Task Effects Reveal Cognitive Flexibility Responding to Frequency and Predictability: Evidence from Eye Movements in Reading and Proofreading
Identifieur interne : 000B67 ( Ncbi/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000B66; suivant : 000B68Task Effects Reveal Cognitive Flexibility Responding to Frequency and Predictability: Evidence from Eye Movements in Reading and Proofreading
Auteurs : Elizabeth R. Schotter ; Klinton Bicknell ; Ian Howard ; Roger Levy ; Keith RaynerSource :
- Cognition [ 0010-0277 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
It is well-known that word frequency and predictability affect processing time. These effects change magnitude across tasks, but studies testing this use tasks with different response types (e.g., lexical decision, naming, and fixation time during reading;
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.018
PubMed: 24434024
PubMed Central: 3943895
Affiliations:
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<author><name sortKey="Levy, Roger" sort="Levy, Roger" uniqKey="Levy R" first="Roger" last="Levy">Roger Levy</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Rayner, Keith" sort="Rayner, Keith" uniqKey="Rayner K" first="Keith" last="Rayner">Keith Rayner</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Levy, Roger" sort="Levy, Roger" uniqKey="Levy R" first="Roger" last="Levy">Roger Levy</name>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P2">It is well-known that word frequency and predictability affect processing time. These effects change magnitude across tasks, but studies testing this use tasks with different response types (e.g., lexical decision, naming, and fixation time during reading; <xref rid="R52" ref-type="bibr">Schilling, Rayner & Chumbley, 1998</xref>
), preventing direct comparison. Recently, <xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">Kaakinen and Hyönä (2010)</xref>
overcame this problem, comparing fixation times in reading for comprehension and proofreading, showing that the frequency effect was larger in proofreading than in reading. This result could be explained by readers exhibiting substantial cognitive flexibility, and qualitatively changing how they process words in the proofreading task in a way that magnifies effects of word frequency. Alternatively, readers may not change word processing so dramatically, and instead may perform more careful identification generally, increasing the magnitude of many word processing effects (e.g., both frequency and predictability). We tested these possibilities with two experiments: subjects read for comprehension and then proofread for spelling errors (letter transpositions) that produce nonwords (e.g., <italic>trcak</italic>
for <italic>track</italic>
as in Kaakinen & Hyönä) or that produce real but unintended words (e.g., <italic>trial</italic>
for <italic>trail</italic>
) to compare how the task changes these effects. Replicating Kaakinen and Hyönä, frequency effects increased during proofreading. However, predictability effects only increased when integration with the sentence context was necessary to detect errors (i.e., when spelling errors produced words that were inappropriate in the sentence; <italic>trial</italic>
for <italic>trail</italic>
). The results suggest that readers adopt sophisticated word processing strategies to accommodate task demands.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Bicknell, Klinton" sort="Bicknell, Klinton" uniqKey="Bicknell K" first="Klinton" last="Bicknell">Klinton Bicknell</name>
<name sortKey="Howard, Ian" sort="Howard, Ian" uniqKey="Howard I" first="Ian" last="Howard">Ian Howard</name>
<name sortKey="Levy, Roger" sort="Levy, Roger" uniqKey="Levy R" first="Roger" last="Levy">Roger Levy</name>
<name sortKey="Rayner, Keith" sort="Rayner, Keith" uniqKey="Rayner K" first="Keith" last="Rayner">Keith Rayner</name>
<name sortKey="Schotter, Elizabeth R" sort="Schotter, Elizabeth R" uniqKey="Schotter E" first="Elizabeth R." last="Schotter">Elizabeth R. Schotter</name>
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