Sample Collection Guidelines for Trace Elements in Blood and Urine
Identifieur interne : 000D43 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000D42; suivant : 000D44Sample Collection Guidelines for Trace Elements in Blood and Urine
Auteurs : R. Cornelis ; B. Heinzow ; R. F. M. Herber ; J. Molin Christensen ; O. M. Poulsen ; E. Sabbioni ; D. M. Templeton ; Y. Thomassen ; M. Vahter ; O. VesterbergSource :
- Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology [ 0946-672X ] ; 1996.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
Abstract
This paper presents an organized system for element-specific sample collection and handling of human blood (whole blood, serum or plasma, packed cells or erythrocytes) and urine also indicating a proper definition of the subject and sample. Harmonized procedures for collection, preparation, analysis and quality control are suggested. The aim is to assist scientists worldwide to produce comparable data which will be useful on a regional, national and international scale. The guidelines are directed to the elements aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium and zinc. These include the most important elements measured for their occupational or clinical significance, and serve as examples of principles that will guide development of methods for other elements in the future.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/S0946-672X(96)80018-6
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:E5FE2B0600428BED79A4CB48004C23F8CD6319EALe document en format XML
<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Sample Collection Guidelines for Trace Elements in Blood and Urine</title><author><name sortKey="Cornelis, R" sort="Cornelis, R" uniqKey="Cornelis R" first="R." last="Cornelis">R. Cornelis</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Institute of Occupational Health, S-171 84 Solna, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heinzow, B" sort="Heinzow, B" uniqKey="Heinzow B" first="B." last="Heinzow">B. Heinzow</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Gent, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herber, R F M" sort="Herber, R F M" uniqKey="Herber R" first="R. F. M." last="Herber">R. F. M. Herber</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute for Environmental Toxicology of Schleswig-Holstein, Fleckenstrasse 4, D-2300 Kiel, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Molin Christensen, J" sort="Molin Christensen, J" uniqKey="Molin Christensen J" first="J." last="Molin Christensen">J. Molin Christensen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Coronel Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poulsen, O M" sort="Poulsen, O M" uniqKey="Poulsen O" first="O. M." last="Poulsen">O. M. Poulsen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Coronel Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabbioni, E" sort="Sabbioni, E" uniqKey="Sabbioni E" first="E." last="Sabbioni">E. Sabbioni</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Institute for Occupational Health, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Templeton, D M" sort="Templeton, D M" uniqKey="Templeton D" first="D. M." last="Templeton">D. M. Templeton</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>EC Research Centre, Environmental Toxicology Unit, CCR, I-21 020 Ispra, Varese, Italy</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomassen, Y" sort="Thomassen, Y" uniqKey="Thomassen Y" first="Y." last="Thomassen">Y. Thomassen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Clinical Biochemistry , University of Toronto, 100 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1L5, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vahter, M" sort="Vahter, M" uniqKey="Vahter M" first="M." last="Vahter">M. Vahter</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Institute of Occupational Health, POB 8149 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vesterberg, O" sort="Vesterberg, O" uniqKey="Vesterberg O" first="O." last="Vesterberg">O. Vesterberg</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Karolinska Institute of Environmental Medicine, POB 210, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:E5FE2B0600428BED79A4CB48004C23F8CD6319EA</idno><date when="1996" year="1996">1996</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/S0946-672X(96)80018-6</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/E5FE2B0600428BED79A4CB48004C23F8CD6319EA/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000D43</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Sample Collection Guidelines for Trace Elements in Blood and Urine</title><author><name sortKey="Cornelis, R" sort="Cornelis, R" uniqKey="Cornelis R" first="R." last="Cornelis">R. Cornelis</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Institute of Occupational Health, S-171 84 Solna, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heinzow, B" sort="Heinzow, B" uniqKey="Heinzow B" first="B." last="Heinzow">B. Heinzow</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Gent, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herber, R F M" sort="Herber, R F M" uniqKey="Herber R" first="R. F. M." last="Herber">R. F. M. Herber</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute for Environmental Toxicology of Schleswig-Holstein, Fleckenstrasse 4, D-2300 Kiel, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Molin Christensen, J" sort="Molin Christensen, J" uniqKey="Molin Christensen J" first="J." last="Molin Christensen">J. Molin Christensen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Coronel Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poulsen, O M" sort="Poulsen, O M" uniqKey="Poulsen O" first="O. M." last="Poulsen">O. M. Poulsen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Coronel Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabbioni, E" sort="Sabbioni, E" uniqKey="Sabbioni E" first="E." last="Sabbioni">E. Sabbioni</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Institute for Occupational Health, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Templeton, D M" sort="Templeton, D M" uniqKey="Templeton D" first="D. M." last="Templeton">D. M. Templeton</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>EC Research Centre, Environmental Toxicology Unit, CCR, I-21 020 Ispra, Varese, Italy</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomassen, Y" sort="Thomassen, Y" uniqKey="Thomassen Y" first="Y." last="Thomassen">Y. Thomassen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Clinical Biochemistry , University of Toronto, 100 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1L5, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vahter, M" sort="Vahter, M" uniqKey="Vahter M" first="M." last="Vahter">M. Vahter</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Institute of Occupational Health, POB 8149 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vesterberg, O" sort="Vesterberg, O" uniqKey="Vesterberg O" first="O." last="Vesterberg">O. Vesterberg</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Karolinska Institute of Environmental Medicine, POB 210, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">JTEMB</title><idno type="ISSN">0946-672X</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1996">1996</date><biblScope unit="volume">10</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="103">103</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="127">127</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0946-672X</idno></series><idno type="istex">E5FE2B0600428BED79A4CB48004C23F8CD6319EA</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0946-672X(96)80018-6</idno><idno type="PII">S0946-672X(96)80018-6</idno><idno type="ArticleID">80018</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0946-672X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Al</term><term>As</term><term>Cd</term><term>Co</term><term>Cr</term><term>Cu</term><term>Hg</term><term>Li</term><term>Mn</term><term>Ni</term><term>Pb</term><term>Se</term><term>Trace elements</term><term>Zn</term><term>blood</term><term>sample collection</term><term>urine</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">This paper presents an organized system for element-specific sample collection and handling of human blood (whole blood, serum or plasma, packed cells or erythrocytes) and urine also indicating a proper definition of the subject and sample. Harmonized procedures for collection, preparation, analysis and quality control are suggested. The aim is to assist scientists worldwide to produce comparable data which will be useful on a regional, national and international scale. The guidelines are directed to the elements aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium and zinc. These include the most important elements measured for their occupational or clinical significance, and serve as examples of principles that will guide development of methods for other elements in the future.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>R. Cornelis</name><affiliations><json:string>National Institute of Occupational Health, S-171 84 Solna, Sweden</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>B. Heinzow</name><affiliations><json:string>Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Gent, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>R.F.M. Herber</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute for Environmental Toxicology of Schleswig-Holstein, Fleckenstrasse 4, D-2300 Kiel, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. Molin Christensen</name><affiliations><json:string>Coronel Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>O.M. Poulsen</name><affiliations><json:string>Coronel Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>E. Sabbioni</name><affiliations><json:string>National Institute for Occupational Health, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>D.M. Templeton</name><affiliations><json:string>EC Research Centre, Environmental Toxicology Unit, CCR, I-21 020 Ispra, Varese, Italy</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Y. Thomassen</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Clinical Biochemistry , University of Toronto, 100 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1L5, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M. Vahter</name><affiliations><json:string>National Institute of Occupational Health, POB 8149 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>O. Vesterberg</name><affiliations><json:string>Karolinska Institute of Environmental Medicine, POB 210, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Trace elements</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>blood</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>urine</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>sample collection</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Al</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>As</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Cd</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Cr</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Co</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Cu</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Pb</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Li</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Mn</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Hg</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Ni</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Se</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Zn</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>This paper presents an organized system for element-specific sample collection and handling of human blood (whole blood, serum or plasma, packed cells or erythrocytes) and urine also indicating a proper definition of the subject and sample. Harmonized procedures for collection, preparation, analysis and quality control are suggested. The aim is to assist scientists worldwide to produce comparable data which will be useful on a regional, national and international scale. The guidelines are directed to the elements aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium and zinc. These include the most important elements measured for their occupational or clinical significance, and serve as examples of principles that will guide development of methods for other elements in the future.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8.452</score><pdfVersion>1.7</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>595.2 x 850.32 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>17</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>844</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>14977</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>92755</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>25</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>121</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Sample Collection Guidelines for Trace Elements in Blood and Urine</title><pii><json:string>S0946-672X(96)80018-6</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><serie><volume>Vol. 1</volume><editor><json:item><name>J. Angeredr</name></json:item><json:item><name>K.H. Schiller</name></json:item></editor><pages><last>115</last><first>97</first></pages><genre><json:string>Book</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Analyses of hazardous substances in biological materials</title></serie><host><volume>10</volume><pii><json:string>S0946-672X(96)X8013-1</json:string></pii><pages><last>127</last><first>103</first></pages><issn><json:string>0946-672X</json:string></issn><issue>2</issue><genre></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology</title><publicationDate>1996</publicationDate></host><categories><wos><json:string>ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM</json:string><json:string>BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY</json:string></wos></categories><publicationDate>1996</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1996</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0946-672X(96)80018-6</json:string></doi><id>E5FE2B0600428BED79A4CB48004C23F8CD6319EA</id><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/E5FE2B0600428BED79A4CB48004C23F8CD6319EA/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/E5FE2B0600428BED79A4CB48004C23F8CD6319EA/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/E5FE2B0600428BED79A4CB48004C23F8CD6319EA/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Sample Collection Guidelines for Trace Elements in Blood and Urine</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>ELSEVIER</p></availability><date>1996</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note>©1995 IUPAC, this work was performed by the Clinical Chemistry Division, Commission on Toxicology working party* on sample collection guidelines for trace elements in blood and urine.</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Sample Collection Guidelines for Trace Elements in Blood and Urine</title><author><persName><forename type="first">R.</forename><surname>Cornelis</surname></persName><affiliation>To whom correspondence should be addressed</affiliation><affiliation>National Institute of Occupational Health, S-171 84 Solna, Sweden</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">B.</forename><surname>Heinzow</surname></persName><affiliation>Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Gent, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">R.F.M.</forename><surname>Herber</surname></persName><affiliation>Institute for Environmental Toxicology of Schleswig-Holstein, Fleckenstrasse 4, D-2300 Kiel, Germany</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">J.</forename><surname>Molin Christensen</surname></persName><affiliation>Coronel Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">O.M.</forename><surname>Poulsen</surname></persName><affiliation>Coronel Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">E.</forename><surname>Sabbioni</surname></persName><affiliation>National Institute for Occupational Health, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">D.M.</forename><surname>Templeton</surname></persName><affiliation>EC Research Centre, Environmental Toxicology Unit, CCR, I-21 020 Ispra, Varese, Italy</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Y.</forename><surname>Thomassen</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Clinical Biochemistry , University of Toronto, 100 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1L5, Canada</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">M.</forename><surname>Vahter</surname></persName><affiliation>National Institute of Occupational Health, POB 8149 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">O.</forename><surname>Vesterberg</surname></persName><affiliation>Karolinska Institute of Environmental Medicine, POB 210, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">JTEMB</title><idno type="pISSN">0946-672X</idno><idno type="PII">S0946-672X(96)X8013-1</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1996"></date><biblScope unit="volume">10</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="103">103</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="127">127</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">E5FE2B0600428BED79A4CB48004C23F8CD6319EA</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0946-672X(96)80018-6</idno><idno type="PII">S0946-672X(96)80018-6</idno><idno type="ArticleID">80018</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1996</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper presents an organized system for element-specific sample collection and handling of human blood (whole blood, serum or plasma, packed cells or erythrocytes) and urine also indicating a proper definition of the subject and sample. Harmonized procedures for collection, preparation, analysis and quality control are suggested. The aim is to assist scientists worldwide to produce comparable data which will be useful on a regional, national and international scale. The guidelines are directed to the elements aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium and zinc. These include the most important elements measured for their occupational or clinical significance, and serve as examples of principles that will guide development of methods for other elements in the future.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Key words</head><item><term>Trace elements</term></item><item><term>blood</term></item><item><term>urine</term></item><item><term>sample collection</term></item><item><term>Al</term></item><item><term>As</term></item><item><term>Cd</term></item><item><term>Cr</term></item><item><term>Co</term></item><item><term>Cu</term></item><item><term>Pb</term></item><item><term>Li</term></item><item><term>Mn</term></item><item><term>Hg</term></item><item><term>Ni</term></item><item><term>Se</term></item><item><term>Zn</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1996">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/E5FE2B0600428BED79A4CB48004C23F8CD6319EA/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier doc found" wicri:toSee="Elsevier, no converted or simple article"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" </istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 5.1.0//EN//XML" URI="art510.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article version="5.1" xml:lang="en" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>JTEMB</jid><aid>80018</aid><ce:pii>S0946-672X(96)80018-6</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0946-672X(96)80018-6</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="other" year="1996">Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart · Jena · New York</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:article-footnote><ce:note-para>©1995 IUPAC, this work was performed by the Clinical Chemistry Division, Commission on Toxicology working party* on sample collection guidelines for trace elements in blood and urine.</ce:note-para></ce:article-footnote><ce:title>Sample Collection Guidelines for Trace Elements in Blood and Urine</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Cornelis</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="fn1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="aff9"><ce:sup>9</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Heinzow</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="aff1"><ce:sup>1</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>R.F.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="aff2"><ce:sup>2</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Molin Christensen</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="aff3"><ce:sup>3</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>O.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Poulsen</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="aff3"><ce:sup>3</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sabbioni</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="aff4"><ce:sup>4</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>D.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Templeton</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="aff5"><ce:sup>5</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Y.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Thomassen</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="aff6"><ce:sup>6</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vahter</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="aff7"><ce:sup>7</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>O.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vesterberg</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="aff8"><ce:sup>8</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:affiliation id="aff1"><ce:label>1</ce:label><ce:textfn>Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Gent, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="aff2"><ce:label>2</ce:label><ce:textfn>Institute for Environmental Toxicology of Schleswig-Holstein, Fleckenstrasse 4, D-2300 Kiel, Germany</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="aff3"><ce:label>3</ce:label><ce:textfn>Coronel Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="aff4"><ce:label>4</ce:label><ce:textfn>National Institute for Occupational Health, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="aff5"><ce:label>5</ce:label><ce:textfn>EC Research Centre, Environmental Toxicology Unit, CCR, I-21 020 Ispra, Varese, Italy</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="aff6"><ce:label>6</ce:label><ce:textfn>Department of Clinical Biochemistry , University of Toronto, 100 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1L5, Canada</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="aff7"><ce:label>7</ce:label><ce:textfn>National Institute of Occupational Health, POB 8149 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="aff8"><ce:label>8</ce:label><ce:textfn>Karolinska Institute of Environmental Medicine, POB 210, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="aff9"><ce:label>9</ce:label><ce:textfn>National Institute of Occupational Health, S-171 84 Solna, Sweden</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:footnote id="fn1"><ce:label>a</ce:label><ce:note-para>To whom correspondence should be addressed</ce:note-para></ce:footnote></ce:author-group><ce:abstract id="ab1" xml:lang="en"><ce:section-title>Summary</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para id="SP0005">This paper presents an organized system for element-specific sample collection and handling of human blood (whole blood, serum or plasma, packed cells or erythrocytes) and urine also indicating a proper definition of the subject and sample. Harmonized procedures for collection, preparation, analysis and quality control are suggested. The aim is to assist scientists worldwide to produce comparable data which will be useful on a regional, national and international scale. The guidelines are directed to the elements aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium and zinc. These include the most important elements measured for their occupational or clinical significance, and serve as examples of principles that will guide development of methods for other elements in the future.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords class="keyword"><ce:section-title>Key words</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Trace elements</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>blood</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>urine</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>sample collection</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Al</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>As</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Cd</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Cr</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Co</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Cu</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Pb</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Li</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Mn</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Hg</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Ni</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Se</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Zn</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head><tail><ce:bibliography id="R0005"><ce:section-title>References</ce:section-title><ce:bibliography-sec id="RS0005"><ce:bib-reference id="bib1"><ce:label>1.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>O.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vesterberg</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>G.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nordberg</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Brune</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Database for trace element concentrations in biological samples, Fres</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Z. Anal. Chem.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>332</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1988</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>556</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>560</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib2"><ce:label>2.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>O.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vesterberg</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Alessio</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Brune</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Gerhardsson</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>G.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber Kazantis</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>G.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nordberg</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sabbiont</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>International project for producing reference values for concentrations of trace elements in human blood and urine - TRACY, Scand</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Work Environ Health</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>19</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1993</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>19</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>26</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib3"><ce:label>3.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Bach</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>"Voksnes belastning med bly"</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Dansk Institute for Klinisk Epidemiologi</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:series><sb:date>1979</sb:date></sb:issue></sb:host><sb:comment>September 20, (in Danish)</sb:comment></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib4"><ce:label>4.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Versieck</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Cornelis</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Sample contamination as a source of error in trace-element analysis of biological samples</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Talanta</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>29</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1982</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>973</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>984</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib5"><ce:label>5.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Versieck</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Cornelis</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Trace elements in human plasma or serum, CRC Press</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1989</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Inc. Boca Raton</sb:name><sb:location>Florida</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib6"><ce:label>6.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>W.F.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Bethard</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Olehy</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Schmitt</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>The use of neutron activation analysis for the quantification of selected cations in human blood</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:surname>Comar</ce:surname><ce:given-name>D.</ce:given-name></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>l'Analyse par radioactivation et ses applications aux sciences biologigues</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1964</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Presses Universitaires de France</sb:name><sb:location>Paris</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>379</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>393</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib7"><ce:label>7.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Christensen</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Pedersen</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Enzymatic digestion of whole blood for improved determination of cadmium, nickel and chromium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry: measurements in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in normal humans</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>59</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1986</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>399</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>402</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib8"><ce:label>8.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>G.L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Diamond</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Biological monitoring of urine for exposure to toxic metals</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>T.W.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Clarkson</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Friberg</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>G.F.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nordberg</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>P.R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sager</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Biological monitoring of toxic metals</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1988</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Plenum Press</sb:name><sb:location>New York, London</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>515</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>529</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib9"><ce:label>9.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Arakis Aono</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>K.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Murata</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Adjustment of urinary concentrations to urinary volume in relation to erythrocyte and plasma concentrations: an evaluation or urinary heavy metals and organic substances</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Arch. Environ. Health,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>41</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1986</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>171</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>177</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib10"><ce:label>10.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Cornelis</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Speecke</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hoste</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Neutron activation analysis for bulk and trace element in urine</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Anal. Chim. Acta</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>78</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1975</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>317</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>327</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib11"><ce:label>11.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Aitio</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Quality control in the occupational toxicology laboratory, European Cooperation on Environmental Health Aspects of the Control of Chemicals - Interim Document 4</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1981</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>World Health Organization</sb:name><sb:location>regional office for Europe, Copenhagen</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib12"><ce:label>12.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Cornelis</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Ajourney through the hazards of possible errors in the analysis of trace elements in body fluids and tissues</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Mikrochim. Acta</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>III</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1991</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>37</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>44</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib13"><ce:label>13.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Friberg</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Quality assurance</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>T.W.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Clarkson</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Friberg</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>G.F.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nordberg</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>P.R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sager</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>"Biological monitoring of toxic metals"</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1988</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Plenum Press</sb:name><sb:location>New York London</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>103</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>126</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib14"><ce:label>14.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:collaboration>Iso</sb:collaboration></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:book><sb:title><sb:maintitle>International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Precision of test methods -Determination of repeatability and reproducibility for a standard test method by interlaboratory tests</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1980</sb:date></sb:book></sb:host><sb:comment>ISO 5725</sb:comment></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib15"><ce:label>15.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vahter</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>of human exposure to lead and cadmium through biological monitoring</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vahter</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Prepared for United Nations Environment Programme and World Health Organization</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1982</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>National Swedish Institute of Environmental Medicine and the Department of Environmental Hygiene</sb:name><sb:location>Karolinska Institute</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib16"><ce:label>16.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:collaboration>Who</sb:collaboration></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Environmental Health criteria 141, Quality management for chemical safety testing</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1992</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>World Health Organization</sb:name><sb:location>Geneva</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib17"><ce:label>17.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vahter</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Friberg</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Rahnster</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>Å.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nygren</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nolinder</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Airborne arsenic and urinary excretion of metabolites of inorganic arsenic among smelter workers</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>57</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1986</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>79</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>91</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib18"><ce:label>18.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:collaboration>Ifcc Recommendations</sb:collaboration></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>on the theory of reference values</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Clin. Chim. Acta, 1987, 170, 1-12. Clin Chim. Acta, 1987, 170, 13-32. Clin. Chim. Acta,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>170</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1987</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>33</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>42</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib19"><ce:label>19.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>O.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Poulsen</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Holst</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Christensen</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Calculation and application of coverage intervals for biological reference values</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:title><sb:maintitle>IUPAC recommendations, submitted to Pure and Applied Chemistry</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1996</sb:date></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib20"><ce:label>20.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Versieck</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:book-series><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Trace elements in human body fluids and tissues, CRC Critical reviews in Clinical laboratory Sciences</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>Vol. 22</sb:volume-nr></sb:series></sb:book-series><sb:date>1985</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton</sb:name><sb:location>FL</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>97</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>184</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib21"><ce:label>21.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Minoia</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sabbioni</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Apostoli</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Pietra</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Pozzoli</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Gallorini</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>G.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nicolaou</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Alessio</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Capodaglio</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European Community</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>I. A study of 46 elements in urine, blood and serum of Italian subjects, Sci. Total Environ.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>95</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1990</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>89</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>105</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib22"><ce:label>22.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sabbioni</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Minoia</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Pietra</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Fortaner</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Gallorini</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Saltelli</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European Community</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>II. Examples of strategy adopted and trace element analysis of blood, lymph nodes and cerebrospinal fluid of Italian subjects, Sci. Total Environ.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>120</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1992</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>39</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>62</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib23"><ce:label>23.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>O.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Poulsen</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Molin-Christensen</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sabbioni</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.T.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Van De Venne</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Truce element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European Community</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>V. Review of trace elements in blood, serum and critical evaluation of reference values for the Danish Population. Sci. Total Environ.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>141</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1994</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>197</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>215</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib24"><ce:label>24.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Cornelis</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sabbioni</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.T.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Van Der Venne</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European Community</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>VII. Review of trace elements in blood, serum and urine of the Belgian population and critical evaluation of their possible use as reference values. Sci. Total Environ.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>158</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1994</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>191</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>226</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib25"><ce:label>25.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Lauwerys</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hoet</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Industrial chemical exposure, Guidelines for biological monitoring</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1993</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Lewis Publishers</sb:name><sb:location>Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London, Tokyo</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib26"><ce:label>26.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>SJöGREN</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:surname>Islander</ce:surname><ce:given-name>C.-G.</ce:given-name></sb:author></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Zenz</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>O.B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Dickerson</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>E.P.J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Horvath</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Aluminum and its compounds, in Occupational Medicine</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:edition>3rd ed.</sb:edition><sb:date>1994</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>MO, Mosby Year Books</sb:name><sb:location>St. Louis</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>458</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>465</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib27"><ce:label>27.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:collaboration>Institute Of The Environment Health</sb:collaboration></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Health Effects of Aluminum: A Critical Review with Emphasis on Aluminum in Drinking Water</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1993</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Ontario Ministry of Health</sb:name><sb:location>Toronto</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib28"><ce:label>28.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Slanina</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>W.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Frech</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.-G.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>EKSTRöM</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>LööF</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Slorach</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Cedergren</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Dietary citric acid enhances absorption of aluminum in antacids</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Clin. Chem..</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>32</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1986</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>539</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>541</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib29"><ce:label>29.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Savory</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Bertholf</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Brown</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Wills</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>R.F.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Stoeppler</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Aluminium, in Trace element analysis in biological specimens</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1994</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Elsevier</sb:name><sb:location>Amsterdam, London, New York, Tokyo</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>273</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>289</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib30"><ce:label>30.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Kosta</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Contamination as a limiting parameter in trace analysis</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Talanta,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>29</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1982</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>985</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>992</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib31"><ce:label>31.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.T.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Wang</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Pizzolato</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>H.P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Demshar</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Aluminum levels in normal human serum and urine as determined by Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>J. Ann. Toxicol.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>15</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1991</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>57</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>61</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib32"><ce:label>32.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>F.W.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sunderman</ce:surname><ce:suffix>Jr.</ce:suffix></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hopfer</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Crisostomo</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Nickel analysis by electrothermal atomic absorption analysis</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Methods Enzymol.</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>158</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1988</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>382</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>391</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib33"><ce:label>33.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Martin</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>The chemistry of aluminum as related to biology and medicine</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Clin. Chem.</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>32</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1986</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>1797</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>1805</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib34"><ce:label>34.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>E.C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Toro</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Parr</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Clements</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Biological and environmental reference materials for trace elements, nuclides and organic microcontaminants, A survey</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1990</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>International Atomic Energy Agency</sb:name><sb:location>Vienna</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host><sb:comment>IAEA/128 (Rev. l)</sb:comment></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib35"><ce:label>35.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Versieck</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vanballenberghe</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>De Kesel</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hoste</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Wallaeys</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vandenhaute</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>N.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Baeck</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Steyaert</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Byrne</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>F.W.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sunderman</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Certification of a second-generation biological reference material (freeze-dried human serum) for trace element determinations, Anal</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Chim. Acta,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>204</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1988</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>63</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>75</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib36"><ce:label>36.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>C.D.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hewitt</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>K.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Winborne</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Margrey</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.R.P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nicholson</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.G.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Savory</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Savory</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Wills</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Critical appraisal of two methods for determining aluminum in blood samples</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Clin. Chem.</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>36</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1990</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>1466</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>1469</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib37"><ce:label>37.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Day</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Biochemistry of aluminium in relation to the assessment of aluminium exposure in humans</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Environmental Geochem. Health,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>12</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1990</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>75</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>76</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib38"><ce:label>38.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>H.T.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Delves</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Suchak</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>C.S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Fellows</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Massey</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>D.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Taylor</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>The determination of aluminium in foods and biological materials, in Aluminium in Food and the Environment</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1989</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>U.K. Royal Society of Chemistry</sb:name><sb:location>Whitstable</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>52</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>67</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib39"><ce:label>39.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>K.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Heydorn</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Damsgaar</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>N.A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Larsen</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nielsen</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>of variability of trace element concentrations in human serum</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Nuclear Activation Techniques in the Life Sciences</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1979</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>International Atomic Energy Agency</sb:name><sb:location>Vienna</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>129</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>142</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib40"><ce:label>40.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hakala</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Puy</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Selective determination of toxicologically important arsenic species in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography-hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom.</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>7</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1992</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>191</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>196</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib41"><ce:label>41.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>C.P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hanna</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.F.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Tyson</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Mcintosh</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Determination of inorganic arsenic and its organic metabolites in urine by flow-injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Clin. Chem.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>39</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1993</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>1662</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>1676</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib42"><ce:label>42.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Stoeppler</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vahter</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>R.F.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Stoeppler</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Arsenic in Trace element analysis in biological specimens</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1994</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Elsevier</sb:name><sb:location>Amsterdam, London, New York, Tokyo</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>291</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>320</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib43"><ce:label>43.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>De Kimpe</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Cornelis</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Mees</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Van Lierde</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vanholder</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>More than tenfold increase of arsenic in serum and packed cells of chronic hemodialysis patients, Am</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>J. Nephrol.</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>13</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1993</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>429</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>434</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib44"><ce:label>44.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>X.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Zhang</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Cornelis</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>De Kimpe</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Mees</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>V.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vanderbiesen</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>Zr.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vanholder</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Determination of total arsenic in serum and packed cells of patients with renal insufficiency</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Fres. J. Anal. Chem.</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:series><sb:date>1995</sb:date></sb:issue></sb:host><sb:comment>in press</sb:comment></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib45"><ce:label>45.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vahter</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Lind</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Concentrations of arsenic in urine of the general population in Sweden, Sci</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Total Environ.</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>54</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1986</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>1</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>12</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib46"><ce:label>46.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:collaboration>Ipcs</sb:collaboration></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Environmental Health Criteria 134: Cadmium</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1992</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>World Health Organization</sb:name><sb:location>Geneva</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib47"><ce:label>47.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.F.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Cadmium</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>R.F.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Stoeppler</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Trace Element Analysis in Biological Specimens</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1994</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Elsevier</sb:name><sb:location>Amsterdam</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>321</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>338</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib48"><ce:label>48.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Friberg</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>T.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Kjellström</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>G.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nordberg</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Cadmium</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Friberg</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>G.F.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nordberg</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>V.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vouk</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1986</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Elsevier</sb:name><sb:location>Amsterdam</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>130</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>184</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib49"><ce:label>49.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.F.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Stoeppler</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Tonks</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Cooperative interlaboratory surveys of the determination of cadmium in whole blood</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Fresenius J. Anal. Chem.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>338</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1990</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>269</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>278</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib50"><ce:label>50.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.F.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Stoeppler</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Tonks</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Cooperative interlaboratory surveys of cadmium analysis in urine</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Fres. J. Anal. Chem..</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>338</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1990</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>279</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>286</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib51"><ce:label>51.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Templeton</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Quantifying cadmium and lead in whole blood</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Clin. Chem.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>38</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1992</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>1927</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>1929</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib52"><ce:label>52.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Friberg</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vahter</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Assessment of exposure to lead and cadmium through biological monitoring: Results of UNEP/WHO global study</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Environmental Res.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>30</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1983</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>95</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>128</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib53"><ce:label>53.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Van Renterghem</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Cornelis</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vanholder</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Behaviour of 12 trace elements in serum of uremic patients on hemodiafiltration, J</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>trace Elem. Electrolytes Health Dis.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>6</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1992</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>169</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>174</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib54"><ce:label>54.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Wallaeys</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Cornelis</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Mees</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>N.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Lameire</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Trace elements in serum, packed cells, and dialysate of CAPD patients</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Kidney Int.</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>30</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1986</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>599</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>604</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib55"><ce:label>55.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>T.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Anglov</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Holst</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Christensen</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Danish external quality control assessment scheme: an interlaboratory study on lead, cadmium and chromium in lyophilized human blood concentrate</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Hlth,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>64</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1993</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>431</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>438</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib56"><ce:label>56.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Angerer</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>K.H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Schiller</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:book-series><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Analyses of hazardous substances in biological materials</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>Vol 2</sb:volume-nr></sb:series></sb:book-series><sb:date>1988</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>VCH, Verlagsgesellschaft Weinheim</sb:name><sb:location>Germany</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib57"><ce:label>57.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Veillon</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>K.Y.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Patterson</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>N.A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Bryden</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Determination of chromium in human serum by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Chim. Acta,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>164</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1984</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>67</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>70</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib58"><ce:label>58.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Fleischer</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Chromium in urine</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Angeredr</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>K.H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Schiller</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:book-series><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Analyses of hazardous substances in biological materials</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>Vol. 1</sb:volume-nr></sb:series></sb:book-series><sb:date>1985</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>VCH</sb:name><sb:location>Verlag Weinheim</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>97</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>115</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib59"><ce:label>59.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Cornelis</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Chromium</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>R.F.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Stoeppler</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Trace element analysis in biological specimens</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1994</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Elsevier</sb:name><sb:location>Amsterdam, London, New York, Tokyo</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>339</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>358</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib60"><ce:label>60.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Lewalter</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Domik</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Weidemann</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Chromium in whole blood, plasma and erythrocytes</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Angerer</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>K.H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Schiller</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:book-series><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Analyses of hazardous substances in biological materials</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>Vol. 3.</sb:volume-nr></sb:series></sb:book-series><sb:date>1991</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>VCH Verlagsgesellschaft</sb:name><sb:location>Weinheim, Germany</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>109</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>126</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib61"><ce:label>61.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Templeton</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Cobalt</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:book-series><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Guidelines on Biological Monitoring of Chemical Exposure in the Workplace</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>vol. 2</sb:volume-nr></sb:series></sb:book-series><sb:date>1996</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>WHO</sb:name><sb:location>Geneva</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host><sb:comment>In press</sb:comment></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib62"><ce:label>62.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:collaboration>Iarc</sb:collaboration></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Vol 52: including Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1991</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>IARC</sb:name><sb:location>Lyons</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib63"><ce:label>63.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Templeton</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Cobalt</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>J.B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sullivan</ce:surname><ce:suffix>Jr.</ce:suffix></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>G.R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Krieger</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Hazardous Materials Toxicology: Clinical Principles of Environmental Health</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1992</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Wiliams and Wilkins</sb:name><sb:location>Baltimore</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>853</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>859</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib64"><ce:label>64.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>T.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Shirakawa</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>Y.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Kusaka</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>N.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Fujimura</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Goto</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Kato</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Heki</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>K.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Morimoto</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Occupational asthma from cobalt sensitivity in workers exposed to hard metal dust</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Chest,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>95</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1989</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>29</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>37</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib65"><ce:label>65.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Demedts</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Ceuppens</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Respiratory diseases from hard metal or cobalt exposure: Solving the enigma</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Chest</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>95</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1989</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>2</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>3</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib66"><ce:label>66.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Lison</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Lauwerys</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Study of the mechanism responsible for the elective toxicity of tungsten carbidecobalt powder toward macrophages, Toxicol</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Letters,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>60</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1992</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>203</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>210</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib67"><ce:label>67.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>F.W.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sunderman</ce:surname><ce:suffix>Jr.</ce:suffix></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hopfer</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>W.N.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Swiftt Rezuke</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Ziebk</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Highman</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Edwards</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Folcik</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>H.R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Gossling</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Cobalt, chromium, and nickel concentrations in body fluids of patients with porous-coated knee or hip prostheses</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>J. Orthop. Res.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>7</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1989</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>307</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>315</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib68"><ce:label>68.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Christensen</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>O.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Poulsen</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Thomsen</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>A short-term cross-over study on oral administration of soluble and insoluble cobalt compounds: Sex differences in biological levels</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Int. Arch. Occup. Health,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>65</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1993</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>233</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>240</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib69"><ce:label>69.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Barton</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Conrad</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Holland</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Iron</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>lead and cobalt absorption: Similarities and dissimilarities. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>166</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1981</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>64</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>69</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib70"><ce:label>70.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Angerer</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Heinrich-Ramm</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>G.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Lehnert</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Occupational exposure to cobalt and nickel: Biological monitoring</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>35</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1989</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>81</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>88</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib71"><ce:label>71.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Christensen</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Mikkelsen</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Skov</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Direct determination of cobalt in blood and urine by Zeeman atomic absorption spectrophotometry</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>S.S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Brown</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Savory</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Chemical Toxicology and Clinical Chemistry of Metals</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1983</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Academic Press</sb:name><sb:location>London</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>65</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>68</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib72"><ce:label>72.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Versieck</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Cornelis</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Trace Elements in Human Plasma and Serum, CRC Press</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1989</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Boca Raton</sb:name><sb:location>Florida</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib73"><ce:label>73.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>F.W.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sunderman</ce:surname><ce:suffix>Jr.</ce:suffix></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Dingle</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hopfer</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>T.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Swift</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Acute nickel toxicity in electroplating workers who accidently ingested a solution of nickel sulphate and nickel chloride</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Am. J. Ind. Med.</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>14</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1988</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>257</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>266</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib74"><ce:label>74.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.D.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Webster</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>T.F.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Parker</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>A.C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Alfrey</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>W.R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Smythe</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Kubo</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>G.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Neal</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>A.R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hull</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Acute nickel intoxication in dialysis</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Ann. Intern. Med.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>92</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1980</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>631</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>633</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib75"><ce:label>75.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Versieck</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hoste</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>F.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Barbier</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Steyaert</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>De Rudder</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Michels</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Determination of chromium and cobalt in human serum by neutron activation analysis, Clin</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Chem.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>24</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1978</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>303</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>308</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib76"><ce:label>76.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>H.T.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Delves</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Stoeppler</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>COPPER</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>R.F.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Stoeppler</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS IN BIOLOGICAL SPECIMEns</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1994</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Elsevier</sb:name><sb:location>Amsterdam, London, New York, Tokyo</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>359</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>370</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib77"><ce:label>77.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>K.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Tsuchiya</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Friberg</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>G.F.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nordberg</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>V.B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vouk</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:book-series><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Lead in Handbook on the toxicology of metals</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>Vol II</sb:volume-nr></sb:series></sb:book-series><sb:date>1986</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Elsevier</sb:name><sb:location>Amsterdam</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib78"><ce:label>78.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>U.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Ewers</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>H.W.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Schlipköter</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Lead</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Merian</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Metals and their compounds in the environment</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1991</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>VCH</sb:name><sb:location>Weinheim</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib79"><ce:label>79.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>W.L.A.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>De Kort</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>De Verschoor</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>A.A.E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Wibowo</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Van Hemmen</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Occupational exposure to lead and blood pressure: a study in 105 workers</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Am. J. Ind. Med.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>11</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1987</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>145</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>156</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib80"><ce:label>80.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Verschoor</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Wibowo</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hemmen</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Van</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Zielhuis</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Influence of low-level lead exposure on renal parameters</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Am. J. Ind. Med.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>12</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1987</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>342</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>351</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib81"><ce:label>81.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Christensen</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Kristiansen</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Lead</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>H.G.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Seiler</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sigel</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sigel</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Handbook on metals in clinical and analytical chemistry</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1994</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Dekker</sb:name><sb:location>New York</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib82"><ce:label>82.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>U.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Ewers</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Turfeld</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Jermann</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Lead</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>R.F.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Stoeppler</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Trace element analysis in biological specimens</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1994</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Elsevier</sb:name><sb:location>Amsterdam, London, New York, Tokyo</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>371</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>384</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib83"><ce:label>83.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Friberg</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vahter</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Assessment of exposure to lead and cadmium through biological monitoring: results of a UNEP/WHO global study</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Environ. Res.</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>30</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1983</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>95</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>128</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib84"><ce:label>84.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vahter</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Berglund</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Slorach</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Friberg</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Saric</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>Z.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Xingquan</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Methods for integrated exposure monitoring of lead and cadmium</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Environ. Res.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>56</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1994</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>78</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>89</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib85"><ce:label>85.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Shen</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Xiao-Quan</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>N.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Zhe-Mind</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Determination of lithium in serum and whole blood by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, J</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Anal. Atom. Spec.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>3</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1988</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>989</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>995</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib86"><ce:label>86.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Bertholf</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.G.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Savory</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>K.H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Winborne</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hundley</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>G.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Plummer</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Savory</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Lithium determined with an ion-selective electrode</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Clin. Chem.</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>34</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1988</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>1500</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>1502</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib87"><ce:label>87.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vanhoe</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vandecasteele</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Versieck</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Dams</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Determination of lithium in biological samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Anal. Chim. Acta,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>244</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1991</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>259</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>267</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib88"><ce:label>88.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>P.J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Goodnick</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Fieve</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Plasma lithium level and interepisode functioning in bipolar disorder</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Am. J. Psychiatry</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>142</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1985</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>761</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>762</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib89"><ce:label>89.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Halls</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>G.S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Fell</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE IN SERUM AND URINE BY ELECTrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Chim. Acta,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>129</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1981</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>205</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>211</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib90"><ce:label>90.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Halls</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Manganese</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>R.F.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Stoeppler</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Trace element analysis in biological specimens</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1994</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Elsevier</sb:name><sb:location>Amsterdam, London, New York, Tokyo</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>385</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>402</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib91"><ce:label>91.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>T.W.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Clarkson</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hursh</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>P.R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sager</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>T.L.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Syversen</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Mercury</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>T.W.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Clarkson</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Friberg</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>G.F.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nordberg</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>P.R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sager</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Biological monitoring of toxic metals</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1988</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Plenum Press</sb:name><sb:location>New York</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>199</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>246</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib92"><ce:label>92.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>Z.G.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Bell</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>H.B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Lovejoy</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>T.R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vizena</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Mercury exposure evaluations and their correlations with urine mercury excretions</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>TWA Mercury exposure and urine mercury levels. J. Occup. Med.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>15</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1973</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>501</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>508</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib93"><ce:label>93.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Schütz</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>G.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Skarping</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Skerfving</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Mercury</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>R.F.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Stoeppler</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Trace element analysis in biological specimens</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1994</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Elsevier</sb:name><sb:location>Amsterdam, London, New York, Tokyo</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>403</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>467</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib94"><ce:label>94.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>T.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>MENNé</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Quantitative aspects of nickel dermatitis: Sensitization and eliciting threshold concentrations</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Sci. Total Environ.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>148</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1994</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>275</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>281</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib95"><ce:label>95.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>T.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Menné</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>H.I.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Maibach</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Nickel and the Skin: Immunology and Toxicology</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1989</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>CRC Press</sb:name><sb:location>Boca Raton, Florida</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib96"><ce:label>96.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Doll</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Report of the International Committee on Nickel Carcinogenicity in Man</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Scand. J. Work Environ. Health,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>16</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1990</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>1</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>82</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib97"><ce:label>97.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Grandjean</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>G.D.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nielsen</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>O.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Andersen</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Human nickel exposure and chemobiokinetics</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>T.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>MENNé</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>H.I.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Maibach</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Nickel and the Skin: Immunology and Toxicology</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1989</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>CRC Press</sb:name><sb:location>Boca Raton, Florida</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>9</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>34</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib98"><ce:label>98.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>F.W.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sunderman</ce:surname><ce:suffix>Jr.</ce:suffix></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Nickel</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>H.G.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Seiler</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sigel</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Handbook on Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1988</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Marcel Dekker</sb:name><sb:location>New York</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>453</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>468</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib99"><ce:label>99.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Tsalev</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>Z.K.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Zaprianov</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:book-series><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Occupational and Environmental Health Practice</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>Vol 1</sb:volume-nr></sb:series></sb:book-series><sb:date>1984</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>CRC Press</sb:name><sb:location>Boca Raton, Florida</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib100"><ce:label>100.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Wills</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>C.S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Brown</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.F.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Bertholf</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Ross</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Savory</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Serum and lymphocyte, aluminum and nickel in renal failure</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Clin. Chim. Acta,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>145</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1985</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>193</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>196</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib101"><ce:label>101.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hopfer</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>W.P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Fay</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>F.W.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sunderman</ce:surname><ce:suffix>Jr.</ce:suffix></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Serum nickel concentrations in hemodialysis patients with environmental exposure</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci.</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>19</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1989</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>161</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>167</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib102"><ce:label>102.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nixon</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>T.P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Moyer</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Squillace</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.T.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Mc Carthy</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Determination of serum nickel by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman-effect background correction: Values in a normal population and a population undergoing dialysis</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Analyst,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>114</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1989</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>1671</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>1674</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib103"><ce:label>103.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>C.N.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Leach</ce:surname><ce:suffix>Jr.</ce:suffix></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.V.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Linden</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hopfer</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Crisostomo</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Nickel concentrations in serum of patients with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Clin. Chem.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>31</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1985</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>556</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>560</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib104"><ce:label>104.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Templeton</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Measurement of total nickel in body fluids: Electrothermal atomic absorption methods and sources of preanalytic variation</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Pure Appl. Chem.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>66</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1994</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>357</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>372</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib105"><ce:label>105.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Templeton</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Nickel</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>R.F.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Stoeppler</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Trace Element Analysis in Biological Specimens</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1994</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Elsevier</sb:name><sb:location>Amsterdam</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>469</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>487</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib106"><ce:label>106.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Brown</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nomoto</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Stoeppler</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>F.W.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sunderman</ce:surname><ce:suffix>Jr.</ce:suffix></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>IUPAC Reference method for analysis of nickel in serum and urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Clin. Biochem.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>14</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1981</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>295</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>299</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib107"><ce:label>107.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Templeton</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>F.W.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sunderman</ce:surname><ce:suffix>Jr.</ce:suffix></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.F.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Tentative reference values for nickel concentrations in human serum, plasma, blood, and urine: Evaluation according to the TRACY protocol</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Sci. Total Environ.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>148</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1994</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>243</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>251</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib108"><ce:label>108.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Templeton</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Nickel</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:book-series><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Guidelines on Biological Monitoring of Chemical Exposure in the Workplace</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>vol. 2</sb:volume-nr></sb:series></sb:book-series><sb:date>1996</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>WHO</sb:name><sb:location>Geneva</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host><sb:comment>In press</sb:comment></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib109"><ce:label>109.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Tola</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Kilpio</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vitamo</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Urinary and plasma concentrations of nickel as indicators of exposure to nickel in an electroplating shop</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>J. Occup. Med.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>21</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1979</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>184</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>188</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib110"><ce:label>110.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>P.D.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Whanger</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>C.D.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Thomson</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Protein tecnics for selenium speciation in human body fluids</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>J. Trace Elem. Electrolytes Health Dis.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>8</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1994</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>1</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>7</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib111"><ce:label>111.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>Y.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Thomassen</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>S.A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Lewis</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Veillon</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Selenium</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>R.F.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Stoeppler</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Trace element analysis in biological specimens</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1994</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Elsevier</sb:name><sb:location>Amsterdam, London, New York, Tokyo</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>489</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>500</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib112"><ce:label>112.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>G.S.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Fell</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>T.D.B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Lyon</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Zinc</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>R.F.M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Herber</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Stoeppler</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Trace element analysis in biological specimens</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1994</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Elsevier</sb:name><sb:location>Amsterdam, London, New York, Tokyo</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>541</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>561</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host><sb:comment>1994</sb:comment></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib113"><ce:label>113.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>G.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Nordberg</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>D.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Brune</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Gerhardsson</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Grandjean</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>O.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Vesterberg</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>P.O.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Wester</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>The ICON and IUPAC international programme for establishing reference values of metals</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Sci. Total Environ.,</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>120</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1992</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>17</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>21</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib114"><ce:label>114.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Alessio</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Apostoli</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Minoia</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Sabbioni</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>to the Proceedings "From Macro-to Microdoses - Reference values for Toxic Metals"</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Science Total Environ.</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>120</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1992</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>XIII</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>XV</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib115"><ce:label>115.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Alessio</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Reference values for the study of low doses</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Science Total Environ.</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>120</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1992</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>1</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>6</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib116"><ce:label>116.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:collaboration>Acs</sb:collaboration></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Committee on environmental improvement, guidelines for data acquisition and data quality evaluation in environmental chemistry</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Anal. Chem.</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>52</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1980</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>2242</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>2248</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib117"><ce:label>117.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>K.T.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Taylor</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Quality assurance of chemical measurements</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1987</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Lewis Publishers, Inc</sb:name><sb:location>Michigan, USA</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib118"><ce:label>118.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:collaboration>Iarc</sb:collaboration></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans Vol. 49 Chromium</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Nickel and welding dust</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1990</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>IARC</sb:name><sb:location>Lyon</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib119"><ce:label>119.</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Pineau</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>O.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Guillard</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Chappuis</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Arnaud</ce:surname></sb:author><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Zawislak</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Sampling conditions for biological fluids for trace element monitoring in hospital patients: a critical approach</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>30</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1993</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>203</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>222</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference></ce:bibliography-sec></ce:bibliography></tail></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Sample Collection Guidelines for Trace Elements in Blood and Urine</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Sample Collection Guidelines for Trace Elements in Blood and Urine</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Cornelis</namePart><affiliation>National Institute of Occupational Health, S-171 84 Solna, Sweden</affiliation><description>To whom correspondence should be addressed</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Heinzow</namePart><affiliation>Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, University of Gent, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Gent, Belgium</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.F.M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Herber</namePart><affiliation>Institute for Environmental Toxicology of Schleswig-Holstein, Fleckenstrasse 4, D-2300 Kiel, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Molin Christensen</namePart><affiliation>Coronel Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">O.M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Poulsen</namePart><affiliation>Coronel Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E.</namePart><namePart type="family">Sabbioni</namePart><affiliation>National Institute for Occupational Health, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Templeton</namePart><affiliation>EC Research Centre, Environmental Toxicology Unit, CCR, I-21 020 Ispra, Varese, Italy</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Y.</namePart><namePart type="family">Thomassen</namePart><affiliation>Department of Clinical Biochemistry , University of Toronto, 100 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1L5, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Vahter</namePart><affiliation>National Institute of Occupational Health, POB 8149 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">O.</namePart><namePart type="family">Vesterberg</namePart><affiliation>Karolinska Institute of Environmental Medicine, POB 210, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1996</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1996</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">This paper presents an organized system for element-specific sample collection and handling of human blood (whole blood, serum or plasma, packed cells or erythrocytes) and urine also indicating a proper definition of the subject and sample. Harmonized procedures for collection, preparation, analysis and quality control are suggested. The aim is to assist scientists worldwide to produce comparable data which will be useful on a regional, national and international scale. The guidelines are directed to the elements aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium and zinc. These include the most important elements measured for their occupational or clinical significance, and serve as examples of principles that will guide development of methods for other elements in the future.</abstract><note>©1995 IUPAC, this work was performed by the Clinical Chemistry Division, Commission on Toxicology working party* on sample collection guidelines for trace elements in blood and urine.</note><subject lang="en"><genre>Key words</genre><topic>Trace elements</topic><topic>blood</topic><topic>urine</topic><topic>sample collection</topic><topic>Al</topic><topic>As</topic><topic>Cd</topic><topic>Cr</topic><topic>Co</topic><topic>Cu</topic><topic>Pb</topic><topic>Li</topic><topic>Mn</topic><topic>Hg</topic><topic>Ni</topic><topic>Se</topic><topic>Zn</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>JTEMB</title></titleInfo><genre type="Journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1996</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0946-672X</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0946-672X(96)X8013-1</identifier><part><detail type="volume"><number>10</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>2</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>61</start><end>132</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>103</start><end>127</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">E5FE2B0600428BED79A4CB48004C23F8CD6319EA</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0946-672X(96)80018-6</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0946-672X(96)80018-6</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">80018</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="">© 1996Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart · Jena · New York</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart · Jena · New York, ©1996</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><enrichments><istex:catWosTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/E5FE2B0600428BED79A4CB48004C23F8CD6319EA/enrichments/catWos"><teiHeader><profileDesc><textClass><classCode scheme="WOS">ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM</classCode><classCode scheme="WOS">BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY</classCode></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader></istex:catWosTEI></enrichments></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Musique/explor/SchutzV1/Data/Main/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000D43 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000D43 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Musique
|area= SchutzV1
|flux= Main
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= ISTEX:E5FE2B0600428BED79A4CB48004C23F8CD6319EA
|texte= Sample Collection Guidelines for Trace Elements in Blood and Urine
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.38. |  |