UAP and Audiovisual Materials
Identifieur interne : 000645 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000644; suivant : 000646UAP and Audiovisual Materials
Auteurs : Maurice B. LineSource :
- IFLA journal [ 0340-0352 ] ; 1986-06.
English descriptors
- Teeft :
- Best solution, Bibliographic control, British library, British library lending division, Broadcast material, Catherine pinion, Centre, Comparative study, Comprehensive collection, Comprehensive lists, Contractual restrictions, Electronic text, Expertise, Good deal, Graham cornish, Ifla, Information science, Interlending, Interlending review, International provision, Legal deposit, Local collections, Local library, Local productions, Major bodies, Maurice line, National circumstances, National collection, National interlending systems, National library, National productions, National publications, National repository plans, National system, Other bodies, Other collections, Possible models, Possible solutions, Programme, Remote supply, Research projects, Second problem, Sound recordings, Such centres, Such schemes, Technical expertise, Unesco, Union list, Union lists, Universal availability, Unnecessary overlap, Video, Video recordings, Voluntary deposit, Wide range.
Url:
DOI: 10.1177/034003528601200206
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:D394C5213BB2C473E76125B2B83B81B81676EE97Le document en format XML
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<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Line</surname><given-names>Maurice B.</given-names></name><aff>Technology and Industry at the British Library</aff></contrib></contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>6</month><year>1986</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>91</fpage><lpage>103</lpage><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>sagemeta-type</meta-name><meta-value>Journal Article</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>search-text</meta-name><meta-value>91 UAP and Audiovisual Materials SAGE Publications, Inc.1986DOI: 10.1177/034003528601200206 Maurice B. Line Technology and Industry at the British Library Introduction UAP- Universal Availability of Publications-is by now well documented 1 -2, and I do not need to do more than give a brief outline of its nature and history to date. The concept was enunciated at IFLA's General Conference in 1973; it was directly stimulated by UBC, which IFLA had inaugurated a year or two earlier, on the grounds that bibliographic control must be accompanied by access to the publications themselves if it is not to be frustrating. UAP evolved into a programme, with an office attached to the British Library Lending Division, and was adopted by Unesco as well as IFLA. A series of research projects was undertaken, some by the office and some by outside researchers on contract, into the main aspects of availability - commercial book supply;, acquisition~, interlending (national5 and international(\) retention for future availability7 - and a pilot study was carried out into availability in two developing countries,. At the same time, a lot of work was put into publicizing UAP-with some success, to judge from the fact that over 100 articles have appeared in the professional journals of countries in all five continents9, and several conferences and seminars relating to UAP have taken place. A key event was a Unesco/IFLA International Congress on UAP, held at Paris in 1982 and attended by 178 people from 64 countries"'. The Main Working Document for the congress was developed into a basic text on UAP', and the research and thinking were synthesized in two later publications: guidelines for countries in planning national availability", and a set of alternative model national plans integrating acquisitions, interlending and retention 12 . The most recently published report is concerned with the implications of new technology for availability 13 Funding for the programme has come mainly from Unesco, from several national libraries, and from bodies such as the US National Commission on Libraries and Information Science, the Council on Library Resources and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (which has been exceptionally generous). The total money spent has however been very small; none of the research projects has cost more than £ 7,250, and most of the work has been done by the fulltime Programme Officer at the British Library Lending Division, and myself as Director of the programme. The concept of UAP is breathtakingly simple and broad. UAP has the objective that any publication, in whatever form and of whatever date, should be available to anyone, whenever and wherever it is needed. This ideal is of course unattainable, but the present situation needs to be vastly improved in almost every country in the world. It is a fact of life that many people fail for much of the time to obtain what publications they want when they want them - but it is not an unalterable fact of life, as is clear from the great differences between countries at similar stages of development. A crusade to change the attitude of passive acceptance of the undesirable, and to show how matters can be improved, is more than justified. 2294 be observed"`, some body or bodies must ensure that the publications are collected comprehensively. The most obvious way to do this is by legal deposit. Legislation by itself is by no means enough to guarantee comprehensive collection, but without it comprehensive collection is unlikely to be possible: it is a necessary but not a sufficient condition. An international survey carried out recently by Catherine Pinion'~ revealed that at least 25 countries have active legislation, or legislation in progress, requiring the deposit of AV materials, not necessarily extending to all categories and formats. Sanctions in the case of non- deposit tend to be weak, and the effectiveness of deposit is hard to assess because there are no comprehensive lists** of national production against which to measure intake. Of course, one main reason why there are no comprehensive lists is that there is no comprehensive collection: a classic vicious circle. The same is true of printed matter even in highly developed countries-for example, many local and privately produced publications escape deposit, because the national library does not know that they exist and the producers often do not know of the requirement to deposit - but on a much smaller scale. Local productions are probably more common in some AV formats than in printed matter. With greater ability, and incentive, to publish privately, using word-processed text, a good printer and offset litho, the number of printed publications escaping the net is likely to increase, and with electronic text the problem becomes much worse, not least because it is amenable to frequent change. "What constitutes publication?" will be a major issue for the printed (or unprinted) word. This is not a digression: very similar problems face AV materials. Is a tape-slide produced by a university for its own students, and made available on request to other institutions, "published"? If it is updated from time to time, which version-orversions-should be deposited? Is an instructional film made by a large firm for in-house training in all of its sites, and sold as requested, to other firms, published? (Perhaps the analogy here is "grey literature" published by a firm). Is a recording of bird song made for a national broadcasting corporation published? All broadcast material is by definition issued for public use, but is it "published" in the sense that an item put on public sale is published? A further difficulty with the collection of national productions lies in the definition of "national". Is a commercial sound recording by a British orchestra on a German label British or not? If a recording is made in Britain but pressed in Germany, does that make it British? Does the fact that an item is produced in a country constitute an adequate criterion, as it does for most printed material? What other criteria can sensibly be used if a worldwide aim is, as it must be, to ensure comprehensive coverage across all countries? The absence or deficiency, of legislation, the unawareness of much of what is produced, and the difficulty of defining "publication" and "national", are three major problems. A fourth question is where AV materials are to be collected. A national library may or may not be the right recipient. Other bodies- for example, * An estimate of the amount of material produced each year in the U K ~ gave some 20.(X)0 items, excluding broadcast material. This is known to be incomplete, but it is impossible to say how incomplete. About 75 ')10 of the items werc sound recordings (the vast majority of them pop music): less than 10 % were films or video recordings. * "Lists" and "listing" are used rather than "bibliographic control", which is strictly applicable only to books and similar materials. 2395 a national film archive-may already exist and be doing an effective job. Space and equipment are needed, and the national library may not have them. No institution should have a responsibility for collection unless it has the proper facilities for storage, equipment, and expertise; and an extension of the functions of a national library that has been geared to, and funded for, the collection of printed matters may not be easy to justify in principle or to put into practice foreconomic reasons. Although legal deposit is the best and most obvious way of trying to ensure comprehensive collection of national productions, in countries where it does not exist the national institutions concerned are not exonerated from doing all they can. For this they will require the help of the producers, and some countries have remarkably effective schemes of voluntary deposit. A collection of national productions would not of course constitute the whole of a national collection. Although the only simple and generally applicable criterion for "national" may be that an item is produced in the country in question, a national collection could be considered incomplete if it did not cover, forexample, national composers and major national artists. There has to be some limit here: obviously a national collection cannot reasonably acquire all films that include in the cast a minor part for an actor of the appropriate nationality, or all sound recordings of string quartets containing a national viola player. Equally, a national collection in, say, the Republic of Ireland with no sound recordings of John McCormack would surely be an absurdity, as would a Greek collection with no foreign recordings of its two most prominent contemporary composers, Skalkottas and Xenakis, or a Kenyan collection with none of the films made in or about the country. Even with an extended interpretation of "national", many countries would not be able to do much in the way of availability of AV materials unless a wide range of "foreign" productions were also acquired. The aim should be to make available in the country a high percentage of the foreign AV materials likely to be wanted - 75 percent at least, higher perhaps than for printed materials, which can more readily be borrowed from other countries. Guessing what is likely to be wanted is a skilled but uncertain task: the same problem applies to books. There is another difficulty that is more acute than it is for books. Without much better listing of AV materials all over the world, it is hard to know what there is. There are at least two approaches to this problem. Collecting can be done in each local library (or other institution), according to the needs and interests of users, in the hope that total national coverage well be both quite extensive and geared reasonably closely to the needs of potential users. (They will also incidentally be in a much better position to collect local productions than a central body would be). A sub-option would be for the local bodies to cooperate to avoid unnecessary overlap, but the logistical difficulties of such a scheme would seem to rule it out. Alternatively, an intensive effort can be made centrally within a country to achieve wide coverage of productions from all over the world; this implies a powerful and well-funded central institution or institutions, which would either collect the material themselves or arrange for its collection by other libraries/institutions distributed over the country. This question of the organization of acquisition and provision is taken up again later, since it needs to take into account retention and interlending. Mention should be made of the difficulties of obtaining much published material. Sound recordings, for example, go in and out of "print" in seemingly 2496 capricious ways - so that at any one time there may be 15 recordings of a given popular symphony but a single recording of an important work may become unavailable in three or four months, just when it has been sufficiently reviewed to persuade some libraries to buy it. Recordings that are nominally available are sometimes so difficult to acquire in countries other than those that produced them that only a librarian who knows the system thoroughly is able to use the appropriate channels. UAP, as stated earlier, covers a whole range of activities, including publishing and distribution; and publishers and distributors of audiovisual material could make things a great deal easier for libraries, and possibly for themselves. Governments too could make things a lot easier: customs barriers, including heavy duties in some countries can make import difficult, slow and expensive. Not all countries have signed, or observe, the 1948 Unesco agreementl6 intended to facilitate international movement of AV materials. Retention and Conservation for Future Use Acquisition is of little use unless the materials acquired are kept in a condition that allows for use in the future -preferably a long time into the future. Some materials -nitrate film is an obvious example-are inherently unstable, and unless converted to other forms (in this case acetate film) become unusable within a relatively short time. One problem is that the life of physical media cannot always be predicted, and experience with many media is too short to be a reliable guide. This means that regular checking of all kinds of media is essential. If conversion (or perhaps, in the case of digitally stored material, direct copying on to the same medium every few years) is necessary, it may be expensive, and money must be available for it. A second problem is that media come and go. 35 mm film has given way largely to 16 mm film, and that may give way to video recordings. Video recordings may be in the form of cassettes, of which there are at least two major and several other incompatible varieties, or discs, which also exist in more than one variety, each requiring different equipment to use. Wax cylinders gave way to 78 rpm discs, which gave way to 33 rpm discs and cassettes (mercifully standard), which are beginning to give way to compact discs. Reel-to-reel tape is still in use for high quality reproduction, and likely to remain so. There must be many AV materials around today that cannot be used on any equipment that is obtainable today. To have a complete range of equipment to play every kind of sound and video medium that has been issued commercially, an institution would have to have an extensive museum of equipment- all maintained in working order. The obvious solution is to convert obsolete or obsolescent media to current media. This means guessing which media are going to last some years, and even that is not easy. The cost of this continuing activity cannot be small. Copyright clearance might be needed, and this could be a serious problem in an area where producers come and go and copyright holders may be impossible to trace. It would certainly be undesirable for every institution to do its own conversion, even if it had the facilities; some central facilities are needed. Some kinds of AV material require special storage conditions. In many less 2597 developed countries, climatic conditions make these absolutely essential. AV materials, like books, are for use, but the use should not be such as to destroy the materials. Films are ideally kept in very cold temperatures, but because they have to go through a gradual acclimatization process this kind of storage is useless where films are likely to be needed, quickly, as forbroadcasting. A solution is to keep two copies, one archival and one for use, or to make a video recording for use, but this adds to the cost. Magnetic fields can damage cassettes irreparably, and lined rooms are ideally desirable. Accidental damage can easily occur, and here again two copies should be kept if possible. Clearly every institution cannot have two copies of everything, nor can it have ideal storage conditions for one copy. National preservation must be a national responsibility. One further element of a national system should be provision for the retention somewhere in the country of at least one copy of materials that are no longer needed in local collections - some kind of national repository system. Such a system should have appropriate provision for storage and conservation. Finally, a wide range and good level of technical expertise must be available. Competence should exist wherever AV materials are collected and used, but at a national level a good deal more is needed. Interlending and Remote Supply Just as availability cannot be achieved by even the best interlending schemes unless the material wanted has been acquired, so even the best scheme for the acquisition of material cannot ensure availability unless the material can be made available to remote users; otherwise all users must travel to the collections, an unreasonable requirement in most countries and an impossible one in many. With printed material, publications can generally be lent or photocopied without undue difficulty, and the reasons why interlending systems do not work better, even when there is a reasonable acquisition system is because they are poorly designed (if indeed they are designed at all), or badly operated, or both. With AV materials, there are other problems. One of these is copyright. If the copying of journal articles is a sensitive matter, the copying of many AV materials is far more so, particularly so given the ease of copying sound recordings on home equipment and the possibility of piracy for personal gain. If severe conditions are not to be placed on purchase by the producers, the lending and borrowing institutions have to abide strictly by a code of practice agreed with producers, which may for example prohibit the use of some material outside the borrowing institution. A model code of practice for the loan of different kinds of AV material, which could be adapted to national circumstances, would be a useful exercise - a task for the IFLA Round Table*? A second problem is the possibility of damage. Damage can occur in transit; the risk can be minimized by good packaging, though this adds to the cost. Special transport schemes (using vans etc) are likely to prove more satisfactory than use of the mail, and transport schemes may favour local or regional schemes as compared * The Australian17 or UK colc ( the latter based on the former) might form a basis. 2698 with national schemes. Damage can also occur in use, whether by organizations or in individual homes. Faulty or imperfect equipment can do irreparable damage. The need to check material for damage on return can be very time-consuming and add to the cost of lending. Here too a code of practice would be useful. These problems can be solved by making copies, which need not even be returned; this is much easier for some kinds of material than for others, but it may run up against the first problem of copyright, and it requires appropriate duplicating equipment. This might be overcome by agreements with producers and the payment of fees by the requesting institution; this would assume that the items in question could not be bought in the normal way. If such a scheme were to be workable, it would have to be a standard scheme, and very simple to operate. It is possible to dream of such schemes, but hard to envisage them as a reality. There is a third area of difficulty with some items, in that they are not wanted, as are nearly all books, for individual use but for viewing or hearing by groups, quite probably for a specific date and time, and possibly (in the case of educational materials) for a long period. This imposes quite special requirements on the system: if an item cannot be supplied as required, it is useless to supply it at all. There may be contractual restrictions, or the need to observe performing rights legislation. This problem - which is serious only if the materials in question are in much demand-could again be overcome in principle by the making of copies. Contractual restrictions may not be confined to "performing" use. It may be a condition of sale to an institution that an item may be used only on the premises, and not lent outside at all. Availability of such items is obviously very limited. A final problem is that interlibrary demand is evidently low - in the UK possibly around 15,000-20,000 requests a year, compared with an average dail y demand for printed publications of over 15,000. This may be partly because the supply system in most countries is poor and because there is no tradition of interlending AV materials. There are also centralized distribution or hire agencies, which handle many more requests. Allowing for these factors the UK figure of borrowing AV materials may be in the order of 250,000-300,000. Most of this does not go through libraries at all, and when it does it seems to avoid interlending departments. This raises the question whether libraries could or should seek much greater involvement. To do so would require a lot more knowledge of sources of supply than many libraries appear to have. This affects the range of solutions, for national library systems that can achieve high efficiency and economies of scale for the supply of large quantities of printed material may be ruled out. Certainly a comprehensive central collection or collections dedicated to remote supply - the most efficient system if demand is heavy enough-would be very difficult to justify in the UK. How far is electronic technology likely to change the situation? Sound and vision can already be transmitted over distances, and either heard and viewed directly at the receiving end or recorded there for subsequent use. However, transmission is costly, it cannot be guaranteed to be fault-free, and copyright has once again to be taken into account. Storage in digital form makes transmission easier and cheaper, but unless channels are specially dedicated to tramsmission (they could of course be used also for digitally stored electronic text) the costs are still likely to be high enough to discourage use; and dedicated channels are likely to be restricted to a 2799 small number of institutions. A combination of dedicated communication links for the "heavy" suppliers and users, and conventional lending for the remainder, may prove the best solution in the circumstances; or there could be a network of regional centres, which could receive material electronically and deliver it to institutions in its area in a "hard" form. Requirements for National Availability Before looking at options for improving availability, let us review the requirements. Acquisition and provision: - Comprehensive collection of "national" publications - Provision within the country of "foreign" publications adequate to serve at least 75 percent of national requirements not met by local collections - Comprehensive listing of "national" publications (as by-product of national collection and aid to future collection) Retention and conservation for future use: - Wide range of equipment - Capacity for conversion to different physical media - Good storage conditions - Technical expertise - National repository system . Inter/ending and remote suppl y: - National system of supply of loans or copies - Facility for remote transmission between selected centres - Observance of copyright - Safe conditions for transmission and use. Options for Improving Availability The above statement of requirements by function is not intended to imply that the functions can be performed independently. On the contrary, it would make no sense, economic or practical, to do so. Availability should be planned as a whole. It is clear from what I have said in my main text that some requirements can only be achieved nationally. Planning for acquisition, retention and interlending should be done nationally. Codes of practice for interlending must be national. More than that, some requirements need centr-al action (not necessarily by a single centre): archival collection of national publications, listing of national publications, archival storage of national and other important publications, wide range of equipment (including some for playing "obsolete" media), capacity for conversion to different physical media, ability to accept material withdrawn from other collections, and specialist expertise of a wide range and a high level. There should be some central point or points to which inquiries can be directed. 28100 If this analysis is correct, there must be national centres which serve the functions of collecting national publications, storing and preserving them archivally, converting them as necessary, and maintaining a wide range of equipment and expertise. Such centres could also collect materials of major national interest though not published in the country, and they would be natural repositories for material withdrawn from other collections. Their conversion facilities and expertise could be made available to other collections. Could such centres serve also the functions of interlending and remote supply? They could if they had, orwere prepared and permitted to make, additional copies. If electronic transmission were possible and economic, they could use that for some materials to some centres, but for the immediate future conventional transport is likely to be used for the great majority of items. As noted earlier, this tends to favour local or regional systems, except perhaps in small countries. In any case, it is very unlikely that a national centre or centres would hold, and be able to supply, all materials required remotely, and even if the centre(s) were the first port of call its resources would need to be supplemented by those of other collections. Indeed, since it is unlikely that the centre(s) would be able to collect all "national" productions that were published locally, other collections would serve also to supplement the centre's national collecting role. It appears then that interlending must involve other collections, whether these support centre(s) or are supported by it (or them). How many other collections should be involved must depend on national circumstances. It may be that there are several major collections that between them can handle the vast bulk of demand and make the inclusion of other collections in the system unnecessary: a union list of, say, 20 collections is very much easier and cheaper to construct, maintain and use than one of 100 or 200 collections. Union lists should be avoided if possible, if only because of the difficulty of integrating catalogue records of many audiovisual materials. A better solution than a union list may be a directory of resources; this can be constructed quite cheaply, and cover as many collections as necessary. Subject specialization schemes, if effective, could make even a directory unnecessary, but such schemes are difficult to operate on more than a local level. Nationally, a location guide of some kind is likely to be necessary sooner or later, and this should be a central responsibility. I have so far avoided any discussion of what centre or centres should constitute the focus (or hub, or apex) of an availability system. Should there be one centre, covering all categories and formats? If so, should it be the national library? Or should there rather be different centres, according to format - one for sound recordings, one for films and video recordings, and one for 'miscellaneous' materials such as tape-slide productions? Should division by subject be the basis of provision, and if so where do the boundaries of subjects fall? Should broadcasting corporations be responsible for all their own sound and visual broadcasts? There are various permutations: one category could come within the national library (as in the United Kingdom the National Sound Archive is now part of the British Library), the others could be the responsibility of other bodies (to take the example of the United Kingdom again, one such body would be the British Film Institute, which maintains the National Film Archive). There are advantages in divided responsibility, notably technical expertise. 29101 However, the expertise needed for one category may also be relevant to another (the care of audiotapes is not very different from that of videotapes), and what is gained in technical specialism by centres dedicated to a particular format may be lost in subject specialism, since it is very unlikely that every specialist collection can have a full range of subject knowledge. Moreover, from the user's angle it may be highly desirable to have one access point for material on his subject in all formats: a specialist in folk music would probably greatly appreciate access in one place to printed works, music scores, sound recordings, and video recordings. Of course, if UAP reallv worked, the specialist would be able to use all these materials at once in his local library - but that ideal will not be attained for some time. The decision will ultimately be guided largely by what is practical. It is not practical or economic, for example, for a national library to start collecting films if another organization is doing it well already. Assuming there will be some division of responsibility, there needs to be coordination between the major bodies concerned, to ensure comprehensive collecting with no unnecessary overlap, comprehensive and compatible listing, similar conditions of access for consultation and remote supply, consistent codes of practice, and standard agreements with producers where necessary. Whether the national library or another body - perhaps even the national library association - should take the lead in coordination must again depend on local circumstances. Because the best solution - ultimately the only really effective solution - is national, this does not of course mean that groups of libraries or other bodies in cooperation cannot do something to advance availability. Local, regional or sectoral activity is clearly a lot better than merely waiting for a national system that may never arrive; so for that matter is ad hoc cooperation between individual institutions. However, any arrangements other than very small or informal ones should be undertaken with a wider perspective in mind. For example, union lists or directories should be capable of merging with other such lists or of being enlarged with records of other collections. If there is to be scattered and patchy activity, let it at least be coordinated and consistent; otherwise a national system cannot develop out of the various activities, and either it will never come into being at all or it will have to start from scratch. Although this paper concentrates on what librarians can do, because it is directed at librarians, it needs to be stressed again that availability depends also, to a larger extent even than with printed materials, on producers and distributors. Libraries can only acquire what they supply, and their cooperation is essential. Conclccsion A broad survey of this kind is bound to leave many important aspects uncovered, or insufficiently discussed. Nevertheless, I hope I have demonstrated the need for a planned approach to the availability of AV materials, indicated at least some of the many problems, and suggested possible solutions. Assuming that you wish to improve availability in your own country, what should be your first steps? I would suggest the following: - A review of the present position, naming the major bodies and collections involved and identifying weaknesses in availability. 30102 - A meeting of the major bodies concerned to consider the problems and possible solutions - its first action might be to commission a detailed analysis of problems and solutions. - A campaign to extend legal deposit to AV materials, or to strengthen it if it already exists; meanwhile to encourage voluntary deposit. - A gradual extension of listings of AV materials in cooperation with producers (who have as much to gain as collectors). One word of warning, which I have found to be necessary when speaking to almost any group of librarians. Because you cannot arrive at your ultimate destination - truly universal availability of AV materials - do not be content to stay where you are: the journey is interesting and rewarding, and you are bound to make some progress, however slow, where as if you stay put you will find that you have moved backwards because the world has moved on. That there is a very long way indeed to go is shown by Catherine Pinion's finding that only a minority of countries appear to make any national effort to collect AV materials'~. The best is the enemy of the good, and salvation is by works as well as by faith. Maybe we should have called our programme Gradual Improvement of the Availability of Publications, but it comes less readily off the tongue, and I personally prefer the dramatic and sweeping term that was adopted. Acknowledgements I must acknowledge my reliance on several other people who have worked in the field and know far more about it than I do: my wife, who compiled a first directory of archival collections of AV materials in the UK" nearly ten years ago (a directory that is now being updated); Catherine Pinion, who carried out a study of interlending of AV materials in the UK", subsequently devised a code of interlending practice, and more recently carried out for the British Library a study of legal (and voluntary) deposit of AV materials throughout the woi-ld'5, with special reference to the UK; Peter Miller, who (again on contract to the British Library) examined the volume of production of AV materials in the UK and their coverage in existing listings 14 ; Graham Cornish, of my own staff, who has done a good deal to facilitate interlending of AV materials in the UK in recentyears 20 ; and my British Library colleagues on a Working Group on Non-Book Materials, which has been considering under my chairmanship the future role of the British Library, and whose discussions have done much to generate ideas and stimulate my own thinking. Finally, I must record my gratitude to Catherine Pinion, Graham Cornish, Tony Reed and Brian Crosse for reading drafts of this paper and making valuable comments. 31103 Refer-ences Line, Maurice and Stephen Vickers . Universal Availability of Publications (UAP): A Programme to Improve the National and International Provision and Supply of Publicationis. München(etc.): K. G. Saur, 1983. Viekers, Stephen. "The Fundamentals of UAP." IFLA Journal 8 (1): 42-49(1982). Commercial Book Supply: The Availability of Book Materials through Commercial Channels, with particular Reference to Devloping Countries: Literature Review, by John Clews and othhers; Survey of Libraries. Publishers and Booksellers, by Priscilla Oakeshott. Wetherhy, IFLA International Office for UAP. 1983 (microfiche). Collins, Judith and Ruth Finer. National Acquisition Policles and Systems: A Comparative Sutdy of Existing Systems and Possible Models. 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Improving the A vailability of Publications: A Comparative Assessment of Model National Systems. Wetherby . IFLA International Programme for UAP. 1984. Oakeshott, Priscilla and Brenda White. The Impact of New Technology on the Availability of Publications. Wetherby, IFLA International Programme for UAP. 1984. Miller, Peter and others. Production and Bibliographic Control of Non-book Materials in the Unuted Kingdom. London: Pulytechnic of North London, 1985; briefly summarized in Miller, Peter. "Research into the Production and Bibliographic Control of Non-book Materials in the UK: A Report. Audivisual Librarian, 11 (1): 43-44 (1985). Pinion, Catherine F. Legal Deposit of Non-book Materials. (forthcoming). Unesco. A. Guide to the Operation of the Agreement for Facilitating the International Circulation of Visual and Auditory Materials of an Educational, Scientific and Cultural Character. 2nd ed. Paris: Unesco, 1969. Australian Advisory Council on Bibliographic Services. 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