>). These studies, amongst many others (<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">Kosslyn et al., 2000</xref>; <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">Kallio et al., 2001</xref>; <xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">McGeown et al., 2012</xref>), suggest that even though our understanding on hypnotic suggestion has dramatically improved over the past decades, we are still unable to fully explain neither the hypnotic phenomena nor how hypnotic suggestions alter brain functions. Future integrative theories are required in this sense.</p></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>Even though Cajal was not the first one to use hypnotic suggestion in order to relieve pain, to our knowledge he was the first one to publish a case report with such detailed clinical proceeding. Furthermore, it is notable that despite not proposing important theories for the understanding of hypnotic suggestion, Cajal’s procedure resembles very much the ones that clinicians use nowadays when treating pain in labor and delivery (<xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">VandeVusse et al., 2007</xref>; <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">Landolt and Milling, 2011</xref>). Cajal prepared the patient weeks before the childbirth in order to build (or in his case, strengthen) the rapport. The suggestions he employed aimed to relieve pain, decrease emotional stress, and induce relaxation, whilst also assuring that the patient maintained her motor control to be able to push. In this sense, his publication may be taken as probably the first modern clinical intervention featuring hypnoanalgesia during childbirth.</p><p>According to his biographers, Cajal wrote several articles on hypnosis, spirituality and dreams, but he never published them. However, he was always up to date with the work of Charcot, Liébeault, Bernheim, and Freud (<xref rid="B53" ref-type="bibr">Ramón y Cajal et al., 1966</xref>). Sadly, his contributions to the study of hypnoanalgesia were completely forgotten, even by the Spanish obstetricians of the time.</p><p>Today, many core questions regarding the nature of hypnosis and hypnotic suggestion remain unanswered. Future research may focus on unveiling the neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying hypnotizability in order to create a better understanding of what is required for hypnoanalgesia to work. If hypnotic induction is not required for hypnotic suggestion to induce analgesia, then simpler techniques for the non-pharmacological treatment of pain might be possible in the future. However, there are terminological issues in this regard. Many studies do not distinguish between hypnotic suggestion, hypnosis as a specific state of consciousness, and hypnotic induction. This is an important limitation that readers should take into account when trying to understand the nature of the hypnotic phenomena, which also affects our ways to theorize about hypnosis and hypnotic suggestion. As <xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">Lynn and Rhue (1991)</xref> argued, hypnotic inductions are hypnotic suggestions, hence unless we are able to induce the so-called hypnotic state without using verbal suggestions, it becomes very difficult to defend the idea that under hypnotic suggestions there is a hypnotic state. Cajal did not clearly distinguish between hypnosis and hypnotic suggestion, although his publications suggest he believed in an altered state of consciousness working underneath suggestions (<xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">Ramón y Cajal, 1889</xref>; <xref rid="B53" ref-type="bibr">Ramón y Cajal et al., 1966</xref>).</p><p>Hypnoanalgesia has proved to be very effective in the treatment of pain, which includes chronic oncological pain (<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">Cassileth and Keefe, 2010</xref>; <xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr">Sohl et al., 2010</xref>), HIV neuropathic pain (<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">Dorfman et al., 2013</xref>), pain during extraction of molars (<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">Abdeshahi et al., 2013</xref>), pain associated to physical trauma (<xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">Patterson et al., 2010</xref>), pain in surgical procedures (<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">Facco et al., 2013</xref>), pain associated to temporomandibular joint disorder (<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">Abrahamsen et al., 2010</xref>), phantom limb (<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">Mack et al., 2013</xref>), fibromyalgia (<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">Derbyshire et al., 2009</xref>), pain in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">Palmieri et al., 2012</xref>), acute pain in children (<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">Yaster, 2010</xref>), lumbago (<xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr">Tan et al., 2010</xref>, <xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>), and pain in childbirth (<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">Oster, 1994</xref>; <xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">VandeVusse et al., 2007</xref>; <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">Abbasi et al., 2009</xref>), amongst others. This fact fits what Cajal suggested more than a century ago. It is motivating that the father of the “neuron doctrine” considered hypnotic suggestion a useful method for the treatment of pain. It would have probably pleased him to learn about the progress in understanding the neural substrates of hypnosis and hypnoanalgesia that follows from the work that won him the Nobel Prize.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of Interest Statement</title><p>The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abbasi</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ghazi</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Barlow-Harrison</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sheikhvatan</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mohammadyari</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>The effect of hypnosis on pain relief during labor and childbirth in Iranian pregnant women.</article-title><source><italic>Int. J. Clin. Exp. Hypn.</italic></source><volume>57</volume><fpage>174</fpage>–<lpage>183</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00207140802665435</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19234965</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abdeshahi</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hashemipour</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mesgarzadeh</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shahidi Payam</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Halaj Monfared</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Effect of hypnosis on induction of local anaesthesia, pain perception, control of haemorrhage and anxiety during extraction of third molars: a case-control study.</article-title><source><italic>J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg.</italic></source><volume>41</volume><fpage>310</fpage>–<lpage>315</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcms.2012.10.009</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23253486</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abrahamsen</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dietz</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lodahl</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Roepstorff</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zachariae</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ostergaard</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Effect of hypnotic pain modulation on brain activity in patients with temporomandibular disorder pain.</article-title><source><italic>Pain</italic></source><volume>151</volume><fpage>825</fpage>–<lpage>833</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.020</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20933331</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Basar</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rosen</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Basar-Eroglu</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Greitschus</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1987</year>). <article-title>The associations between 40 Hz-EEG and the middle latency response of the auditory evoked potential.</article-title><source><italic>Int. J. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>33</volume><fpage>103</fpage>–<lpage>117</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/00207458708985933</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3610489</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Braid</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1850</year>). <source><italic>Observations on Trance: or, Human Hibernation</italic>.</source><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Churchill</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cassileth</surname><given-names>B. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Keefe</surname><given-names>F. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Integrative and behavioral approaches to the treatment of cancer-related neuropathic pain.</article-title><source><italic>Oncologist</italic></source><volume>15(Suppl. 2)</volume><fpage>19</fpage>–<lpage>23</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1634/theoncologist.2009-S504</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20489193</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>De Pascalis</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bellusci</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gallo</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Magurano</surname><given-names>M. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>A. C.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2004a</year>). <article-title>Pain-reduction strategies in hypnotic context and hypnosis: ERPs and SCRs during a secondary auditory task.</article-title><source><italic>Int. J. Clin. Exp. Hypn.</italic></source><volume>52</volume><fpage>343</fpage>–<lpage>363</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00207140490883932</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15590503</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>De Pascalis</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cacace</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Massicolle</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2004b</year>). <article-title>Perception and modulation of pain in waking and hypnosis: functional significance of phase-ordered gamma oscillations.</article-title><source><italic>Pain</italic></source><volume>112</volume><fpage>27</fpage>–<lpage>36</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pain.2004.07.003</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15494182</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Del Percio</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Triggiani</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Marzano</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>De Rosas</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Valenzano</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Petito</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Subjects’ hypnotizability level affects somatosensory evoked potentials to non-painful and painful stimuli.</article-title><source><italic>Clin. Neurophysiol.</italic></source><volume>124</volume><fpage>1448</fpage>–<lpage>1455</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.clinph.2013.02.008</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23623560</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Derbyshire</surname><given-names>S. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Whalley</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Oakley</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Fibromyalgia pain and its modulation by hypnotic and non-hypnotic suggestion: an fMRI analysis.</article-title><source><italic>Eur. J. Pain</italic></source><volume>13</volume><fpage>542</fpage>–<lpage>550</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.06.010</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18653363</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Derbyshire</surname><given-names>S. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Whalley</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stenger</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Oakley</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2004</year>). <article-title>Cerebral activation during hypnotically induced and imagined pain.</article-title><source><italic>Neuroimage</italic></source><volume>23</volume><fpage>392</fpage>–<lpage>401</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.04.033</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15325387</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Doesburg</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Roggeveen</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kitajo</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ward</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Large-scale gamma-band phase synchronization and selective attention.</article-title><source><italic>Cereb. Cortex</italic></source><volume>18</volume><fpage>386</fpage>–<lpage>396</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cercor/bhm073</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17556771</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dorfman</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>George</surname><given-names>M. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schnur</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Simpson</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Davidson</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Montgomery</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Hypnosis for treatment of HIV neuropathic pain: a preliminary report.</article-title><source><italic>Pain Med.</italic></source><volume>14</volume><fpage>1048</fpage>–<lpage>1056</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/pme.12074</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23566167</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Egner</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jamieson</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gruzelier</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Hypnosis decouples cognitive control from conflict monitoring processes of the frontal lobe.</article-title><source><italic>Neuroimage</italic></source><volume>27</volume><fpage>969</fpage>–<lpage>978</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.002</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15964211</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Elliotson</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1843</year>). <source><italic>Numerous Cases of Surgical Operations without Pain in the Mesmeric State : with Remarks Upon the Opposition of Many Members of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society and Others to the Reception of the Inestimable Blessings of Mesmerism</italic>.</source><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>H. Baillière</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Esdaile</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1852</year>). <source><italic>The Introduction of Mesmerism (with the Sanction of the Government) as an Anaesthetic and Curative Agent into the Hospitals of India.</italic></source><publisher-loc>Perth</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Dewar and Son</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Esdaile</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Esdaile</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1846</year>). <source><italic>Mesmerism in India, and its Practical Application in Surgery and Medicine.</italic></source><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Facco</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pasquali</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zanette</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Casiglia</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Hypnosis as sole anaesthesia for skin tumour removal in a patient with multiple chemical sensitivity.</article-title><source><italic>Anaesthesia</italic></source><volume>68</volume><fpage>961</fpage>–<lpage>965</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/anae.12251</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23845031</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Faymonville</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Laureys</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Degueldre</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>DelFiore</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Luxen</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Franck</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2000</year>). <article-title>Neural mechanisms of antinociceptive effects of hypnosis.</article-title><source><italic>Anesthesiology</italic></source><volume>92</volume><fpage>1257</fpage>–<lpage>1267</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00000542-200005000-00013</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10781270</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fell</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fernandez</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Klaver</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Elger</surname><given-names>C. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fries</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2003</year>). <article-title>Is synchronized neuronal gamma activity relevant for selective attention?</article-title><source><italic>Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev</italic>.</source><volume>42</volume><fpage>265</fpage>–<lpage>272</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0165-0173(03)00178-4</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12791444</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fingelkurts</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fingelkurts</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kallio</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Revonsuo</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>Cortex functional connectivity as a neurophysiological correlate of hypnosis: an EEG case study.</article-title><source><italic>Neuropsychologia</italic></source><volume>45</volume><fpage>1452</fpage>–<lpage>1462</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.11.018</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17208259</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fuchs</surname><given-names>P. N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Peng</surname><given-names>Y. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Boyette-Davis</surname><given-names>J. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Uhelski</surname><given-names>M. L.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>The anterior cingulate cortex and pain processing.</article-title><source><italic>Front. Integr. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>8</volume>:<issue>35</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fnint.2014.00035</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gamundí</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rial</surname><given-names>R. V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nicolau</surname><given-names>M. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Timoner</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1995</year>). <article-title>La psicología sugestiva en Ramón y Cajal.</article-title><source><italic>Rev. Hist. Psicol.</italic></source><volume>16</volume><fpage>225</fpage>–<lpage>231</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gauld</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1992</year>). <source><italic>A History of Hypnotism.</italic></source><publisher-loc>Cambridge</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Cambridge University Press</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>González</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>Santiago Ramón y Cajal a cien años del premio Nobel.</article-title><source><italic>Ciencias</italic></source><volume>84</volume><fpage>68</fpage>–<lpage>75</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hutcherson</surname><given-names>C. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Plassmann</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gross</surname><given-names>J. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rangel</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Cognitive regulation during decision making shifts behavioral control between ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal value systems.</article-title><source><italic>J. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>32</volume><fpage>13543</fpage>–<lpage>13554</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6387-11.2012</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23015444</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kallio</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hyona</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Revonsuo</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sikka</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nummenmaa</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>The existence of a hypnotic state revealed by eye movements.</article-title><source><italic>PLoS ONE</italic></source><volume>6</volume>:<issue>e26374</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0026374</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kallio</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Revonsuo</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hamalainen</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Markela</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gruzelier</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2001</year>). <article-title>Anterior brain functions and hypnosis: a test of the frontal hypothesis.</article-title><source><italic>Int. J. Clin. Exp. Hypn.</italic></source><volume>49</volume><fpage>95</fpage>–<lpage>108</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00207140108410061</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11294121</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kosslyn</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thompson</surname><given-names>W. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Costantini-Ferrando</surname><given-names>M. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Alpert</surname><given-names>N. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Spiegel</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2000</year>). <article-title>Hypnotic visual illusion alters color processing in the brain.</article-title><source><italic>Am. J. Psychiatry</italic></source><volume>157</volume><fpage>1279</fpage>–<lpage>1284</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1279</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10910791</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Landolt</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Milling</surname><given-names>L. S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>The efficacy of hypnosis as an intervention for labor and delivery pain: a comprehensive methodological review.</article-title><source><italic>Clin. Psychol. Rev.</italic></source><volume>31</volume><fpage>1022</fpage>–<lpage>1031</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cpr.2011.06.002</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21762655</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lesh</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Westphal</surname><given-names>A. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Niendam</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yoon</surname><given-names>J. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Minzenberg</surname><given-names>M. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ragland</surname><given-names>J. D.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Proactive and reactive cognitive control and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction in first episode schizophrenia.</article-title><source><italic>Neuroimage Clin.</italic></source><volume>2</volume><fpage>590</fpage>–<lpage>599</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.nicl.2013.04.010</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24179809</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lutz</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Greischar</surname><given-names>L. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rawlings</surname><given-names>N. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ricard</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Davidson</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2004</year>). <article-title>Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice.</article-title><source><italic>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</italic></source><volume>101</volume><fpage>16369</fpage>–<lpage>16373</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0407401101</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15534199</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lutz</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Slagter</surname><given-names>H. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dunne</surname><given-names>J. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Davidson</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation.</article-title><source><italic>Trends Cogn. Sci.</italic></source><volume>12</volume><fpage>163</fpage>–<lpage>169</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18329323</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lynn</surname><given-names>S. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rhue</surname><given-names>J. W.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1991</year>). <source><italic>Theories of Hypnosis: Current Models and Perspectives</italic>.</source><publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Guilford Press</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>MacDonald</surname><given-names>A. W.</given-names><suffix>III</suffix></name><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>J. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stenger</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Carter</surname><given-names>C. S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2000</year>). <article-title>Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control.</article-title><source><italic>Science</italic></source><volume>288</volume><fpage>1835</fpage>–<lpage>1838</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.288.5472.1835</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10846167</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mack</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yam</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chin</surname><given-names>A. Y.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Hypnotherapy: a forgotten modality in managing chronic post-traumatic upper limb pain.</article-title><source><italic>Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore</italic></source><volume>42</volume><fpage>361</fpage>–<lpage>362</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23949268</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McGeown</surname><given-names>W. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mazzoni</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Venneri</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kirsch</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Hypnotic induction decreases anterior default mode activity.</article-title><source><italic>Conscious. Cogn.</italic></source><volume>18</volume><fpage>848</fpage>–<lpage>855</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.concog.2009.09.001</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19782614</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McGeown</surname><given-names>W. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Venneri</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kirsch</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nocetti</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Roberts</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Foan</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Suggested visual hallucination without hypnosis enhances activity in visual areas of the brain.</article-title><source><italic>Conscious. Cogn.</italic></source><volume>21</volume><fpage>100</fpage>–<lpage>116</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.concog.2011.10.015</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22123187</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Melloni</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Molina</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pena</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Torres</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Singer</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rodriguez</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>Synchronization of neural activity across cortical areas correlates with conscious perception.</article-title><source><italic>J. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>27</volume><fpage>2858</fpage>–<lpage>2865</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4623-06.2007</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17360907</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mesmer</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1974</year>). <article-title>[Classics: report on animal magnetism. II].</article-title><source><italic>Actas Luso Esp. Neurol. Psiquiatr. Cienc. Afines</italic></source><volume>2</volume><fpage>143</fpage>–<lpage>146</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">4603391</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Oster</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1994</year>). <article-title>Psychological preparation for labor and delivery using hypnosis.</article-title><source><italic>Am. J. Clin. Hypn.</italic></source><volume>37</volume><fpage>12</fpage>–<lpage>21</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00029157.1994.10403105</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8085542</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Palmieri</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kleinbub</surname><given-names>J. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Calvo</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Soraru</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Grasso</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Messina</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Efficacy of hypnosis-based treatment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot study.</article-title><source><italic>Front. Psychol.</italic></source><volume>3</volume>:<issue>465</issue><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00465</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Patterson</surname><given-names>D. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jensen</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wiechman</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sharar</surname><given-names>S. R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Virtual reality hypnosis for pain associated with recovery from physical trauma.</article-title><source><italic>Int. J. Clin. Exp. Hypn.</italic></source><volume>58</volume><fpage>288</fpage>–<lpage>300</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00207141003760595</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20509069</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Porro</surname><given-names>C. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Baraldi</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pagnoni</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Serafini</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Facchin</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Maieron</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2002</year>). <article-title>Does anticipation of pain affect cortical nociceptive systems?</article-title><source><italic>J. Neurosci</italic>.</source><volume>22</volume><fpage>3206</fpage>–<lpage>3214</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11943821</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Radovancevic</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>[The tribute of the pioneer of hypnotherapy – Franz Anton Mesmer, MD, PhD in the history of psychotherapy and medicine].</article-title><source><italic>Acta Med. Hist. Adriat.</italic></source><volume>7</volume><fpage>49</fpage>–<lpage>60</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20166775</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Raij</surname><given-names>T. T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Numminen</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Narvanen</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hiltunen</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hari</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Brain correlates of subjective reality of physically and psychologically induced pain.</article-title><source><italic>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</italic></source><volume>102</volume><fpage>2147</fpage>–<lpage>2151</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.0409542102</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15684052</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Raij</surname><given-names>T. T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Numminen</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Narvanen</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hiltunen</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hari</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Strength of prefrontal activation predicts intensity of suggestion-induced pain.</article-title><source><italic>Hum. Brain Mapp.</italic></source><volume>30</volume><fpage>2890</fpage>–<lpage>2897</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/hbm.20716</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19184995</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rainville</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Duncan</surname><given-names>G. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Price</surname><given-names>D. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Carrier</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bushnell</surname><given-names>M. C.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1997</year>). <article-title>Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex.</article-title><source><italic>Science</italic></source><volume>277</volume><fpage>968</fpage>–<lpage>971</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.277.5328.968</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9252330</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rainville</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hofbauer</surname><given-names>R. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bushnell</surname><given-names>M. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Duncan</surname><given-names>G. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Price</surname><given-names>D. D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2002</year>). <article-title>Hypnosis modulates activity in brain structures involved in the regulation of consciousness.</article-title><source><italic>J. Cogn. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>14</volume><fpage>887</fpage>–<lpage>901</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1162/089892902760191117</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12191456</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ramón y Cajal</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2002</year>). <article-title>Santiago Ramón y Cajal y la hipnosis como anestesia.</article-title><source><italic>Rev. Esp. Patol.</italic></source><volume>35</volume><fpage>413</fpage>–<lpage>414</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ramón y Cajal</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1889</year>). <article-title>Dolores del parto considerablemente atenuados por la sugestión hipnótica.</article-title><source><italic>Gac. Méd. Catalana (Barc.)</italic></source><volume>12</volume><fpage>484</fpage>–<lpage>486</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ramón y Cajal</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1947</year>). <source><italic>Obras Literarias Completas.</italic></source><publisher-loc>Madrid</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Aguilar</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ramón y Cajal</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Craigie</surname><given-names>E. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cano</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1966</year>). <source><italic>Recollections of My Life.</italic></source><publisher-loc>Cambridge, MA</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Institute of Technology</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ray</surname><given-names>W. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Keil</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mikuteit</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bongartz</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Elbert</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2002</year>). <article-title>High resolution EEG indicators of pain responses in relation to hypnotic susceptibility and suggestion.</article-title><source><italic>Biol. Psychol.</italic></source><volume>60</volume><fpage>17</fpage>–<lpage>36</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0301-0511(02)00029-7</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12100843</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rodriguez</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>George</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lachaux</surname><given-names>J. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Martinerie</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Renault</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Varela</surname><given-names>F. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1999</year>). <article-title>Perception’s shadow: long-distance synchronization of human brain activity.</article-title><source><italic>Nature</italic></source><volume>397</volume><fpage>430</fpage>–<lpage>433</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/17120</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9989408</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rotge</surname><given-names>J. Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lemogne</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hinfray</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Huguet</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Grynszpan</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tartour</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>A meta-analysis of the anterior cingulate contribution to social pain.</article-title><source><italic>Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci.</italic></source><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/scan/nsu110</pub-id><comment>[Epub ahead of print]</comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sala</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cardena</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Holgado</surname><given-names>M. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Anez</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Perez</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Perinan</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>The contributions of Ramon y Cajal and other Spanish authors to hypnosis.</article-title><source><italic>Int. J. Clin. Exp. Hypn.</italic></source><volume>56</volume><fpage>361</fpage>–<lpage>372</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00207140802255344</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18726802</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sohl</surname><given-names>S. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stossel</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schnur</surname><given-names>J. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tatrow</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gherman</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Montgomery</surname><given-names>G. H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Intentions to use hypnosis to control the side effects of cancer and its treatment.</article-title><source><italic>Am. J. Clin. Hypn.</italic></source><volume>53</volume><fpage>93</fpage>–<lpage>100</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00029157.2010.10404331</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21049742</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stefanidou</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sola</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kouvelas</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>del Cerro</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Triarhou</surname><given-names>L. C.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>Cajal’s brief experimentation with hypnotic suggestion.</article-title><source><italic>J. Hist. Neurosci.</italic></source><volume>16</volume><fpage>351</fpage>–<lpage>361</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/09647040600653915</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17966053</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fukui</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jensen</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Thornby</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Waldman</surname><given-names>K. L.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Hypnosis treatment for chronic low back pain.</article-title><source><italic>Int. J. Clin. Exp. Hypn.</italic></source><volume>58</volume><fpage>53</fpage>–<lpage>68</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00207140903310824</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20183738</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rintala</surname><given-names>D. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jensen</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fukui</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Williams</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>A randomized controlled trial of hypnosis compared with biofeedback for adults with chronic low back pain.</article-title><source><italic>Eur. J. Pain</italic></source><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejp.545</pub-id><comment>[Epub ahead of print]</comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Valentini</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Betti</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Aglioti</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Hypnotic modulation of pain perception and of brain activity triggered by nociceptive laser stimuli.</article-title><source><italic>Cortex</italic></source><volume>49</volume><fpage>446</fpage>–<lpage>462</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cortex.2012.02.005</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22464451</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>VandeVusse</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Irland</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Healthcare</surname><given-names>W. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Berner</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fuller</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Adams</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>Hypnosis for childbirth: a retrospective comparative analysis of outcomes in one obstetrician’s practice.</article-title><source><italic>Am. J. Clin. Hypn.</italic></source><volume>50</volume><fpage>109</fpage>–<lpage>119</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00029157.2007.10401608</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18030923</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vanhaudenhuyse</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Boly</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Balteau</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schnakers</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Moonen</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Luxen</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Pain and non-pain processing during hypnosis: a thulium-YAG event-related fMRI study.</article-title><source><italic>Neuroimage</italic></source><volume>47</volume><fpage>1047</fpage>–<lpage>1054</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.031</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19460446</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wager</surname><given-names>T. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rilling</surname><given-names>J. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sokolik</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Casey</surname><given-names>K. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Davidson</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>2004</year>). <article-title>Placebo-induced changes in FMRI in the anticipation and experience of pain.</article-title><source><italic>Science</italic></source><volume>303</volume><fpage>1162</fpage>–<lpage>1167</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.1093065</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14976306</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yaster</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Multimodal analgesia in children.</article-title><source><italic>Eur. J. Anaesthesiol.</italic></source><volume>27</volume><fpage>851</fpage>–<lpage>857</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/EJA.0b013e328338c4af</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20375902</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Psychologie/explor/BernheimV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000218 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000218 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Psychologie
|area= BernheimV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:4179709
|texte= Hypnoanalgesia and the study of pain experience: from Cajal to modern neuroscience
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:25324822" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a BernheimV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |