Environmental exposure of the pediatric age groups in Cairo City and its suburbs to cadmium pollution
Identifieur interne : 000236 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000235; suivant : 000237Environmental exposure of the pediatric age groups in Cairo City and its suburbs to cadmium pollution
Auteurs : Elham Hossny ; Galila Mokhtar ; Mohamed El-Awady ; Inas Ali ; Magdy Morsy ; Amal DawoodSource :
- Science of the Total Environment [ 0048-9697 ] ; 2000.
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- KwdEn :
Abstract
In a trial to assess the exposure of subjects in the pediatric age group to cadmium (Cd) pollution, serum Cd was estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry in 405 subjects, birth–18 years old, from Cairo City and its suburbs. Serum Cd mean concentrations were: 0.92 μg/l in 32 neonates (birth–4 weeks); 1.33 μg/l in 70 infants (4 weeks–2 years); 1.11 μg/l in 100 children in the preschool period (2–6 years); 1.34 μg/l in 103 primary school children (6–12 years); and 1.24 μg/l in 100 adolescents (12–18 years). In neonates, serum Cd was higher in babies with weights and heights that remained below the 5th percentile for age. Breast-fed infants had a serum Cd geometric mean level (1.25 μg/l) that was not in accordance to that of their mothers’ milk (0.52 μg/l, P<0.001), suggesting alternative routes of exposure. Environmental tobacco-smoke exposure was the most important determinant of Cd status in the school-aged children, the geometric mean being 1.42 μg/l in passive smokers vs. 1.2 μg/l in non-exposed children (P<0.05). Moreover, adolescents who were active smokers had a significantly higher serum Cd level (1.7 μg/l) as compared to non-smokers (1.2 μg/l). Gender did influence the Cd status in adolescents, being higher among males, probably related to smoking, or to the difference in lifestyle of adolescents according to gender in the community. Alpha-1-microglobulinuria was accompanied by a higher serum Cd concentration in the group of adolescents only, suggesting a subclinical renal effect after several years of cumulative exposure. The residential classification, whether urban or suburban, did not influence the serum Cd status; neither did the present or past history of bronchial asthma. These findings certainly justify further evaluation of the problem of Cd pollution among Cairene individuals, knowing the long-term consequences of exposure to it. Systematic efforts for the proper disposal of Cd wastes and prevention of smoking in public places are recommended.
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DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00848-2
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Environmental exposure of the pediatric age groups in Cairo City and its suburbs to cadmium pollution</title><author><name sortKey="Hossny, Elham" sort="Hossny, Elham" uniqKey="Hossny E" first="Elham" last="Hossny">Elham Hossny</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: elhossny@yahoo.com</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mokhtar, Galila" sort="Mokhtar, Galila" uniqKey="Mokhtar G" first="Galila" last="Mokhtar">Galila Mokhtar</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Awady, Mohamed" sort="El Awady, Mohamed" uniqKey="El Awady M" first="Mohamed" last="El-Awady">Mohamed El-Awady</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Community Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, Inas" sort="Ali, Inas" uniqKey="Ali I" first="Inas" last="Ali">Inas Ali</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morsy, Magdy" sort="Morsy, Magdy" uniqKey="Morsy M" first="Magdy" last="Morsy">Magdy Morsy</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dawood, Amal" sort="Dawood, Amal" uniqKey="Dawood A" first="Amal" last="Dawood">Amal Dawood</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno 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Mokhtar</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Awady, Mohamed" sort="El Awady, Mohamed" uniqKey="El Awady M" first="Mohamed" last="El-Awady">Mohamed El-Awady</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Community Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, Inas" sort="Ali, Inas" uniqKey="Ali I" first="Inas" last="Ali">Inas Ali</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morsy, Magdy" sort="Morsy, Magdy" uniqKey="Morsy M" first="Magdy" last="Morsy">Magdy Morsy</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dawood, Amal" sort="Dawood, Amal" uniqKey="Dawood A" first="Amal" last="Dawood">Amal Dawood</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Science of the Total Environment</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">STOTEN</title><idno type="ISSN">0048-9697</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2000">2000</date><biblScope unit="volume">273</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1–3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="135">135</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="146">146</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0048-9697</idno></series><idno type="istex">AB8B81BB6C65C68B51E93390570C219390B27E32</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00848-2</idno><idno type="PII">S0048-9697(00)00848-2</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0048-9697</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Alpha-1-microglobulinuria</term><term>Asthma</term><term>Cadmium</term><term>Cairo</term><term>Cd, Cadmium</term><term>Pediatric</term><term>Pollution</term><term>S.D., standard deviation</term><term>Serum</term><term>Smoking</term><term>WHO, World Health Organization</term><term>α1-M, alpha-1-microglobulin</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In a trial to assess the exposure of subjects in the pediatric age group to cadmium (Cd) pollution, serum Cd was estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry in 405 subjects, birth–18 years old, from Cairo City and its suburbs. Serum Cd mean concentrations were: 0.92 μg/l in 32 neonates (birth–4 weeks); 1.33 μg/l in 70 infants (4 weeks–2 years); 1.11 μg/l in 100 children in the preschool period (2–6 years); 1.34 μg/l in 103 primary school children (6–12 years); and 1.24 μg/l in 100 adolescents (12–18 years). In neonates, serum Cd was higher in babies with weights and heights that remained below the 5th percentile for age. Breast-fed infants had a serum Cd geometric mean level (1.25 μg/l) that was not in accordance to that of their mothers’ milk (0.52 μg/l, P<0.001), suggesting alternative routes of exposure. Environmental tobacco-smoke exposure was the most important determinant of Cd status in the school-aged children, the geometric mean being 1.42 μg/l in passive smokers vs. 1.2 μg/l in non-exposed children (P<0.05). Moreover, adolescents who were active smokers had a significantly higher serum Cd level (1.7 μg/l) as compared to non-smokers (1.2 μg/l). Gender did influence the Cd status in adolescents, being higher among males, probably related to smoking, or to the difference in lifestyle of adolescents according to gender in the community. Alpha-1-microglobulinuria was accompanied by a higher serum Cd concentration in the group of adolescents only, suggesting a subclinical renal effect after several years of cumulative exposure. The residential classification, whether urban or suburban, did not influence the serum Cd status; neither did the present or past history of bronchial asthma. These findings certainly justify further evaluation of the problem of Cd pollution among Cairene individuals, knowing the long-term consequences of exposure to it. Systematic efforts for the proper disposal of Cd wastes and prevention of smoking in public places are recommended.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Elham Hossny</name><affiliations><json:string>E-mail: elhossny@yahoo.com</json:string><json:string>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Galila Mokhtar</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Mohamed El-Awady</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Community Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Inas Ali</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Magdy Morsy</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Amal Dawood</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Cadmium</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Serum</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Pediatric</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Cairo</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Smoking</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Pollution</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Alpha-1-microglobulinuria</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Asthma</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Cd, Cadmium</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>α1-M, alpha-1-microglobulin</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>S.D., standard deviation</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>WHO, World Health Organization</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>In a trial to assess the exposure of subjects in the pediatric age group to cadmium (Cd) pollution, serum Cd was estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry in 405 subjects, birth–18 years old, from Cairo City and its suburbs. Serum Cd mean concentrations were: 0.92 μg/l in 32 neonates (birth–4 weeks); 1.33 μg/l in 70 infants (4 weeks–2 years); 1.11 μg/l in 100 children in the preschool period (2–6 years); 1.34 μg/l in 103 primary school children (6–12 years); and 1.24 μg/l in 100 adolescents (12–18 years). In neonates, serum Cd was higher in babies with weights and heights that remained below the 5th percentile for age. Breast-fed infants had a serum Cd geometric mean level (1.25 μg/l) that was not in accordance to that of their mothers’ milk (0.52 μg/l, P>0.001), suggesting alternative routes of exposure. Environmental tobacco-smoke exposure was the most important determinant of Cd status in the school-aged children, the geometric mean being 1.42 μg/l in passive smokers vs. 1.2 μg/l in non-exposed children (P>0.05). Moreover, adolescents who were active smokers had a significantly higher serum Cd level (1.7 μg/l) as compared to non-smokers (1.2 μg/l). Gender did influence the Cd status in adolescents, being higher among males, probably related to smoking, or to the difference in lifestyle of adolescents according to gender in the community. Alpha-1-microglobulinuria was accompanied by a higher serum Cd concentration in the group of adolescents only, suggesting a subclinical renal effect after several years of cumulative exposure. The residential classification, whether urban or suburban, did not influence the serum Cd status; neither did the present or past history of bronchial asthma. These findings certainly justify further evaluation of the problem of Cd pollution among Cairene individuals, knowing the long-term consequences of exposure to it. Systematic efforts for the proper disposal of Cd wastes and prevention of smoking in public places are recommended.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>544 x 743 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>12</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1996</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>6476</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>39040</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>12</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>309</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Environmental exposure of the pediatric age groups in Cairo City and its suburbs to cadmium pollution</title><pii><json:string>S0048-9697(00)00848-2</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>273</volume><pii><json:string>S0048-9697(00)X0170-2</json:string></pii><pages><last>146</last><first>135</first></pages><issn><json:string>0048-9697</json:string></issn><issue>1–3</issue><genre></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Science of the Total Environment</title><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate></host><categories><wos><json:string>ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES</json:string></wos></categories><publicationDate>2000</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2001</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00848-2</json:string></doi><id>AB8B81BB6C65C68B51E93390570C219390B27E32</id><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/AB8B81BB6C65C68B51E93390570C219390B27E32/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/AB8B81BB6C65C68B51E93390570C219390B27E32/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/AB8B81BB6C65C68B51E93390570C219390B27E32/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Environmental exposure of the pediatric age groups in Cairo City and its suburbs to cadmium pollution</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>ELSEVIER</p></availability><date>2001</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">Fig. 1: Serum cadmium concentrations in the studied sample. Horizontal lines indicate the median values, and boxes enclose the interquartiles. The ranges are marked as maximum and minimum and the dots represent the geometric mean values.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Variation in serum Cd levels with type of milk feeding.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Variation in serum Cd levels according to α-1-microglobulinuria.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Negative correlation between body weight and serum Cd levels in neonates.</note><note type="content">Table 1: Variation in serum Cd levels (μg/l) with gendera</note><note type="content">Table 2: Variation in serum Cd levels (μg/l) with the history of asthmatic attacksa</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Environmental exposure of the pediatric age groups in Cairo City and its suburbs to cadmium pollution</title><author><persName><forename type="first">Elham</forename><surname>Hossny</surname></persName><email>elhossny@yahoo.com</email><note type="correspondence"><p>Corresponding author. 40 A Baghdad Street, Cairo 11341, Egypt. Tel.: +20-2-4185105; fax: +20-2-4820237</p></note><affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Galila</forename><surname>Mokhtar</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Mohamed</forename><surname>El-Awady</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Community Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Inas</forename><surname>Ali</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Magdy</forename><surname>Morsy</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Amal</forename><surname>Dawood</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Science of the Total Environment</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">STOTEN</title><idno type="pISSN">0048-9697</idno><idno type="PII">S0048-9697(00)X0170-2</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2000"></date><biblScope unit="volume">273</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1–3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="135">135</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="146">146</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">AB8B81BB6C65C68B51E93390570C219390B27E32</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00848-2</idno><idno type="PII">S0048-9697(00)00848-2</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2001</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In a trial to assess the exposure of subjects in the pediatric age group to cadmium (Cd) pollution, serum Cd was estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry in 405 subjects, birth–18 years old, from Cairo City and its suburbs. Serum Cd mean concentrations were: 0.92 μg/l in 32 neonates (birth–4 weeks); 1.33 μg/l in 70 infants (4 weeks–2 years); 1.11 μg/l in 100 children in the preschool period (2–6 years); 1.34 μg/l in 103 primary school children (6–12 years); and 1.24 μg/l in 100 adolescents (12–18 years). In neonates, serum Cd was higher in babies with weights and heights that remained below the 5th percentile for age. Breast-fed infants had a serum Cd geometric mean level (1.25 μg/l) that was not in accordance to that of their mothers’ milk (0.52 μg/l, P<0.001), suggesting alternative routes of exposure. Environmental tobacco-smoke exposure was the most important determinant of Cd status in the school-aged children, the geometric mean being 1.42 μg/l in passive smokers vs. 1.2 μg/l in non-exposed children (P<0.05). Moreover, adolescents who were active smokers had a significantly higher serum Cd level (1.7 μg/l) as compared to non-smokers (1.2 μg/l). Gender did influence the Cd status in adolescents, being higher among males, probably related to smoking, or to the difference in lifestyle of adolescents according to gender in the community. Alpha-1-microglobulinuria was accompanied by a higher serum Cd concentration in the group of adolescents only, suggesting a subclinical renal effect after several years of cumulative exposure. The residential classification, whether urban or suburban, did not influence the serum Cd status; neither did the present or past history of bronchial asthma. These findings certainly justify further evaluation of the problem of Cd pollution among Cairene individuals, knowing the long-term consequences of exposure to it. Systematic efforts for the proper disposal of Cd wastes and prevention of smoking in public places are recommended.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Cadmium</term></item><item><term>Serum</term></item><item><term>Pediatric</term></item><item><term>Cairo</term></item><item><term>Smoking</term></item><item><term>Pollution</term></item><item><term>Alpha-1-microglobulinuria</term></item><item><term>Asthma</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Abbreviations</head><item><term>Cd, Cadmium</term></item><item><term>α1-M, alpha-1-microglobulin</term></item><item><term>S.D., standard deviation</term></item><item><term>WHO, World Health Organization</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2000-10-06">Registration</change><change when="2000">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/AB8B81BB6C65C68B51E93390570C219390B27E32/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: ce:floats; body; tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr1"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr2" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr2"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr3" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr3"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr4" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr4"></istex:entity></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla" xml:lang="en"><item-info><jid>STOTEN</jid><aid>7111</aid><ce:pii>S0048-9697(00)00848-2</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00848-2</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="full-transfer" year="2001">Elsevier Science B.V.</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>Environmental exposure of the pediatric age groups in Cairo City and its suburbs to cadmium pollution</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>Elham</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hossny</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref><ce:e-address>elhossny@yahoo.com</ce:e-address></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Galila</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Mokhtar</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Mohamed</ce:given-name><ce:surname>El-Awady</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF2"><ce:sup>b</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Inas</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Ali</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Magdy</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Morsy</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Amal</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Dawood</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:affiliation id="AFF1"><ce:label>a</ce:label><ce:textfn>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFF2"><ce:label>b</ce:label><ce:textfn>Department of Community Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="CORR1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text>Corresponding author. 40 A Baghdad Street, Cairo 11341, Egypt. Tel.: +20-2-4185105; fax: +20-2-4820237</ce:text></ce:correspondence></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="20" month="7" year="2000"></ce:date-received><ce:date-accepted day="6" month="10" year="2000"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>In a trial to assess the exposure of subjects in the pediatric age group to cadmium (Cd) pollution, serum Cd was estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry in 405 subjects, birth–18 years old, from Cairo City and its suburbs. Serum Cd mean concentrations were: 0.92 μg/l in 32 neonates (birth–4 weeks); 1.33 μg/l in 70 infants (4 weeks–2 years); 1.11 μg/l in 100 children in the preschool period (2–6 years); 1.34 μg/l in 103 primary school children (6–12 years); and 1.24 μg/l in 100 adolescents (12–18 years). In neonates, serum Cd was higher in babies with weights and heights that remained below the 5th percentile for age. Breast-fed infants had a serum Cd geometric mean level (1.25 μg/l) that was not in accordance to that of their mothers’ milk (0.52 μg/l, <ce:italic>P</ce:italic><0.001), suggesting alternative routes of exposure. Environmental tobacco-smoke exposure was the most important determinant of Cd status in the school-aged children, the geometric mean being 1.42 μg/l in passive smokers vs. 1.2 μg/l in non-exposed children (<ce:italic>P</ce:italic><0.05). Moreover, adolescents who were active smokers had a significantly higher serum Cd level (1.7 μg/l) as compared to non-smokers (1.2 μg/l). Gender did influence the Cd status in adolescents, being higher among males, probably related to smoking, or to the difference in lifestyle of adolescents according to gender in the community. Alpha-1-microglobulinuria was accompanied by a higher serum Cd concentration in the group of adolescents only, suggesting a subclinical renal effect after several years of cumulative exposure. The residential classification, whether urban or suburban, did not influence the serum Cd status; neither did the present or past history of bronchial asthma. These findings certainly justify further evaluation of the problem of Cd pollution among Cairene individuals, knowing the long-term consequences of exposure to it. Systematic efforts for the proper disposal of Cd wastes and prevention of smoking in public places are recommended.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords class="keyword"><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Cadmium</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Serum</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Pediatric</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Cairo</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Smoking</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Pollution</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Alpha-1-microglobulinuria</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Asthma</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords><ce:keywords class="abr"><ce:section-title>Abbreviations</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Cd, Cadmium</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>α<ce:inf>1</ce:inf>-M, alpha-1-microglobulin</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>S.D., standard deviation</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>WHO, World Health Organization</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Environmental exposure of the pediatric age groups in Cairo City and its suburbs to cadmium pollution</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Environmental exposure of the pediatric age groups in Cairo City and its suburbs to cadmium pollution</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Elham</namePart><namePart type="family">Hossny</namePart><affiliation>E-mail: elhossny@yahoo.com</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</affiliation><description>Corresponding author. 40 A Baghdad Street, Cairo 11341, Egypt. Tel.: +20-2-4185105; fax: +20-2-4820237</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Galila</namePart><namePart type="family">Mokhtar</namePart><affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Mohamed</namePart><namePart type="family">El-Awady</namePart><affiliation>Department of Community Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Inas</namePart><namePart type="family">Ali</namePart><affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Magdy</namePart><namePart type="family">Morsy</namePart><affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Amal</namePart><namePart type="family">Dawood</namePart><affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2000</dateIssued><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2000-10-06</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2001</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">In a trial to assess the exposure of subjects in the pediatric age group to cadmium (Cd) pollution, serum Cd was estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry in 405 subjects, birth–18 years old, from Cairo City and its suburbs. Serum Cd mean concentrations were: 0.92 μg/l in 32 neonates (birth–4 weeks); 1.33 μg/l in 70 infants (4 weeks–2 years); 1.11 μg/l in 100 children in the preschool period (2–6 years); 1.34 μg/l in 103 primary school children (6–12 years); and 1.24 μg/l in 100 adolescents (12–18 years). In neonates, serum Cd was higher in babies with weights and heights that remained below the 5th percentile for age. Breast-fed infants had a serum Cd geometric mean level (1.25 μg/l) that was not in accordance to that of their mothers’ milk (0.52 μg/l, P<0.001), suggesting alternative routes of exposure. Environmental tobacco-smoke exposure was the most important determinant of Cd status in the school-aged children, the geometric mean being 1.42 μg/l in passive smokers vs. 1.2 μg/l in non-exposed children (P<0.05). Moreover, adolescents who were active smokers had a significantly higher serum Cd level (1.7 μg/l) as compared to non-smokers (1.2 μg/l). Gender did influence the Cd status in adolescents, being higher among males, probably related to smoking, or to the difference in lifestyle of adolescents according to gender in the community. Alpha-1-microglobulinuria was accompanied by a higher serum Cd concentration in the group of adolescents only, suggesting a subclinical renal effect after several years of cumulative exposure. The residential classification, whether urban or suburban, did not influence the serum Cd status; neither did the present or past history of bronchial asthma. These findings certainly justify further evaluation of the problem of Cd pollution among Cairene individuals, knowing the long-term consequences of exposure to it. Systematic efforts for the proper disposal of Cd wastes and prevention of smoking in public places are recommended.</abstract><note type="content">Fig. 1: Serum cadmium concentrations in the studied sample. Horizontal lines indicate the median values, and boxes enclose the interquartiles. The ranges are marked as maximum and minimum and the dots represent the geometric mean values.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Variation in serum Cd levels with type of milk feeding.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Variation in serum Cd levels according to α-1-microglobulinuria.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Negative correlation between body weight and serum Cd levels in neonates.</note><note type="content">Table 1: Variation in serum Cd levels (μg/l) with gendera</note><note type="content">Table 2: Variation in serum Cd levels (μg/l) with the history of asthmatic attacksa</note><subject lang="en"><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Cadmium</topic><topic>Serum</topic><topic>Pediatric</topic><topic>Cairo</topic><topic>Smoking</topic><topic>Pollution</topic><topic>Alpha-1-microglobulinuria</topic><topic>Asthma</topic></subject><subject lang="en"><genre>Abbreviations</genre><topic>Cd, Cadmium</topic><topic>α1-M, alpha-1-microglobulin</topic><topic>S.D., standard deviation</topic><topic>WHO, World Health Organization</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Science of the Total Environment</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>STOTEN</title></titleInfo><genre type="Journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">20010612</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0048-9697</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0048-9697(00)X0170-2</identifier><part><date>20010612</date><detail type="volume"><number>273</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>1–3</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>1</start><end>190</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>135</start><end>146</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">AB8B81BB6C65C68B51E93390570C219390B27E32</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00848-2</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0048-9697(00)00848-2</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="">© 2001Elsevier Science B.V.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Elsevier Science B.V., ©2001</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><enrichments><istex:catWosTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/AB8B81BB6C65C68B51E93390570C219390B27E32/enrichments/catWos"><teiHeader><profileDesc><textClass><classCode scheme="WOS">ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES</classCode></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader></istex:catWosTEI></enrichments><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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