Regars Sur La Psychanalyse. Nouvelle Revue De Psychanalyse.
Identifieur interne : 000111 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000110; suivant : 000112Regars Sur La Psychanalyse. Nouvelle Revue De Psychanalyse.
Auteurs : Francis BaudrySource :
- Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association [ 0003-0651 ] ; 1983-06.
English descriptors
- Teeft :
- Ambivalent attitude, American approach, American hegemony, Analysts experiment, Analytic community, Analytic hlarshall plan, Analytic institutions, Analytic theory, Analytic training, Authoritative text, Authors regard lacan, Autocratic stance, Basic tenet, Bath water, Bete noire, Book notices, Book section, Book section problem, Certain degree, Certain presence, Certain similarities, Charisma fuel submission, Charismatic figure, Charismatic figures, Charismatic lacan, Clear opposition, Clear overview, Clinical development, Considerable suspicion, Constituent society, Cultural milieu, Cultural nexus, Current methods, Developmental approach, Dream book, Early freud, Early pioneers, Enlightened reading, Erudite article, Exact sciences, Expressgrave reservations, Extreme example, Extreme opposition, Fair share, Family romance, Fascinating series, Final paper, First hiarie bonaparte, Fourth group, France analysis, Francis baudry, French analysis, French analysts, French psychoanalysis, French writings, Freudian text, Frohf hleshler, Further splits, Historical perspectives, Human knowledge, Hypothetical fantasies, Intellectual background, Interesting comparison, Intuitive understanding, Lacan, Large majority, Latest lacanian, Local council, Main thrust, Major difference, Major force, Major preoccupations, Metapsychological texts, Mutual bonds, National character, National characteristics, Natural phenomena, Neiv york, Obscure area, Oedipal scar, Organic point, Other analysts, Other disciplines, Overall impression, Paranoidal development, Particular attributes, Passionate distrust, Passionate fetish, Passive structure, Peculiar dynamics, Personal rivalries, Physical forces, Physicalistic postulates, Pivotal force, Proponents promise, Psychoanalytic texts, Real contributions, Realistic assessment, Revue juive, Revue psychanade lyse, Same approach, Same period, Scholarly article, Scientific discourse, Scientific products, Second ivorld ivar, Seminal theories, Special connection, Strachey translations, Subsequent book notices, Theoretical aspects, Therapeutic revolution, Training aspects, Training procedures, Training process, True disciple, True freud, True history, Valuable innovations, York city.
Url:
DOI: 10.1177/000306518303100337
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ISTEX:640F5D8C5608CE84BB2F670BD4B2279264C913B6Le document en format XML
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<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>06</month><year>1983</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>821</fpage><lpage>824</lpage><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>sagemeta-type</meta-name><meta-value>Reviews</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>search-text</meta-name><meta-value> 818 BOOK SECTION book's publication, just beginning to be investigated systematically. T h e problems of attempting a synthesis at such a moment in history are aggravated by the fact that Stone has his own controversial viewpoint. IVith respect to this viewpoint, Stone is handicapped by insufficient supporting data and an apparent reluctance to deal with its rather far-reaching implications for invalidating major tenets of the current psychoanalytic views of borderline patients. This is, in any event, a book that is to be situated in the tradition of academic psychhtry, where it raises difficult and important questions. It is not primarily a book that revises psychoanalytic theories o r informs the psychoanalytically oriented aspects of treatment for borderline patients. John G. Gunderson, hi.D., and Humphrey hiorris, hi.D. Belmont, hiassachusetts THE AGEOF STRUCTURALIShl: LvI-STRAUSS FOUCAULT. Edith TO By Kurzweil. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980, 256 pp., $20.00. I n France, intellectual movements appear to follow one another like circus elephants-each holding the tail of the one that precedes it. After IVorld IYar I1 no intellectual could achieve prominence o r obtain the notice of his peers if he was not a hiarxist of some stripe-indeed, this still tends to be the case. But as the promise of Soviet communism became increasingly empty and the evils of Stalinism more obvious, those French intellectuals who were not castiron Stalinists shifted their ground in the direction of the neiv congeries of philosophical constructions that clustered under the rubric of “existentialism,”which became the dominant trend of thought in the 1950s. As divisions and schisms among its prophets emerged and became increasingly acrimonious, however, and as Jean-Paul Sartre-the most famous and vocal of its spokesmen-remained fixed in his devotion to Soviet power, the way was open for a neiv movement to offer a home to a politically diverse group of those who, disenchanted with existentialism, were hungry for neiv principles on which to found their approaches to life and thought. This quest must be seen in light of the very nature of French intellectual life. For Americans, reared in a tradition of pragmatism, empiricism, and suspicion of ideology, French intellectual discourse BOOK NOTICES 819 often appears incomprehensible. T h e study of philosophy is one of the backbones of the French educational system, which, under national direction, exposes every student who enters the higher educational track to virtually the same curriculum. These students take in the reification of abstractions, along with Marxism, with their mothers' milk and are indoctrinated intensively with the richness and precision of the French language, in which-as one critic has said-what matters is not what you say but how well you say it. It is out of this background that structuralism emerged to become the dominant intellectual style of French thought in the 1960s. Originating in the anthropological work of Claude LSvi-Strauss, it came to embrace a wide range of disciplines and viewpoints, all ostensibly linked by their commitment to the search for the fundamental “structures” that underlie all human thought and action. I n this volume Edith Kurzweil attempts to render all this comprehensible to the intelligent American reader. Spreading her net wide, she covers the writings of LCvi-Strauss, the Marxists Louis Althusser and Henri Lefebvre, the sociologist Alain Touraine, and the litttruteur Roland Barthes, along with three writers more familiar, perhaps, to psychoanalysts-Jacques Lacan, Paul Ricoeur, and hlichel Foucault. It is to these three and to Kurzweil's treatment of their work that this review will be primarily directed. Lacan and his writings have of course received extensive attention in the English language literature in recent years. Kurzweil's summation of his ideas is scholarly, objective, and, so far as I am able to understand it, accurate and fair-minded, revealing a sound grasp of psychoanalytic ideas and controversies (despite her early reference, in her introduction, to “the Freudian collective unconscious”). In particular, she details the conflicts between Lacan and “the American ego psychologists,” one of whom was, of course, Lacan's former analyst, Rudolph Loewenstein. Above all, she makes clear the dependence of Lacan's system on language in general and the specific characteristics of the French language in particular. Ricoeur, whose Freud and Philosophj gained him some attention here a few years ago, is revealed by Kurzweil as a Christian apologist, seeking support in psychoanalysis for his ideas on hermeneutics. As Kurzweil says, “Ricoeur's interpretation of Freud is alien to all the Anglo-Saxon versions”; he, like Lacan, is concerned with language, symbolism, and interpretation of meaning. But Ricoeur's aims are essentially religious; as Kurzweil says, “Ricoeur accepts Freud only on condition that Freud does not damage or destroy his own world of mysticism, spirituality, art, and religion” (P. 98). 820 BOOK SECTION Foucault's self-imposed mission has been the study of the progression of thought through historical epochs. Each has been dominated by a particular epistemological set, and historical change has been characterized by “epistemological breaks,” in which a new mode of thinking has replaced the old. Foucault thus searches in the art, manners, and social institutions of historical periods to determine the basic “structure of knowledge” underlying them all. These “structvres” are manifested in “enunciative units of language.” One of his major interests has been the history of “madness” in iVestern culture-in effect, the history of psychiatry. Foucault conceives of deviance as a matter of social definition, used by the elite of the society to serve their need to exclude some groups in order to define themselves as included. When leprosy declined, “madness” was discovered. When the “mad” were confined in institutions, they became subjects for “scientific” and medical study and treatment, with the development by doctors of a new language both to define and to “cure” the disorder. (`In this manner,“ Kurzweil sums up, ”language `served‘ to explain, to cure, and to structure madness, and prepared the ground for Freud, for whom language became the structure of madness itself’ (pp. 200-201). Clearly these varied “structuralist” concepts are rooted in a characteristically Gallic preoccupation with language. Central to all, and the foundation of Lgvi-Strauss's original structuralism, is Saussurean linguistics, with its fundamental distinction between “signifier” and “signified.” Unfortunately, although LCvi-Strauss continues to maintain that underlying “structures” exist, he acknowledges that they have not yet been found. As the intellectual promise of structuralism and its Messianic-Marxist corollaries faded with the failure of the 1968 student rebellion (in which several of the subjects of this book joined the students on the barricades), the attention of French intellectuals was diverted from social issues to more private concerns-thus, the rise of interest in Lacanian psychoanalysis. Language itself became the focal point, and semiotics came to replace structuralism as the intellectual fashion of the ‘70s and `80s. All this Kurzweil details with commendable clarity, critical distance, and even wit. Her range of scholarship is enormously impressive, and she proves an admirable guide through the thicket of jargon and logic-chopping; That at times her subjects' arguments remain somewhat vague and obscure reflects thZse authors' addiction to dialectic method and their compulsion for system building, rather than any inadequacies in Kurzweil's explicative skills. She succeeds admirably in placing the multiple variants of “structuralist” thought into BOOK NOTICES 82 1 the cultural nexus from which they emerged, to show their conflicts and interconnections and to demonstrate the course through which they passed on their way to semiotics, which, its proponents promise us, will at last truly unlock the secrets of human knowledge and communication. We'll see. Aaron H. Esman, M.D. New York City REGARDS LA PSYCHANALYSE. NOUVELLE SUR REVUE PSYCHANADE LYSE. Edited by J.-B. Pontalis. Paris: Gallimard, Fall 1979, 301 pp., 45 F. It was with a certain degree of apprehension that I approached the task of reviewing Regards sur la Psychanalye, roughly translated as Perspectives on PsyAoanalysh in France. What I found, somewhat to my surprise, was, for the most part, a fascinating series of essays, some theoretical, others clinical, providing the reader with a clear overview of the French psychoanalytic scene, including some enlightening historical perspectives. What factors have determined the particular attributes of French psychoanalysis: a tendency to constant polemic, a quasi-revolutionary attitude, a mistrust of organization and an involvement with other disciplines, particularly literature and philosophy? There are first some national characteristics. By nature (and I am aware of the danger of any attempt to speak of a national character), the French are very fond of individualism, mocking toward outsiders, infatuated with language and discourse, highly mistrustful of any organization be it the government o r the local council, and drawn to endless polemic and argument. As Rosolato, in “L`Analyse des Resistances,” makes clear, psychoanalysis in France is not conceived of in any way as having a special connection with medicine, but rather maintains mutual bonds with five disciplines from which it needs to keep its distance: biology, politics, religion, philosophy, and art. This attitude is more than just theoretical, for in France analysis is very much a lay field-any constituent society with too high a percentage of physicians is looked upon with considerable suspicion of having sold out! I n the lead article, Pontalis highlights what he sees as the major preoccupations of the current scene-concern with “the writing,” the BOOK NOTICES 82 1 the cultural nexus from which they emerged, to show their conflicts and interconnections and to demonstrate the course through which they passed on their way to semiotics, which, its proponents promise us, will at last truly unlock the secrets of human knowledge and communication. We'll see. Aaron H. Esman, M.D. New York City REGARDS LA PSYCHANALYSE. NOUVELLE SUR REVUE PSYCHANADE LYSE. Edited by J.-B. Pontalis. Paris: Gallimard, Fall 1979, 301 pp., 45 F. It was with a certain degree of apprehension that I approached the task of reviewing Regards sur la Psychanalye, roughly translated as Perspectives on PsyAoanalysh in France. What I found, somewhat to my surprise, was, for the most part, a fascinating series of essays, some theoretical, others clinical, providing the reader with a clear overview of the French psychoanalytic scene, including some enlightening historical perspectives. What factors have determined the particular attributes of French psychoanalysis: a tendency to constant polemic, a quasi-revolutionary attitude, a mistrust of organization and an involvement with other disciplines, particularly literature and philosophy? There are first some national characteristics. By nature (and I am aware of the danger of any attempt to speak of a national character), the French are very fond of individualism, mocking toward outsiders, infatuated with language and discourse, highly mistrustful of any organization be it the government o r the local council, and drawn to endless polemic and argument. As Rosolato, in “L`Analyse des Resistances,” makes clear, psychoanalysis in France is not conceived of in any way as having a special connection with medicine, but rather maintains mutual bonds with five disciplines from which it needs to keep its distance: biology, politics, religion, philosophy, and art. This attitude is more than just theoretical, for in France analysis is very much a lay field-any constituent society with too high a percentage of physicians is looked upon with considerable suspicion of having sold out! I n the lead article, Pontalis highlights what he sees as the major preoccupations of the current scene-concern with “the writing,” the 822 BOOK SECTION problem of conveying an experience through words. Some analysts experiment and choose to write in a form halfway between scientific discourse and the novel; R. hiajor is a leading figure of this movement called “psycholiterature.” T h e French take very seriously the statement made by Freud that his cases read more like novels than scientific products; also evident is the interest in the dream book and the problem of conveying dreaming experience in words. Having reviewed a number of hlajor's books, I must expressgrave reservations on the potential of the movement. Another basic tenet of French analysis at present is its clear opposition to what it considers the American hegemony in analysis, particularly ego psychology. I greatly suspect that this passionate distrust of what the French consider the sellout of Americans to medicine and the exact sciences was fueled by Lacan's personal rivalries with R. hl. Loewenstein, a leading figure in the 1930s emergence of analysis in France, both in its theoretical aspects (a number of Loewenstein's papers from that period, particularly on the topic of masochism, are brilliant and have yet to be translated into English) and in its training aspects (Loewenstein was the analyst of many leading figures, including Lacan); unfortunately the extreme opposition to so-called ego .psychology leads the French to throw out the baby with the bath water. Rosolato, in his article on resistances, comes to condemn Greenson's approach (Greenson typifies the American approach and has become the bEte noire of the French) and claims that analysis of resistances as practiced by Greenson is “rigid, unnecessary, and dogmatic.” T h e ego is seen as “imaginary” as defined by the Lacanians. T h e need for French analysts to find their own identity by opposing a major force is perhaps a necessary developmental step. T h e French have had more than their fair share of splits, the major one being centered around the charismatic Lacan. T h e latter's quasi-religious autocratic stance led to further splits. It is unfortunate that Lacan's obscurity and bizarre technical innovations have interfered with a n appreciation of his real contributions. T h e most controversial technical innovations, that of the shortened session (the extreme example being: Patient: “Finally”; Analyst: “Our time is up”) and the strange extreme democratization of the training procedures are not taken seriously by the large majority of analysts in France. In trying to understand the current functioning of an individual, a developmental approach is mandatory. T h e same is true for a movement. I n a very erudite article, “From Vienna to Paris,” V. Smirnoff emphasizes the very ambivalent attitude of Freud in the 1920s toward the early French pioneers, Pichon and Laforgue. T h e subsequent BOOK NOTICES 823 leaders were all imported, first hiarie Bonaparte, then Loewenstein. T h e French were particularly concerned not to be the recipients of an analytic hlarshall Plan after the Second IVorld IVar, and well might they have been, as their analytic community had neither major theoretical positions nor charismatic figures. Under the banner of “Return to Freud,” that is, particularly the early Freud who had not yet been critical of the limits of the French, Lacan spearheaded a loyalty to the opus-the work, not the man-claiming for himself the role of the “true disciple.” T h e Freudian text became somewhat of a passionate fetish. Smirnoff reminds us that even now there are no equivalents of the Strachey translations; hence the lack of an authoritative text underlies the search for the true Freud. This is dramatically highlighted by the inclusion in this journal of a 1925 text by Freud, “Resistance to Psychoanalysis,” first published in French in La Revue Juive in 1925 (some six months ahead of its appearance in German!) and not available in French since then. This return to the texts has produced valuable innovations both in terms of form and content. “Our theory is our mythology,” wrote Freud. T h e French have pursued the process of this development, reading the metapsychological texts with a structuralist-clinical point of view, considering for. example the repetitions, omissions, imagery, as data for interpretation o r rather for reconstruction of a dialogue between the author and himself, revealing a hidden text with its own peculiar dynamics. This same approach is characteristic of the attitude of the French toward their analytic institutions. It is possible to trace many of Freud's papers as outgrowths of polemics o r discussions with the early pioneers (Adler, Jung). Likewise, the French, according to a scholarly article by Fedida (,`A Propos du Retour a Freud“) feel that the true history of analytic theory is that which engages the analyst in his relation to other analysts and to the conflicts of their institutions. This concern with the personal lends a certain presence to French writings. T h e majority of the authors regard Lacan as the pivotal force in French analysis. A final paper by hi. Enriquez, a member of the ”Fourth Group,“ the latest Lacanian split-off, is titled ”On Forme un Analyste [An Analyst Is Being Trained].“ It examines in a surprisingly candid way the current methods of training in France. T h e author makes an interesting comparison between the structure of ”A Child Is Being Beaten“ and the hypothetical fantasies underlying the training process as seen by the candidate. Both ”fantasies“ include elements of exclusion of the subject and an obscure area of paternity. These can be 824 BOOK SECTION resolved via an oedipal scar or by way of a paranoidal development. Under the influence of Lacan this writer is very sensitive to issues of origin, family romance, and fatherhood as they play a role in analytic training. hfy overall impression of Regards sur la Psjchanaljse is that French analysis is currently struggling with Lacan the way he struggled against the Americans. His influence and charisma fuel submission o r defi'ance which complicate a realistic assessment of his work. I n fact, there %re certain similarities between this state of affairs and the current polemic in this country over the psychology of the self. I n both cases, a charismatic figure has attempted to dethrone the centrality of the drives, in the case of Kohut by introducing the self, in the case of Lacan by introducing language as the primary experience-near given. A major difference, as I see it, is that Kohut's contributions have increased our sensitivity to certain clinical constellations and their management, whereas Lacan's main thrust is in the direction of theory and the enlightened reading of psychoanalytic texts. Francis Baudry, h1.D. New York, Neiv York THE THERAPEUTIC REVOLUTION: FROhf hlEshlER TO FREUD. Leon By . Chertok and Rajmond de Sawsure, trans. from the French by R. H. Ahrenfeldt. Neiv York: Brunner/hlazel, 1979, 226 pp., $17.50. T h e intellectual background of Freud's seminal theories of psychoanalysis has already been intensively explored. They include 19thcentury concepts which advocated an intuitive understanding of natural phenomena, mechanistic and physicalistic postulates of chemical and physical forces within the individual, concepts of energy as a force, the theory of evolution, understanding of the central nervous system as a passive structure, the organic point of view in psychiatry, and finally the social, philosophical, and cultural milieu in Germany during the same period. But in addition to all of the above, Freud's visit to Paris from October 1885 to February 1886 to study with J. hl. Charcot at the Salp&trii?reand his subsequent brief visit to Nancy, France, in July 1889 to work with A. A. Likbeault and H. Bernheim, have also been singled out as significant in Freud's theoretical and clinical development. I n this enjoyable, thoughtful, and well-researched psychohis- </meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta></front></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Regars Sur La Psychanalyse. Nouvelle Revue De Psychanalyse.</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Regars Sur La Psychanalyse. 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