Expectations and Realization of Joint Retirement Among Dual-Worker Couples
Identifieur interne : 000886 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000885; suivant : 000887Expectations and Realization of Joint Retirement Among Dual-Worker Couples
Auteurs : Jeong-Hwa Ho ; James M. RaymoSource :
- Research on aging [ 0164-0275 ] ; 2009-03.
English descriptors
- Teeft :
- Analytic sample, Blau, Boston college, Chestnut hill, Cohort, College college, Current marriage, Depressive symptoms, Discordant, Discordant expectations, Early retirement, Economic research, Educational attainment, Equal dependence, Expectation, First retirement, First wave, Future behavior, Gerontology, Gustman, Hayward, Health shocks, Health status, Henretta, High school, Initial expectations, Joint, Joint retirement, Joint retirement expectations, Labor economics, Labor force, Labor force participation, Labor statistics, Larger sample, Life course, Logistic regression models, Lower probability, Moen, National bureau, Nonjoint retirement, Odds ratio, Odds ratio couples, Odds ratios, Older ages, Other spouse, Pension plans, Physical effort, Pienta, Poor health, Predictor, Previous studies, Raymo, Reference category, Relative earnings, Retirement, Retirement behavior, Retirement date, Retirement dates, Retirement decisions, Retirement expectations, Retirement outcomes, Retirement plans, Retirement process, Retirement research, Retirement status, Retirement study, Retirement timing, Same calendar year, Same time, Second part, Seventh wave, Similar expectations, Social forces, Spending time, Spouse, Steinmeier, Strong predictors, Study sample, Subsequent behavior, Szinovacz.
Abstract
Using data from the first seven waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1992 to 2004), the authors examined the extent to which joint retirement expectations were realized, the role of couple-level agreement in facilitating joint retirement, whether husbands' or wives' expectations were more likely to be realized in cases of disagreement, and factors associated with the realization of expectations. The results indicate that couples expecting joint retirement were over three times more likely to retire jointly than couples in which neither spouse expected to do so. However, the probability of joint retirement did not differ between couples in which both spouses expected to retire jointly and those in which only one spouse expected to do so. Wives' and husbands' expectations were equally strong predictors of joint retirement, and retirement age, health, spouses' relative earnings, and discussions of retirement were related to the likelihood of realizing joint retirement expectations.
Url:
DOI: 10.1177/0164027508328308
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:57C36871D2DFDA6490574CF8A94B5E63A11AA73DLe document en format XML
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The results indicate that couples expecting joint retirement were over three times more likely to retire jointly than couples in which neither spouse expected to do so. However, the probability of joint retirement did not differ between couples in which both spouses expected to retire jointly and those in which only one spouse expected to do so. 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Raymo</name><affiliations><json:string>University of Wisconsin-Madison</json:string><json:string>University of Wisconsin-Madison</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>retirement</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>joint retirement</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>retirement expectations</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>gender</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>10.1177_0164027508328308</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/M70-385PRVDV-X</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>research-article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Using data from the first seven waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1992 to 2004), the authors examined the extent to which joint retirement expectations were realized, the role of couple-level agreement in facilitating joint retirement, whether husbands' or wives' expectations were more likely to be realized in cases of disagreement, and factors associated with the realization of expectations. The results indicate that couples expecting joint retirement were over three times more likely to retire jointly than couples in which neither spouse expected to do so. However, the probability of joint retirement did not differ between couples in which both spouses expected to retire jointly and those in which only one spouse expected to do so. Wives' and husbands' expectations were equally strong predictors of joint retirement, and retirement age, health, spouses' relative earnings, and discussions of retirement were related to the likelihood of realizing joint retirement expectations.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8.788</score><pdfWordCount>9423</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>58807</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>27</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>396 x 612 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>149</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>998</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>4</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Expectations and Realization of Joint Retirement Among Dual-Worker Couples</title><pmid><json:string>20808727</json:string></pmid><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><title>Research on aging</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><issn><json:string>0164-0275</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1552-7573</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>ROA</json:string></publisherId><volume>31</volume><issue>2</issue><pages><first>153</first><last>179</last></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>2009</json:string><json:string>2000</json:string><json:string>1992</json:string><json:string>2005</json:string><json:string>1950</json:string><json:string>2004</json:string></date><geogName></geogName><orgName><json:string>Research on Aging To</json:string><json:string>Research on Aging Table</json:string><json:string>Research on Aging Tabulations</json:string><json:string>Previous Research Prevalence of Joint Retirement Steady</json:string><json:string>Research on Aging</json:string><json:string>Bureau of Labor Statistics</json:string><json:string>Raymo University</json:string></orgName><orgName_funder></orgName_funder><orgName_provider></orgName_provider><persName><json:string>B. H. Vinick.</json:string><json:string>J. Jaccard.</json:string><json:string>D. Brinberg</json:string><json:string>Sage Publications</json:string><json:string>John C. Henretta</json:string><json:string>M. Szinovacz</json:string><json:string>Margaret L. Krecker .</json:string><json:string>U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.</json:string><json:string>Olivia S. Mitchell .</json:string><json:string>Janette Kawachi .</json:string><json:string>H. J. Aaron.</json:string><json:string>D. J. Ekerdt</json:string></persName><placeName></placeName><ref_url><json:string>http://roa.sagepub.com</json:string><json:string>http://online.sagepub.com</json:string></ref_url><ref_bibl><json:string>McGarry 2004</json:string><json:string>Hurd and McGarry 1995</json:string><json:string>Bernheim 1987</json:string><json:string>Benitez-Silva and Dwyer 2006; Chan and Stevens 2004; Honig 1996a, 1996b</json:string><json:string>Lusardi and Mitchell 2006</json:string><json:string>Rand and Farkas 2002</json:string><json:string>Pienta 2003</json:string><json:string>Lundberg and Pollak 1996; Thomson 1989, 1997</json:string><json:string>Dailey 1998</json:string><json:string>Herzog, House, and Morgan 1991</json:string><json:string>Hurd 1988</json:string><json:string>Mutchler et al. 1997</json:string><json:string>Lundberg 1999</json:string><json:string>BenitezSilva and Dwyer 2006</json:string><json:string>Benitez-Silva and Dwyer 2006</json:string><json:string>Ekerdt et al. 2000</json:string><json:string>Hall and Johnson 1980</json:string><json:string>Johnson and Kawachi 2007</json:string><json:string>Rander 1998</json:string><json:string>Szinovacz and Davey 2004a, 2005</json:string><json:string>Pienta and Hayward 2002</json:string><json:string>Carr 1997</json:string><json:string>Gustman and Steinmeier 2002</json:string><json:string>Han and Moen 1999</json:string><json:string>Filer and Petr 1988</json:string><json:string>Moen et al. 2006</json:string><json:string>Blau 1998</json:string><json:string>Blekesaune and Solem 2005</json:string><json:string>Anderson et al. 1986</json:string><json:string>Thomson et al. 1990</json:string><json:string>Gallo et al. 2006</json:string><json:string>Smith and Moen 1998</json:string><json:string>Adams et al. 2002</json:string><json:string>Szinovacz 1989</json:string><json:string>Coile 2004</json:string><json:string>Rand et al. 1992</json:string><json:string>An et al. 2004</json:string><json:string>Ekerdt, Kosloski, and DeViney 2000</json:string><json:string>Szinovacz and DeViney 2000</json:string><json:string>Kim and Feldman 2000</json:string><json:string>Thomson 1989</json:string><json:string>Dwyer 2001</json:string><json:string>Anderson, Burkhauser, and Quinn 1986</json:string><json:string>Gustman and Steinmeier 2000</json:string><json:string>Gustman and Steinmeier 1985, 2000, 2002</json:string><json:string>Thomson, McDonald, and Bumpass 1990</json:string><json:string>Coile 2003</json:string><json:string>Toossi 2002</json:string><json:string>Rand et al. 1992:97</json:string><json:string>Hayward 1986</json:string><json:string>Henretta et al. 1993</json:string><json:string>Hayward et al. 1989</json:string><json:string>Moen et al. (2006)</json:string><json:string>Herz 1995</json:string><json:string>Szinovacz and Davey 2004b</json:string></ref_bibl><bibl></bibl></unitex></namedEntities><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/M70-385PRVDV-X</json:string></ark><categories><wos><json:string>1 - social science</json:string><json:string>2 - gerontology</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>1 - health sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - public health & health services</json:string><json:string>3 - gerontology</json:string></scienceMetrix><scopus><json:string>1 - Health Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Medicine</json:string><json:string>3 - Geriatrics and Gerontology</json:string><json:string>1 - Social Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Social Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Health(social science)</json:string><json:string>1 - Social Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Psychology</json:string><json:string>3 - Social Psychology</json:string></scopus><inist><json:string>1 - sciences humaines et sociales</json:string></inist></categories><publicationDate>2009</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2009</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1177/0164027508328308</json:string></doi><id>57C36871D2DFDA6490574CF8A94B5E63A11AA73D</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/57C36871D2DFDA6490574CF8A94B5E63A11AA73D/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/57C36871D2DFDA6490574CF8A94B5E63A11AA73D/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/57C36871D2DFDA6490574CF8A94B5E63A11AA73D/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Expectations and Realization of Joint Retirement Among Dual-Worker Couples</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher scheme="https://publisher-list.data.istex.fr">SAGE Publications</publisher><pubPlace>Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA</pubPlace><availability><licence><p>sage</p></licence></availability><p scheme="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-0J1N7DQT-B"></p><date>2009</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="research-article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</note><note type="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Expectations and Realization of Joint Retirement Among Dual-Worker Couples</title><author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">Jeong-Hwa</forename><surname>Ho</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Wisconsin-Madison</affiliation><affiliation>University of Wisconsin-Madison</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">James M.</forename><surname>Raymo</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Wisconsin-Madison</affiliation><affiliation>University of Wisconsin-Madison</affiliation></author><idno type="istex">57C36871D2DFDA6490574CF8A94B5E63A11AA73D</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/M70-385PRVDV-X</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1177/0164027508328308</idno><idno type="article-id">10.1177_0164027508328308</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Research on aging</title><idno type="pISSN">0164-0275</idno><idno type="eISSN">1552-7573</idno><idno type="publisher-id">ROA</idno><idno type="PublisherID-hwp">sproa</idno><imprint><publisher>SAGE Publications</publisher><pubPlace>Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2009-03"></date><biblScope unit="volume">31</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="153">153</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="179">179</biblScope></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2009</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Using data from the first seven waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1992 to 2004), the authors examined the extent to which joint retirement expectations were realized, the role of couple-level agreement in facilitating joint retirement, whether husbands' or wives' expectations were more likely to be realized in cases of disagreement, and factors associated with the realization of expectations. The results indicate that couples expecting joint retirement were over three times more likely to retire jointly than couples in which neither spouse expected to do so. However, the probability of joint retirement did not differ between couples in which both spouses expected to retire jointly and those in which only one spouse expected to do so. Wives' and husbands' expectations were equally strong predictors of joint retirement, and retirement age, health, spouses' relative earnings, and discussions of retirement were related to the likelihood of realizing joint retirement expectations.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>retirement</term></item><item><term>joint retirement</term></item><item><term>retirement expectations</term></item><item><term>gender</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2009-03">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/57C36871D2DFDA6490574CF8A94B5E63A11AA73D/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus sage not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.3 20070202//EN" URI="journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="2.3" xml:lang="EN"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">sproa</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ROA</journal-id><journal-title>Research on Aging</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0164-0275</issn><publisher><publisher-name>SAGE Publications</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0164027508328308</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10.1177_0164027508328308</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Expectations and Realization of Joint Retirement Among Dual-Worker Couples</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ho</surname><given-names>Jeong-Hwa</given-names></name><aff>University of Wisconsin-Madison</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Raymo</surname><given-names>James M.</given-names></name><aff>University of Wisconsin-Madison</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>03</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>153</fpage><lpage>179</lpage><abstract><p>Using data from the first seven waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1992 to 2004), the authors examined the extent to which joint retirement expectations were realized, the role of couple-level agreement in facilitating joint retirement, whether husbands' or wives' expectations were more likely to be realized in cases of disagreement, and factors associated with the realization of expectations. The results indicate that couples expecting joint retirement were over three times more likely to retire jointly than couples in which neither spouse expected to do so. However, the probability of joint retirement did not differ between couples in which both spouses expected to retire jointly and those in which only one spouse expected to do so. Wives' and husbands' expectations were equally strong predictors of joint retirement, and retirement age, health, spouses' relative earnings, and discussions of retirement were related to the likelihood of realizing joint retirement expectations.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>retirement</kwd>
<kwd>joint retirement</kwd>
<kwd>retirement expectations</kwd>
<kwd>gender</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>sagemeta-type</meta-name><meta-value>Journal Article</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>search-text</meta-name><meta-value>153
Expectations
and Realization of Joint Retirement Among Dual-Worker Couples
SAGE Publications, Inc.200910.1177/0164027508328308
Jeong-HwaHo
University of Wisconsin-Madison
James M.Raymo
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Using data from the first
seven waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1992 to 2004), the authors
examined the extent to which joint retirement expectations were realized,
the role of couple-level agreement in facilitating joint retirement, whether
husbands' or wives' expectations were more likely to be realized in cases
of disagreement, and factors associated with the realization of expectations.
The results indicate that couples expecting joint retirement were over three
times more likely to retire jointly than couples in which neither spouse
expected to do so. However, the probability of joint retirement did not differ
between couples in which both spouses expected to retire jointly and those
in which only one spouse expected to do so. Wives' and husbands' expectations
were equally strong predictors of joint retirement, and retirement age, health,
spouses' relative earnings, and discussions of retirement were related to
the likelihood of realizing joint retirement expectations.
retirement
joint retirement
retirement expectations
gender
Retirement
has typically been viewed as an event experienced by men at the end of their
careers. As such, most families have experienced only one retirement, that
of the husband and breadwinner. However, this only one retirement, that of
the husband and breadwinner. However, this simple characterization of retirement
is increasingly inaccurate as long- term increases in women's labor force
participation across the life course have resulted in more couples with two
retirements to coordinate. The joint, or synchronized, retirement of husbands
and wives has become a salient option for dual-worker couples, and several
studies have examined the trends, correlates, and consequences of joint retirement
(Blau 1998; Gustman and Steinmeier 2000; Henretta, O'Rand, and Chan 1993; Hurd 1988; Johnson 2004; Szinovacz 1989).
154
To date,
however, little attention has been paid to couples' initial expecta- tions
regarding joint retirement and the extent to which those expectations are
realized. As a result, there are several missing pieces in our understand-
ing of joint retirement. We do not know whether it is an expected or planned
retirement option, whether expectations about joint retirement are shared
between spouses, and what factors are related to the realization of joint
retirement expectations. An increasing number of studies have examined relationships
between retirement expectations and subsequent behavior at the individual
level, concluding that expectations provide useful information for projecting
future retirement outcomes (Benitez-Silva and Dwyer 2006; Bernheim 1987; Dwyer
2001). The relationship between expectations and behavior is more complex,
however, for joint retirement, given the need to coordinate two retirements,
each with its own institutionalized schedules. With more dual-worker couples
approaching retirement together, the absence of research on the congruence
between initial expectations regarding joint retirement and subsequent behavior
is an important limitation. A second missing piece in existing research on
joint retirement is an explicit recogni- tion that it is a process that inherently
involves two people whose expecta- tions may differ. Currently, we do not
know whether expectations of joint retirement are shared by spouses or the
extent to which shared expectations are related to outcomes. Presumably, couples
who share similar expectations are more likely to realize those expectations,
but it is also possible that joint retirement may be a relatively spontaneous
outcome for which planning and couple-level agreement are largely irrelevant.
We also know little about whose expectations outcomes are more likely to resemble
in cases of discord- ant expectations. It is plausible that husbands' expectations
are more likely to be realized because men have traditionally been the main
breadwinners, and their careers have typically been given priority within
the family. At the same time, however, it is possible that wives' expectations
may also be strong pre- dictors of outcomes, given that women who are at risk
of experiencing joint retirement have also had substantial experience in the
labor market (Henretta and O'Rand 1983; O'Rand and Farkas 2002). Existing
research on joint retirement also provides little evidence regard- ing factors
that facilitate or hinder the realization of joint retirement expecta- tions.
From previous studies of individual outcomes, we know that unanticipated events
such as health deterioration are related to differences between initial expectations
and subsequent retirement behavior (Anderson, Burkhauser, and Quinn 1986; Dwyer 2001; McGarry 2004). However, we do not know whether similar factors
are related to the likelihood of realizing joint retirement expectations.
Evidence that the realization of work-related
155
expectations
or preferences is positively associated with subsequent subjec- tive well-being
(Carr 1997; Gallo et al. 2006; Szinovacz and Davey 2004b) highlights the importance
of answering these questions. In this study, we addressed these gaps in the
literature by examining joint retirement as a process involving two people
with potentially distinct expec- tations. We addressed the following research
questions: At midlife, what proportion of married workers expect joint retirement?
What proportion of couples share similar expectations? What proportion of
couples realize their initial expectations? Are couples with similar expectations
more likely to realize their expectations? When spouses have different expectations,
whose expectations do observed outcomes more closely resemble? Do expectations
provide information about couples' future behavior, net of other relevant
conditions such as pension benefits and health status? And finally, what fac-
tors facilitate or hinder the realization of initial expectations? To answer
these questions, we examined data from the first seven waves of the Health
and Retirement Study (HRS; 1992 to 2004). We began by examining dual-worker
couples' joint retirement expectations at the time of the first survey in
1992. We then followed couples for up to 12 years to determine whether they
retired jointly. Here, we define joint retirement as a couple-level outcome
in which both spouses retire within a period of 12 months. We then estimated
logistic regression models to assess whether couples sharing similar expectations
were more likely to retire jointly and whose expectations were more likely
to be realized in cases in which spouses' expectations differed. In these
analyses, we controlled for several documented correlates of joint retirement,
including demographic charac- teristics, economic circumstances, preferences
for shared leisure, and the extent to which spouses discussed retirement.
Finally, we estimated similar models on the basis of the subsample of couples
who shared expectations of joint retirement to examine the factors associated
with the likelihood of realizing those shared expectations. Theoretical Background
and Previous Research Prevalence of Joint Retirement Steady increases in women's
labor force participation across the life course have contributed to the increase
in joint retirement. The labor force participation rate of women in 2000 was
60%, nearly a twofold increase from 34% in 1950. Labor force participation
rates of women between
156
the
ages of 55 and 64 years also nearly doubled, from 27% in 1950 to 52% in 2000
(Toossi 2002). Importantly, this increase in period labor force par- ticipation
rates reflects an increase in the stability of women's labor force attachment
across the life course. As labor force exits associated with mar- riage and
child rearing have become less common and shorter in duration, women's labor
supply profiles have come to resemble those of men (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
2005). In 2005, half of married couples were dual-worker couples (U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics 2007), and an increas- ing number of late midlife couples
face two retirements to coordinate. In many of these couples, wives are entitled
to Social Security benefits, private pension benefits, and postretirement
health insurance on the basis of their own work histories rather than as dependents
of their husbands (O'Rand and Farkas 2002). This increasing symmetry in husbands'
and wives' careers and retirement incentives presumably complicates the process
of synchronizing retirements (O'Rand, Henretta, and Krecker 1992). Research
on the family context of retirement has demonstrated the ten- dency for couples
to retire together. For example, research on individual retire- ment transitions
has found that the probability of retirement is higher for people with retired
spouses compared with those with working spouses, net of economic characteristics
and health (Blau 1998; Pienta 2003; Szinovacz and DeViney 2000). Spouse's
retirement and pressure to retire from a spouse who has already retired are
commonly reported reasons for retirement, especially among women (Szinovacz
1989; Szinovacz and DeViney 2000). Couple-level studies also highlight the
importance of joint retirement. Using various defini- tions of joint retirement,
including similar patterns of work and nonwork over a two-year period (Henretta
and O'Rand 1983), both spouses not working during the same calendar year (Hurd
1988), joint exit from the labor force in the same quarter of a given calendar
year (Blau 1998), and two self-reported retirements within 12 months (O'Rand
and Farkas 2002), previous studies have shown that between 20% and 30% of
dual-worker couples retire jointly. Complementarity of leisure has been cited
as a key reason for joint retire- ment. The argument is that rather than retiring
earlier and enjoying the income generated by their spouse's employment, older
men and women may prefer to postpone their own retirement to better enjoy
time with their spouses (Coile 2003; Gustman and Steinmeier 2002). Some studies
have concluded that preferences for shared leisure are more important than
economic circum- stances, health status, and other correlates of joint retirement
in explaining the propensity for spouses to retire jointly (An, Christensen,
and Gupta 2004; Gustman and Steinmeier 1985, 2000, 2002).
157
Expectations
Retirement is increasingly viewed as a normative life event for which workers
form expectations ahead of time (Ekerdt, Kosloski, and DeViney 2000). A growing
body of research on retirement expectations has examined the correlates of
expected retirement dates and the subjective probability of working full-time
beyond age 62 or 65. This work has found that expectations are relatively
stable over time and are associated with well-documented correlates of actual
retirement behavior in expected ways (Benitez-Silva and Dwyer 2006; Chan and
Stevens 2004; Honig 1996a, 1996b; Pienta and Hayward 2002). Studies examining
congruence between expectations and subsequent behavior have found that expected
retirement timing is frequently consistent with actual timing observed in
subsequent survey waves (Benitez- Silva and Dwyer 2006; Bernheim 1987). Bernheim's
(1987:2) conclusion that people are “reasonably competent at forming
relatively accurate expectations about the timing of retirement” using
the information available to them points to the importance of expectations
as a source of reliable information for speculating about or projecting future
behavior. However, unforeseen events such as health shocks may cause behavior
to deviate from initial expectations. Sudden health deterioration is a particularly
strong predictor of change in retirement expectations (McGarry 2004) and often
prompts individuals to retire earlier than they had planned (Anderson et al.
1986; Dwyer 2001). Married men and women (in particular) incorporate their
spouses' retire- ment expectations when forming their own expectations (Benitez-Silva
and Dwyer 2006). Retirees recognize their spouses' influence on their own
retirement decisions (Smith and Moen 1998), and the inclusion of spousal and
family characteristics explains variance in retirement expectations above
and beyond that explained by individual characteristics (Pienta and Hayward
2002). Furthermore, it appears that the degrees to which husbands and wives
plan for retirement are positively correlated (Moen et al. 2006). Two Expectations
and One Outcome In family studies, couples are often treated as a unit of
analysis with unified expectations or preferences, particularly in cases in
which there is just one outcome per couple, such as fertility or joint retirement.
However, research on fertility outcomes and family bargaining over the allocation
of resources recognizes that husbands and wives may have different, sometimes
conflicting, interests (Lundberg and Pollak 1996; Thomson 1989, 1997; Thomson,
McDonald, and Bumpass 1990). These studies raise important
158
questions
about the influence of disagreement on the outcome of interest and about whose
expectations are more likely to be realized. Although retirement is increasingly
viewed as a coupled process involving two indi- viduals (Lundberg 1999), we
are not aware of any research on joint retire- ment that has examined these
questions. An understanding of the relationship between couple-level (dis)agreement
and joint retirement outcomes may provide valuable insights into the joint
retirement process, and an under- standing of how disagreements are resolved
may provide insights into gender dynamics among couples approaching retirement.
It is reasonable to expect that the retirement outcomes of couples with discordant
expectations will differ from those of couples sharing similar expectations.
Fertility research, for example, has found that disagreement results in a
lower probability of achieving either spouse's individually desired number
of children (Thomson et al. 1990). The fertility of couples in which one spouse
wants a small number of children and the other wants a large number lies between
that of couples who both want a large number of chil- dren and that of couples
with a shared desire for a small number of children. Retirement obviously
differs from fertility in that it does not require as much cooperation from
the other spouse. In theory, people can realize their own joint retirement
expectations without the cooperation of their spouses. Discordant expectations
also raise the question of how gender symmetry and bargaining power may influence
whether husbands' or wives' expecta- tions are more likely to be realized.
In this study, we considered the following two scenarios. The first is based
on a traditional breadwinner-homemaker relationship in which the husband's
career takes precedence and the wife's work outside the home is of secondary
importance to the household. Consistent with this scenario, several studies
have found that women are more likely to retire in response to pressure from
their husbands (Szinovacz 1989; Szinovacz and DeViney 2000), while husbands'
retirement is less likely to be influenced by their wives (Benitez-Silva and
Dwyer 2006; Moen et al. 2006). To the extent that couples are characterized
by gender-asymmetric economic roles, we expected that patterns of spouses'
retirement timing would more likely be consistent with husbands' expectations.
In this case, wives' expectations were posited to have little or no predictive
power beyond the expectations of their husbands. In contrast, our second scenario
is based on a more egalitarian relationship in which the careers of husbands
and wives are of similar importance. In this scenario, we expected greater
variation in whether observed outcomes among couples with discordant expectations
resemble husbands' or wives' expectations. Consistent with this scenario,
research on fertility has found that outcomes reflect husbands' and wives'
159
intentions
or preferences equally (Thomson 1989; Thomson et al. 1990), while research
on retirement posits that wives' characteristics are strongly associated with
the retirement outcomes of both husbands and couples (Coile 2003; Gustman
and Steinmeier 2002; O'Rand et al. 1992). Data and Measures Data and Sample
Selection We used data from the first seven waves of the HRS (1992 to 2004),
a nationally representative longitudinal survey focusing on health, economic
status, and the retirement process of men and women who were between the ages
of 51 and 61 years in 1992. The HRS was well suited to our analyses for several
reasons. First, joint retirement expectations of both spouses were ascertained
in the first wave of the survey. Second, extensive information about retirement
status and related financial, health, and family characteris- tics was collected
at each wave. Third, the HRS collects data directly from both husbands and
wives. Parallel information from both spouses is essential for the analysis
of discordant expectations regarding joint retirement and for examining the
correlates of congruence between expectations and outcomes, given that retirement
outcomes are influenced by the characteristics and expectations of each spouse
(Coile 2003; Gustman and Steinmeier 2002; Hurd and McGarry 1995; O'Rand et
al. 1992). Finally, the HRS provides recent information on joint retirement,
whereas many previous studies have focused on the behavior of earlier cohorts
(Blau 1998; Henretta and O'Rand 1983; Hurd 1988). Evidence of cohort differences
in couples' retirement planning (Moen et al. 2006) and the fact that the large
baby boom cohorts are now approaching retirement highlight the importance
of using the most recently available data. Our analytic sample consisted of
couples who met the following condi- tions at the first wave in 1992: one
or both spouses were aged 50 years or older, were currently working for pay,
and considered themselves to be “not retired at all.” Of a total
of 3,375 couples with valid information on work and retirement status at the
first wave in 1992, 1,644 couples met these conditions (see Table 1). We followed
this initial sample through the seventh wave in 2004 to identify the couples
who retired jointly. We further excluded 94 cou- ples in which neither spouse
had retired by the seventh wave, 17 couples whose marriages ended in divorce
or widowhood before their joint retirement status could be determined, 218
couples for whom retirement dates were
160
Table
1 Distribution of Joint Retirement (JR) Expectations and Outcomes
Note:
The cell-specific proportions of JR are presented in parentheses. a. This
column includes (a) cases in which the retirement year was unobserved or was
incon- sistent with previous responses for one or both spouses, (b) couples
whose JR status could not be identified because the first spouse to retire
did so within 11 months of the seventh wave of survey, (c) couples whose marriages
ended in divorce or widowhood, and (d) cases with miss- ing values on any
covariates included in the analysis. b. This column includes couples for which
JR status could not be identified because one or both spouses were lost to
panel attrition. missing or were not consistent with previous answers, and
389 couples whose retirement timing could not be identified because of sample
attrition. Because we defined joint retirement as two retirements separated
by no more than 12 months, we also could not identify the joint retirement
status of 24 couples in which one spouse retired within 11 months of the last
interview date while
161
the
other spouse remained in the labor force. Finally, after excluding 26 cou-
ples with missing data on other variables used in the analyses, we were left
with an analytic sample of 876 couples. The exclusion of couples in which
one or both spouses were already retired at the first wave of the survey in
1992 resulted in an underestimation of the prevalence of joint retirement.
We excluded 377 couples in which both spouses were retired in 1992, 907 couples
in which one spouse was retired in 1992, and 447 couples in which one or both
spouses were not working in 1992 and/or had missing values for joint retirement
expectations. The preva- lence of joint retirement differed across these groups.
The proportion who jointly retired was highest among couples in which both
spouses were already retired in 1992 (38%) and lowest among couples in which
only one spouse was retired in 1992 (2%). The proportion of joint retirements
on the basis of all couples for which necessary information was available
was 18%, six percentage points lower than for our analytic sample. The results
of aux- iliary logistic regression analyses for inclusion in our analytic
sample indi- cated that our study sample differed from the larger sample in
several ways: couples in our study sample tended to retire at older ages,
had smaller age differences between spouses, had higher educational attainment
for wives, had better health, had been married for shorter periods, and had
lower house- hold net wealth. We also estimated logistic regression models
to examine whether the odds of joint retirement differed for the study sample
and the larger sample and whether any differences could be explained by the
covari- ates in our models. On average, the odds of joint retirement were
twice as high for couples in our study sample than for couples in the larger
sample. This difference, however, became statistically insignificant after
we control- led for retirement age and age differences between spouses. This
suggests that our study sample underrepresented couples in which one or both
spouses opted for early retirement and couples characterized by relatively
larger age differences (the results of these auxiliary analyses are available
on request). Given these differences in sample characteristics associated
with the odds of joint retirement, caution is needed when generalizing our
results to the popu- lation of older dual-earner couples in the United States.
Measures of Joint Retirement Expectations and Experience Joint retirement
expectations were ascertained only in the first wave of the HRS in 1992. Respondents
were first asked their retirement status: “At this time do you consider
yourself partly retired, completely retired, or not retired at all?” Those who responded “not retired at all” were then asked,
162
“When
do you think you will retire?” About three quarters of these respond-
ents provided specific years, and the remainder answered “I haven't
thought about it” (12%) or “I will never retire” (13%).
Respondents who gave planned retirement years were then asked, “Do you
expect your spouse to retire at about the same time that you do?” with
response options of “yes,” “no,” “spouse not
working,” and “don't know.” We included couples in which
both spouses responded “yes,” “no,” or “don't
know” to the question on joint retirement expectations as well as those
who responded “never retire” and “haven't thought about
it” to the question on planned retirement date. On the basis of the
results of preliminary analyses, we treated “never retire” as
not expecting joint retirement by combining these cases with those who said “no” to the question on joint retirement expectations. We classified couples into
the following seven categories: (a) couples in which both spouses expected
to retire jointly (i.e., both spouses answered “yes” to the question
on joint retire- ment expectations), (b) couples in which both spouses did
not expect joint retirement (i.e., both spouses answered either “no” to the question on joint retirement expectations or “never retire” to the question on planned retire- ment date), (c) couples in which the husband
expected joint retirement but the wife did not, (d) couples in which the wife
expected joint retirement but the husband did not, (e) couples in which the
husband expected joint retirement but the wife did not have certain (joint)
retirement plans (i.e., the husband answered “yes” to the question
on joint retirement expectations, and the wife answered either “haven't
thought about it” to the question on planned retire- ment date or “don't
know” to the question on joint retirement expectations), (f) couples
in which the wife expected joint retirement but the husband did not have certain
(joint) retirement plans, and (g) couples in which either the husband or the
wife did not expect joint retirement and the other spouse did not have certain
(joint) retirement plans and couples in which neither spouse had certain (joint)
retirement plans. We determined retirement timing on the basis of subjective
retirement status and self-reported date of retirement. At each wave, respondents
who reported being partly or completely retired were then asked, “In
what month and year did you retire?” We defined joint retirement as
cases in which these self-reported retirement dates of husband and wife differed
by no more than 12 months. Covariates Drawing on previous research on retirement
timing in general and joint retirement in particular, we modeled joint retirement
as a function of
163
demographic,
marital, economic, and job characteristics. Detailed defini- tions of these
variables are presented, along with descriptive statistics, in Table 2. Recognizing
that changes in covariates may reflect couples' efforts to realize their joint
retirement expectations, we measured most covariates at the initial observation
in 1992. One exception was health, which was meas- ured both at the first
wave in 1992 and at the wave immediately after couples' first retirement.
Demographic characteristics included husband's age at the couple's first retirement,
the age difference between spouses, and the educa- tional attainment and health
status of both spouses. Age is one of the most important predictors of joint
retirement. Couples who retire jointly are more likely to do so at older ages,
because in most couples, husbands are older than their wives, and they tend
to wait for their wives to reach the age of eligibility for retirement benefits
(Gustman and Steinmeier 2002; Szinovacz 1989). In this study, we measured
age at retirement as the husband's age when either spouse retired for the
first time. Large age differences between spouses should increase the cost
of joint retirement either by requiring the older spouse (the husband in most
cases) to stay in the labor force longer or by pressuring the younger spouse
(the wife in most cases) to retire before reaching full eligibil- ity for
retirement benefits (Szinovacz 1989). We measured the age difference between
spouses by subtracting the wife's age from the husband's age. Previous studies
have shown that people with higher educational attainment expect to retire
later (Hall and Johnson 1980) and have a lower probability of retirement,
net of occupational characteristics (Hayward 1986; Hayward et al. 1989). We
used a standard four-category measure of educational attainment: less than
high school, high school, some college, and college and above. Previous studies
have demonstrated that poor health is associated with expec- tations for earlier
retirement (Hall and Johnson 1980; McGarry 2004) and that unanticipated health
shocks trigger labor force exit earlier than planned (Anderson et al. 1986; Coile 2004; Dwyer 2001). In this study, we used meas- ures of whether husbands
and wives had fair or poor health or had health problems that limited their
ability to work at two time points. Marital characteristics included the length
of the current marriage (in years), complementarity of leisure, and discussion
of retirement. Couples married to each other for longer periods of time are
likely to have more substantial shared labor force participation histories
(Henretta et al. 1993) and may thus be likely to share similar expectations
regarding retirement. As mentioned above, previ- ous research has stressed
the importance of the complementarity of leisure as a primary motivation for
joint retirement (An et al. 2004; Gustman and Steinmeier 1985, 2000, 2002).
In this study, we measured preferences for shared leisure using responses
to a question in the first survey asking respondents how
164
Table
2 Variable Descriptions and Summary Statistics (n = 876)
(continued)
165
Table
2 (continued)
(continued)
166
Table
2 (continued)
Note:
Means and standard deviations are unweighted. Standard deviations are presented
in parentheses. enjoyable they found spending time with their spouses. Couple-level
discussion of retirement can be viewed as a facilitator of joint retirement.
Discussion of retirement between spouses during the preretirement period contributes
to shared perception regarding spousal influence on retirement decision (Smith
and Moen 1998) and is expected to facilitate couples' efforts to realize their
expectations. In this study, we measured couple-level discussion by how often
couples discussed retirement, as reported at wave 1 in 1992. Because this
ques- tion was asked only of the subset of respondents who provided specific
planned retirement years, we included this covariate only in the analysis
that focused on couples in which both spouses expected joint retirement. We
included several measures of economic conditions: the total net worth of the
household, husband's earnings, satisfaction with current financial
167
situation,
spouses' relative earnings, and participation in private pension plans. In
general, we expected that the financial impact of synchronized retirement
should be lower for couples in better economic circumstances prior to retirement
and that these couples would therefore be more likely to retire jointly (Adams
et al. 2002; Hall and Johnson 1980; O'Rand and Farkas 2002). We assumed that
joint retirement implies a larger loss of regular income than nonjoint retirement
and thus expected that couples with greater household wealth would be better
able to afford joint retire- ment (Blau 1998; O'Rand et al. 1992). We also
expected that husband's earnings and satisfaction with current financial situation
would be posi- tively associated with joint retirement. At the same time,
the economic cost of joint retirement was expected to be lower for couples
who had prioritized the husbands' careers given that the cessation of the
wives' relatively limited earnings should not have a major impact on the couples'
total earnings. We created a measure of wife's relative earnings, defined
as the ratio of the wife's earnings to the couple's combined earnings. We
classified this meas- ure of economic dependence into three categories: values
between 0 and 0.33 indicated that the wife was relatively dependent on the
husband's earn- ings, values between 0.33 and 0.66 represented equal dependence
of the spouses, and values between 0.66 and 1.0 indicated that the husband
was relatively dependent on the wife's earnings. We expected that economically
interdependent couples would be less likely to retire jointly. We also expected
that pension plans would discourage joint retirement because eli- gibility
for benefits is typically linked to age, and these institutional incen- tives
for husbands and wives to retire at particular points in time may not coincide.
Previous studies have suggested that if wives are eligible for their own pension
benefits, they are more likely to remain in the labor force rather than to
retire together with their husbands (Blau 1998; O'Rand et al. 1992). All of
these indicators of economic status, as well as two indicators of job characteristics,
physical demand and mental stress, were measured at the first wave in 1992.
Previous studies have indicated that physically and mentally demanding jobs
are associated with greater planning for retire- ment (Moen et al. 2006),
expectations of earlier retirement (Pienta and Hayward 2002), and younger
age at retirement (Blekesaune and Solem 2005; Filer and Petr 1988; Hayward
1986), but no studies have examined their relationships with joint retirement
expectations and outcomes. Models We began by estimating baseline associations
between the log odds of joint retirement and the covariates just described.
We then extended the
168
baseline
model to include the seven-category measure of spouses' initial expectations
of joint retirement. Finding that coefficients for initial expecta- tions
were significant and that their inclusion improved model fit would indicate
that expectations provide important information about future behav- ior above
and beyond the established correlates of joint retirement. We also compared
the log odds of joint retirement for two types of couples with dis- cordant
expectations (the husband expected joint retirement but the wife did not and
the wife expected joint retirement but the husband did not). Finding that
the coefficients for these two categories did not differ would indicate that
husbands' and wives' expectations were equally relevant predictors of subse-
quent retirement behavior. Similarly, by comparing the estimated coefficients
for these disagreeing couples with the coefficients for couples who shared
joint retirement expectations, we could evaluate the extent to which disagree-
ment was associated with the likelihood of joint retirement. In the second
part of our analysis, we restricted our sample to couples in which both spouses
initially expected joint retirement. This sample restriction allowed us to
iden- tify the characteristics of couples most likely to realize their expectations
of joint retirement. We included the measure of how often spouses talked about
retirement measured in 1992 in this part of the analysis. Results Expectations
of joint retirement were common, with 42% of men and 39% of women reporting
that they expected to retire at the same time as their spouses. Table 1 shows
that at the couple-level, 25% of dual-worker couples (410 of 1,644) were in
agreement that they expected to retire at about the same time, while 22% of
couples (361 of 1,644) shared expecta- tions that they would retire at different
times. About one in four couples had discordant expectations: 12% of our sample
was composed of couples in which husbands, but not wives, expected joint retirement; 11% of couples in which wives, but not husbands, expected joint retirement; 5% of couples in which husbands expect joint retirement while their wives
had not thought about (joint) retirement; and 4% of couples with the opposite
situation. The remaining 22% was composed of couples in which neither spouse
had spe- cific (joint) retirement plans or in which one spouse did not expect
joint joint retirement while the other did not have specific plans. The proportion
of couples who actually retired within one year of each other (24%) was similar
to that of couples expecting joint retirement (25%). Joint retirement was
strongly associated with initial expectations. As shown in
169
Table
1, the proportion retiring jointly was 37% for couples with shared expec-
tations of joint retirement but only 14% for couples in which neither spouse
expected joint retirement. Among couples in which only one spouse expected
joint retirement, one quarter to one third retired jointly. The prevalence
of joint retirement was lowest for couples in which both spouses had not thought
about (joint) retirement and couples in which one spouse had not thought about
retirement while the other spouse did not expect joint retirement (10%). In
Table 3, we present exponentiated values of estimated coefficients from the
two logistic regression models for joint retirement. These odds ratios describe
differences in the odds of joint retirement associated with a one-unit difference
in the covariate of interest. In model 1, most of the vari- ables were related
to joint retirement behavior in expected ways. Joint retire- ment was more
common when husbands were older at couples' first retirement (odds ratio =
1.17), when the age difference between spouses was small (odds ratio = .94),
and when wives were high school graduates rather than being in the lowest
or highest educational category (odds ratios = .55 and .47, respectively).
Poor or work-limiting health was related to a higher like- lihood of joint
retirement, especially when husbands reported poor health in both 1992 and
after the couples' first retirement (odds ratio = 2.46) and when wives reported
poor health at the couples' first retirement (odds ratio = 2.54). Joint retirement
was also positively related to the degree to which husbands enjoyed spending
time with their wives (odds ratio = 1.45). Consistent with the view of joint
retirement as a “pattern of choice” for socioeconomically advantaged
couples rather than as a “pattern of constraint” (O'Rand et al.
1992:97), we found that the husband's earnings were positively related to
the likelihood of joint retirement (odds ratio = 1.01). Couples in which husbands
were dependent on wives' earnings were less likely to retire jointly than
relatively egalitarian couples (odds ratio = 0.50). Next, in model 2, we examined
the relationship between initial expecta- tions and joint retirement experience,
net of the correlates of joint retirement in model 1. The results indicated
that initial expectations were significantly associated with subsequent behavior.
The odds of joint retirement were more than three times higher for couples
in which both spouses expected joint retirement relative to otherwise similar
couples in which neither spouse expected to retire jointly (odds ratio = 3.74).
Couples with discordant expec- tations also had significantly higher odds
of joint retirement: 2.36 times higher for couples in which only husbands
expected joint retirement and 2.32 times higher for couples in which only
wives expected joint retirement. Interestingly, couples in which wives expected
joint retirement while their husbands did not have specific thoughts about
retirement timing were also
170
Table
3 Odds Ratios From Logistic Regression Models of Joint Retirement (JR) (n
= 876)
(continued)
171
Table
3 (continued)
Note:
The reference outcome is nonjoint retirement. a. The reference category is
high school graduate. b. The reference category is not in poor health both
in 1992 and after the couple's first retirement. c. The reference category
is equal dependence between spouses. d. The reference category is husband
but not wife has pension plans. e. The reference category is neither spouse
expected JR. +p < .10. *p < .05. **p < .01. relatively more likely
to retire jointly (odds ratio = 4.16). Couples in the opposite situation (i.e.,
husbands expected joint retirement but wives did not have specific expectations)
also had higher odds of joint retirement (odds ratio = 1.82), but this relationship
was not statistically significant. With respect to the resolution of discordant
expectations, we found that husbands' and wives' expectations were equally
powerful predictors of joint retirement. There was no significant difference
in the odds of joint retirement for couples in which only the husband or only
the wife expected to retire jointly. Furthermore, there was no statistical
difference between the log odds of joint retirement for couples in which both
spouses expected joint retirement and couples in which only one spouse expected
joint retire- ment. These results suggest that as long as one spouse expects
to retire jointly, the odds of that outcome being realized are significantly
increased. In the second part of our analysis, we restricted our sample to
couples in which both spouses expected joint retirement (Table 4). The results
indicated that the couples who were most likely to realize their initial expectations
were those retiring at later ages (odds ratio = 1.27), couples in which hus-
bands were older at the time of the couples' first retirement, and couples
who more often discussed retirement (odds ratio = 1.24). In contrast to evidence
from individual data indicating that unforeseen changes in health reduce the
likelihood of realizing retirement expectations (Anderson et al. 1986; Dwyer
172
Table
4 Odds Ratios From Logistic Regression Model of Joint Retirement Among Couples
in Which Both Spouses Expected Joint Retirement (n = 261)
(continued)
173
Table
4 (continued)
Note:
The reference outcome is nonjoint retirement. a. The reference category is
high school graduate. b. The reference category is not in poor health both
in 1992 and after the couple's first retire- ment. c. The reference category
is equal dependence between spouses. d. The reference category is husband
but not wife has pension plans. 2001), we found that changes in the health
status of wives were positively related with the realization of couples' expectations
for joint retirement. Wives who were not in poor health in 1992 but reported
having poor health after the couples' first retirements (odds ratio = 5.16)
and wives experienc- ing the opposite combination of health changes (odds
ratio = 5.67) were more likely to realize their initial expectations. We found
that the likelihood of realizing shared joint retirement expectations was
higher for equally dependent couples, compared with couples in which wives'
earnings were substantially lower than those of husbands (odds ratio = .24).
This is con- trary to our expectation that economic interdependence would
be related to a lower probability of joint retirement given that the impact
of losing regular income would be larger for couples with similar earnings.
Discussion The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between
joint retirement expectations and subsequent behavior among dual-worker cou-
ples in late midlife. Using the first seven waves of the HRS data, we found
that a quarter of couples shared expectations of synchronized retirement and
that a similar proportion of couples retired jointly. We also found that initial
expectations were strong predictors of subsequent behavior, net of other well-established
correlates of joint retirement. Couples in which both spouses expected joint
retirement were over three times more likely to retire jointly compared with
couples in which neither spouse expected to do
174
so.
These results suggest that expectations provide valuable information for projecting
the future behavior of the growing number of dual-career cou- ples now approaching
retirement. In cases of spousal disagreement, we found that wives' and husbands'
expectations were equally strong predictors of joint retirement. There was
no statistical difference in the odds of joint retirement for couples in which
wives, but not husbands, expected joint retirement and couples in which husbands,
but not wives, expected joint retirement. These results are consist- ent with
previous studies of retirement timing showing that both wives' and husbands'
characteristics are associated with couples' retirement timing (Coile 2003; Gustman and Steinmeier 2002; O'Rand et al. 1992). Furthermore, we found no
significant differences in the odds of joint retirement for couples in which
both spouses expected joint retirement and couples with discordant expectations.
Unlike fertility expectations, in which spousal disagreement was associated
with a lower probability of realizing either spouse's intended number of children
(Thomson et al. 1990), disagreement regarding joint retirement did not result
in a lower likelihood of joint retirement. Among couples in which both spouses
initially expected joint retire- ment, the likelihood of realizing those expectations
was related to retire- ment age, health status, relative economic dependence,
and discussion of retirement. The relatively high likelihood of realizing
expectations for cou- ples retiring at later ages is consistent with evidence
that joint retirement is often achieved by husbands' postponing their own
retirement until their wives are ready (eligible) to retire (Szinovacz 1989).
Unlike previous stud- ies positing that unexpected events result in outcomes
that are inconsistent with initial expectations, we found that changes in
wives' health status were positively related to the realization of joint retirement:
Joint retirement was more common for couples with wives who experienced health
deterioration or wives whose poor health improved between 1992 and the wave
follow- ing couples' retirement. The relationship between our measure of relative
economic dependence and the realization of joint retirement expectations suggests
that among couples who share expectations of retiring together, economic symmetry
facilitates the realization of those expectations. Finally, the positive relationship
between spouses' frequent discussion of retirement and the realization of
joint retirement expectations suggests the importance of making realistic
plans on the basis of mutual understanding. This study provides several useful
insights for future research on joint retirement. First, it is clear that
a substantial proportion of couples fail to real- ize their expectations of
joint retirement. In light of evidence that failure to realize expectations
or aspirations is negatively related to psychological
175
well-being
(Carr 1997; Gallo et al. 2006; Herzog, House, and Morgan 1991), the relatively
high likelihood of failing to realize joint retirement expectations may contribute
to lower levels of retirement satisfaction and psychological well-being. Consistent
with this speculation, recent research has found that joint retirement is
related to higher retirement satisfaction and a lower likeli- hood of depression
(Szinovacz and Davey 2004a, 2005). Together, these results suggest that careful
examination of linkages between joint retirement expectations, their realization,
and subsequent retirement satisfaction may be a valuable source of insight
in research on subjective well-being at older ages. Second, although retirement
has become a normative life event that most people expect to experience at
the end of their careers (Ekerdt et al. 2000), retirement timing and pathways
have become increasingly heterogeneous (Han and Moen 1999). Work after retirement,
partial retirement, and multiple labor force transitions at older ages have
increased simultaneously with con- tinued increases in early retirement (Herz
1995; Johnson and Kawachi 2007; Kim and Feldman 2000; Mutchler et al. 1997).
This growing variety of retire- ment options presumably makes it increasingly
feasible for couples to coordi- nate their retirements. Husbands may wait
for their wives to retire while working part-time or in bridge jobs. Alternatively,
wives can choose earlier retirement. Subsequent research should examine how
these changes shape the joint retirement process. Third, the results of the
second part of our analysis provide insights regarding measures that might
facilitate the realization of joint retirement expectations. For example,
evidence that frequent discussion of retirement during the preretirement period
is associated with the realization of expectations to retire together suggests
that efforts to encourage early plan- ning and discussion of retirement may
help couples achieve their preferred retirement scenarios. Our study also
suggests several avenues for developing future research on joint retirement.
First, increasing variability in the retirement process suggests the value
of considering alternative definitions of retirement. Although there is substantial
overlap between self-defined retirement status and work status, the distribution
of joint retirement experience may differ depending on the definition of retirement.
At the same time, it is also pos- sible that the definition of joint retirement
may vary both across and within couples. Although we defined joint retirement
as spouses' retiring within 12 months of each other, respondents may interpret
the question “Do you expect your spouse to retire at about the same
time that you do?” to mean retiring in the same month or in the same
calendar year, or perhaps retiring within a few years of each other. Even
spouses who share similar joint retirement expectations may have different
definitions of joint retirement.
176
Tabulations
of spouses' expected years of retirement (not shown) indicated that among
couples who shared expectations of joint retirement, slightly fewer than one
third expected to retire in the same calendar year, while the majority (57%)
reported adjacent calendar years. Second, our analytical sample immediately
precedes the large baby boom cohorts now entering prime retirement ages. As
posited by Moen et al. (2006), there are impor- tant cohort differences in
the interdependence of retirement planning between spouses. The baby boom
cohorts also differ from the main HRS cohort in terms of women's stronger
career commitment and the prevalence of dual-worker couples (Dailey 1998),
higher levels of wealth (Lusardi and Mitchell 2006; Rander 1998), and more
diversity in demographic and eco- nomic characteristics (Dailey 1998). It
is important that our results be reevaluated for these younger cohorts once
data are available.
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Jeong-Hwa
Ho is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sociology at the University
of Wisconsin–Madison. Her research focuses on the labor force participation
of couples in later life and related changes in mental health using life-course
and labor force history data from the Health and Retirement Study and the
Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. James M. Raymo is an associate professor of
sociology at the University of Wisconsin– Madison. His current research
focuses primarily on relationships between work, family, and health at older
ages in Japan and the United States. Ongoing studies examine life-course influ-
ences on the retirement process (using life history data from the Wisconsin
Longitudinal Study) and work and family influences on health trajectories
at older ages in Japan. Related articles have appeared in recent volumes of
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