Air bells of water spiders are an extended phenotype modified in response to gas composition
Identifieur interne : 000116 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000115; suivant : 000117Air bells of water spiders are an extended phenotype modified in response to gas composition
Auteurs : Dolores Schütz ; Michael Taborsky ; Thomas DrapelaSource :
- Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology [ 1932-5223 ] ; 2007-10-01.
Abstract
The water spider Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck) is the only spider that spends its whole life under water. Water spiders keep an air bubble around their body for breathing and build under‐water air bells, which they use for shelter and raising offspring, digesting and consuming prey, moulting, depositing eggs and sperm, and copulating. It is unclear whether these bells are an important oxygen reservoir for breathing under water, or whether they serve mainly to create water‐free space for feeding and reproduction. In this study, we manipulated the composition of the gas inside the bell of female water spiders to test whether they monitor the quality of this gas, and replenish oxygen if required. We exchanged the entire gas in the bell either with pure O2, pure CO2, or with ambient air as control, and monitored behavioural responses. The test spiders surfaced and replenished air more often in the CO2 treatment than in the O2 treatment, and they increased bell building behaviour. In addition to active oxygen regulation, they monitored and adjusted the bells by adding silk. These results show that water spiders use the air bell as an oxygen reservoir, and that it functions as an external lung, which renders it essential for living under water permanently. A. aquatica is the only animal that collects, transports, and stores air, and monitors its property for breathing, which is an adaptive response of a terrestrial animal to the colonization of an aquatic habitat. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:549–555, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Url:
DOI: 10.1002/jez.410
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Water spiders keep an air bubble around their body for breathing and build under‐water air bells, which they use for shelter and raising offspring, digesting and consuming prey, moulting, depositing eggs and sperm, and copulating. It is unclear whether these bells are an important oxygen reservoir for breathing under water, or whether they serve mainly to create water‐free space for feeding and reproduction. In this study, we manipulated the composition of the gas inside the bell of female water spiders to test whether they monitor the quality of this gas, and replenish oxygen if required. We exchanged the entire gas in the bell either with pure O2, pure CO2, or with ambient air as control, and monitored behavioural responses. The test spiders surfaced and replenished air more often in the CO2 treatment than in the O2 treatment, and they increased bell building behaviour. In addition to active oxygen regulation, they monitored and adjusted the bells by adding silk. These results show that water spiders use the air bell as an oxygen reservoir, and that it functions as an external lung, which renders it essential for living under water permanently. A. aquatica is the only animal that collects, transports, and stores air, and monitors its property for breathing, which is an adaptive response of a terrestrial animal to the colonization of an aquatic habitat. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:549–555, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Dolores Schütz</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Behavioural Ecology, University of Berne, Wohlenstrasse 50a, CH‐3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland</json:string><json:string>Konrad Lorenz Institut für Vergleichende Verhaltensforschung (KLIVV), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Savoyenstrasse 1a, 1160 Wien, Austria</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Michael Taborsky</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Behavioural Ecology, University of Berne, Wohlenstrasse 50a, CH‐3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Thomas Drapela</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute for Ecology and Conservation Biology, University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>The water spider Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck) is the only spider that spends its whole life under water. Water spiders keep an air bubble around their body for breathing and build under‐water air bells, which they use for shelter and raising offspring, digesting and consuming prey, moulting, depositing eggs and sperm, and copulating. It is unclear whether these bells are an important oxygen reservoir for breathing under water, or whether they serve mainly to create water‐free space for feeding and reproduction. In this study, we manipulated the composition of the gas inside the bell of female water spiders to test whether they monitor the quality of this gas, and replenish oxygen if required. We exchanged the entire gas in the bell either with pure O2, pure CO2, or with ambient air as control, and monitored behavioural responses. The test spiders surfaced and replenished air more often in the CO2 treatment than in the O2 treatment, and they increased bell building behaviour. In addition to active oxygen regulation, they monitored and adjusted the bells by adding silk. These results show that water spiders use the air bell as an oxygen reservoir, and that it functions as an external lung, which renders it essential for living under water permanently. A. aquatica is the only animal that collects, transports, and stores air, and monitors its property for breathing, which is an adaptive response of a terrestrial animal to the colonization of an aquatic habitat. J. Exp. 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Water spiders keep an air bubble around their body for breathing and build under‐water air bells, which they use for shelter and raising offspring, digesting and consuming prey, moulting, depositing eggs and sperm, and copulating. It is unclear whether these bells are an important oxygen reservoir for breathing under water, or whether they serve mainly to create water‐free space for feeding and reproduction. In this study, we manipulated the composition of the gas inside the bell of female water spiders to test whether they monitor the quality of this gas, and replenish oxygen if required. We exchanged the entire gas in the bell either with pure O2, pure CO2, or with ambient air as control, and monitored behavioural responses. The test spiders surfaced and replenished air more often in the CO2 treatment than in the O2 treatment, and they increased bell building behaviour. In addition to active oxygen regulation, they monitored and adjusted the bells by adding silk. These results show that water spiders use the air bell as an oxygen reservoir, and that it functions as an external lung, which renders it essential for living under water permanently. A. aquatica is the only animal that collects, transports, and stores air, and monitors its property for breathing, which is an adaptive response of a terrestrial animal to the colonization of an aquatic habitat. J. Exp. 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Water spiders keep an air bubble around their body for breathing and build under‐water air bells, which they use for shelter and raising offspring, digesting and consuming prey, moulting, depositing eggs and sperm, and copulating. It is unclear whether these bells are an important oxygen reservoir for breathing under water, or whether they serve mainly to create water‐free space for feeding and reproduction. In this study, we manipulated the composition of the gas inside the bell of female water spiders to test whether they monitor the quality of this gas, and replenish oxygen if required. We exchanged the entire gas in the bell either with pure O<sub>2</sub>, pure CO<sub>2</sub>, or with ambient air as control, and monitored behavioural responses. The test spiders surfaced and replenished air more often in the CO<sub>2</sub> treatment than in the O<sub>2</sub> treatment, and they increased bell building behaviour. In addition to active oxygen regulation, they monitored and adjusted the bells by adding silk. These results show that water spiders use the air bell as an oxygen reservoir, and that it functions as an external lung, which renders it essential for living under water permanently. <i>A. aquatica</i> is the only animal that collects, transports, and stores air, and monitors its property for breathing, which is an adaptive response of a terrestrial animal to the colonization of an aquatic habitat. <i>J. Exp. Zool. 307A:549–555, 2007</i>. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Air bells of water spiders are an extended phenotype modified in response to gas composition</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>AIR BELLS AS EXTENDED PHENOTYPE IN WATER SPIDERS</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Air bells of water spiders are an extended phenotype modified in response to gas composition</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Dolores</namePart><namePart type="family">Schütz</namePart><affiliation>Department of Behavioural Ecology, University of Berne, Wohlenstrasse 50a, CH‐3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland</affiliation><affiliation>Konrad Lorenz Institut für Vergleichende Verhaltensforschung (KLIVV), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Savoyenstrasse 1a, 1160 Wien, Austria</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Michael</namePart><namePart type="family">Taborsky</namePart><affiliation>Department of Behavioural Ecology, University of Berne, Wohlenstrasse 50a, CH‐3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland</affiliation><description>Correspondence: Department of Behavioural Ecology, University of Berne, Wohlenstrasse 50a, 3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland===</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Thomas</namePart><namePart type="family">Drapela</namePart><affiliation>Institute for Ecology and Conservation Biology, University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Hoboken</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2007-10-01</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2006-12-04</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2007-06-26</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2007</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">3</extent><extent unit="references">25</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">The water spider Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck) is the only spider that spends its whole life under water. Water spiders keep an air bubble around their body for breathing and build under‐water air bells, which they use for shelter and raising offspring, digesting and consuming prey, moulting, depositing eggs and sperm, and copulating. It is unclear whether these bells are an important oxygen reservoir for breathing under water, or whether they serve mainly to create water‐free space for feeding and reproduction. In this study, we manipulated the composition of the gas inside the bell of female water spiders to test whether they monitor the quality of this gas, and replenish oxygen if required. We exchanged the entire gas in the bell either with pure O2, pure CO2, or with ambient air as control, and monitored behavioural responses. The test spiders surfaced and replenished air more often in the CO2 treatment than in the O2 treatment, and they increased bell building behaviour. In addition to active oxygen regulation, they monitored and adjusted the bells by adding silk. These results show that water spiders use the air bell as an oxygen reservoir, and that it functions as an external lung, which renders it essential for living under water permanently. A. aquatica is the only animal that collects, transports, and stores air, and monitors its property for breathing, which is an adaptive response of a terrestrial animal to the colonization of an aquatic habitat. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:549–555, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</abstract><note type="funding">Jubiläumsfonds of the Austrian National Bank - No. 8037; </note><note type="funding">Jubiläumsfonds der Stadt Wien für die Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften - No. STI 0040; </note><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. Exp. Zool.</title></titleInfo><genre type="Journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>article category</genre><topic>Research Article</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1932-5223</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1932-5231</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1932-5231</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">JEZ</identifier><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>307A</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>10</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>549</start><end>555</end><total>7</total></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="preceding"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Comparative Experimental Biology</title></titleInfo><identifier type="ISSN">1548-8969</identifier><identifier type="ISSN">1552-499X</identifier><part><date point="end">2006</date><detail type="volume"><caption>last vol.</caption><number>305A</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>last no.</caption><number>12</number></detail></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">3A30BFEB4C53BAA322256890F53AF657658A3532</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/jez.410</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">JEZ410</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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