Patient exposure in medical X-ray imaging in Europe
Identifieur interne : 000186 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000185; suivant : 000187Patient exposure in medical X-ray imaging in Europe
Auteurs : Dieter F. Regulla ; Heinrich EderSource :
- Radiation Protection Dosimetry [ 0144-8420 ] ; 2005-05-17.
Abstract
Patients are exposed to X rays when undergoing medical examinations in diagnostic radiology. Exposure data acquired and assessed in Germany for the year 1997 resulted in a mean annual effective dose of 2 ± 0.5 mSv per head of the population, thereby reaching or exceeding the average level of environmental radiation in many cases. The underlying frequency of medical X-ray examinations was ≈136 million, i.e. ≈1.7 examinations annually per head of the population. For comparison, corresponding data of other countries were extracted from the UNSCEAR 2000 report or originate from the literature. Data analysis shows significant differences in national radiological practices and a very uneven distribution of patient doses amongst the world population. The mean annual effective dose per head of the population varies by up to a factor of 60 between health care level I and IV countries, and still by a factor of ≈6 within health care level I countries. While projection radiography has succeeded in reducing dose consumption, computed tomography and radiological interventions have given rise to a significant growth of patient exposure, and interventional radiology can even exceed thresholds for deterministic radiation effects. Patient exposure is further shown to result from misadministration and retakes of X-ray examinations, usually not registered, as well as from technical failures of X-ray facilities, which can cause significantly enhanced exposure times. Corresponding data are presented and comments are made on the international situation of non-harmonised data collection on patient exposure as well as of parameters affecting the assessment of exposure and risk.
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DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nch538
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Exposure data acquired and assessed in Germany for the year 1997 resulted in a mean annual effective dose of 2 ± 0.5 mSv per head of the population, thereby reaching or exceeding the average level of environmental radiation in many cases. The underlying frequency of medical X-ray examinations was ≈136 million, i.e. ≈1.7 examinations annually per head of the population. For comparison, corresponding data of other countries were extracted from the UNSCEAR 2000 report or originate from the literature. Data analysis shows significant differences in national radiological practices and a very uneven distribution of patient doses amongst the world population. The mean annual effective dose per head of the population varies by up to a factor of 60 between health care level I and IV countries, and still by a factor of ≈6 within health care level I countries. While projection radiography has succeeded in reducing dose consumption, computed tomography and radiological interventions have given rise to a significant growth of patient exposure, and interventional radiology can even exceed thresholds for deterministic radiation effects. Patient exposure is further shown to result from misadministration and retakes of X-ray examinations, usually not registered, as well as from technical failures of X-ray facilities, which can cause significantly enhanced exposure times. Corresponding data are presented and comments are made on the international situation of non-harmonised data collection on patient exposure as well as of parameters affecting the assessment of exposure and risk.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>oup</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Dieter F. 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The underlying frequency of medical X-ray examinations was ≈136 million, i.e. ≈1.7 examinations annually per head of the population. For comparison, corresponding data of other countries were extracted from the UNSCEAR 2000 report or originate from the literature. Data analysis shows significant differences in national radiological practices and a very uneven distribution of patient doses amongst the world population. The mean annual effective dose per head of the population varies by up to a factor of 60 between health care level I and IV countries, and still by a factor of ≈6 within health care level I countries. While projection radiography has succeeded in reducing dose consumption, computed tomography and radiological interventions have given rise to a significant growth of patient exposure, and interventional radiology can even exceed thresholds for deterministic radiation effects. Patient exposure is further shown to result from misadministration and retakes of X-ray examinations, usually not registered, as well as from technical failures of X-ray facilities, which can cause significantly enhanced exposure times. 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Exposure data acquired and assessed in Germany for the year 1997 resulted in a mean annual effective dose of 2 ± 0.5 mSv per head of the population, thereby reaching or exceeding the average level of environmental radiation in many cases. The underlying frequency of medical X-ray examinations was ≈136 million, i.e. ≈1.7 examinations annually per head of the population. For comparison, corresponding data of other countries were extracted from the UNSCEAR 2000 report or originate from the literature. Data analysis shows significant differences in national radiological practices and a very uneven distribution of patient doses amongst the world population. The mean annual effective dose per head of the population varies by up to a factor of 60 between health care level I and IV countries, and still by a factor of ≈6 within health care level I countries. While projection radiography has succeeded in reducing dose consumption, computed tomography and radiological interventions have given rise to a significant growth of patient exposure, and interventional radiology can even exceed thresholds for deterministic radiation effects. Patient exposure is further shown to result from misadministration and retakes of X-ray examinations, usually not registered, as well as from technical failures of X-ray facilities, which can cause significantly enhanced exposure times. 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Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2005</copyright-year></permissions><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Patients are exposed to X rays when undergoing medical examinations in diagnostic radiology. Exposure data acquired and assessed in Germany for the year 1997 resulted in a mean annual effective dose of 2 ± 0.5 mSv per head of the population, thereby reaching or exceeding the average level of environmental radiation in many cases. The underlying frequency of medical X-ray examinations was ≈136 million, i.e. ≈1.7 examinations annually per head of the population. For comparison, corresponding data of other countries were extracted from the UNSCEAR 2000 report or originate from the literature. Data analysis shows significant differences in national radiological practices and a very uneven distribution of patient doses amongst the world population. The mean annual effective dose per head of the population varies by up to a factor of 60 between health care level I and IV countries, and still by a factor of ≈6 within health care level I countries. While projection radiography has succeeded in reducing dose consumption, computed tomography and radiological interventions have given rise to a significant growth of patient exposure, and interventional radiology can even exceed thresholds for deterministic radiation effects. Patient exposure is further shown to result from misadministration and retakes of X-ray examinations, usually not registered, as well as from technical failures of X-ray facilities, which can cause significantly enhanced exposure times. Corresponding data are presented and comments are made on the international situation of non-harmonised data collection on patient exposure as well as of parameters affecting the assessment of exposure and risk.</p></abstract><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta><meta-name>hwp-legacy-fpage</meta-name><meta-value>11</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>cover-date</meta-name><meta-value>17 May 2005</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>hwp-legacy-dochead</meta-name><meta-value>Invited Paper</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta></front></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Patient exposure in medical X-ray imaging in Europe</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Patient exposure in medical X-ray imaging in Europe</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Dieter F.</namePart><namePart type="family">Regulla</namePart><affiliation>GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Radiation Protection, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: regulla@gsf.de</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Heinrich</namePart><namePart type="family">Eder</namePart><affiliation>Bavarian State Authority for Occupational Safety and Health (LfAS), 80538 Munich, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="other">other</genre><subject><genre>heading</genre><topic>Introduction</topic></subject><originInfo><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2005-05-17</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2005</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Patients are exposed to X rays when undergoing medical examinations in diagnostic radiology. Exposure data acquired and assessed in Germany for the year 1997 resulted in a mean annual effective dose of 2 ± 0.5 mSv per head of the population, thereby reaching or exceeding the average level of environmental radiation in many cases. The underlying frequency of medical X-ray examinations was ≈136 million, i.e. ≈1.7 examinations annually per head of the population. For comparison, corresponding data of other countries were extracted from the UNSCEAR 2000 report or originate from the literature. Data analysis shows significant differences in national radiological practices and a very uneven distribution of patient doses amongst the world population. The mean annual effective dose per head of the population varies by up to a factor of 60 between health care level I and IV countries, and still by a factor of ≈6 within health care level I countries. While projection radiography has succeeded in reducing dose consumption, computed tomography and radiological interventions have given rise to a significant growth of patient exposure, and interventional radiology can even exceed thresholds for deterministic radiation effects. Patient exposure is further shown to result from misadministration and retakes of X-ray examinations, usually not registered, as well as from technical failures of X-ray facilities, which can cause significantly enhanced exposure times. Corresponding data are presented and comments are made on the international situation of non-harmonised data collection on patient exposure as well as of parameters affecting the assessment of exposure and risk.</abstract><note type="author-notes">*Corresponding author: regulla@gsf.de</note><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Radiation Protection Dosimetry</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Radiat Prot Dosimetry</title></titleInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0144-8420</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1742-3406</identifier><identifier type="JournalID">rpd</identifier><identifier type="JournalID-hwp">rpd</identifier><identifier type="JournalID-nlm-ta">Radiat Prot Dosimetry</identifier><part><date>2005</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>114</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1-3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>11</start><end>25</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">A14E02AA8EEE231919C47DAD134468AE9DF3AD17</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1093/rpd/nch538</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="Copyright">© The Author 2005. 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