Effect of music intervention on the cognitive and depression status of senior apartment residents in Taiwan
Identifieur interne : 000021 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000020; suivant : 000022Effect of music intervention on the cognitive and depression status of senior apartment residents in Taiwan
Auteurs : Shu-Yu Tai [Taïwan] ; Ling-Chun Wang [Taïwan] ; Yuan-Han Yang [Taïwan]Source :
- Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment [ 1176-6328 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
To identify the effect of music intervention on cognitive function and depression status of residents in senior citizen apartments based on the existing evidence regarding music therapy.
An experimental study was conducted from November 2008 to December 2009. Sixty healthy senior apartment residents over 65 years of age were recruited and separated into two groups. According to their opinion, 41 took part in the music intervention group and 19 in the comparison group. The music intervention involved Buddhist hymns. The short-term effects were evaluated based on the measurement of cognitive function and depression level using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Geriatric Depression Scale-short form (GDS-SF) at the baseline, 1 month, and 4 months.
The means of the initial and the 1-month MMSE and GDS-SF scores did not differ between the two groups. The 4-month MMSE score significantly declined compared with the initial level in the comparison group, whereas no significant change was observed in the experimental group. Moreover, the 4-month GDS-SF score significantly improved in both groups compared with the initial level.
Music intervention may postpone cognitive decline in healthy residents preferring Buddhist hymns in the senior citizen apartments in 4 months follow-up, and intense contact with participants may improve their mood status.
Url:
DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S82572
PubMed: 26109859
PubMed Central: 4472066
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Effect of music intervention on the cognitive and depression status of senior apartment residents in Taiwan</title><author><name sortKey="Tai, Shu Yu" sort="Tai, Shu Yu" uniqKey="Tai S" first="Shu-Yu" last="Tai">Shu-Yu Tai</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ndt-11-1449">Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ndt-11-1449">Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Ling Chun" sort="Wang, Ling Chun" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Ling-Chun" last="Wang">Ling-Chun Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-ndt-11-1449">Mentality Protection Center, Fo Guang Shan Compassion Foundation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Mentality Protection Center, Fo Guang Shan Compassion Foundation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Yuan Han" sort="Yang, Yuan Han" uniqKey="Yang Y" first="Yuan-Han" last="Yang">Yuan-Han Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-ndt-11-1449">Mentality Protection Center, Fo Guang Shan Compassion Foundation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Mentality Protection Center, Fo Guang Shan Compassion Foundation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ndt-11-1449">Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5-ndt-11-1449">Department of Master’s Program in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 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City</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ndt-11-1449">Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Ling Chun" sort="Wang, Ling Chun" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Ling-Chun" last="Wang">Ling-Chun Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-ndt-11-1449">Mentality Protection Center, Fo Guang Shan Compassion Foundation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Mentality Protection Center, Fo Guang Shan Compassion Foundation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Yuan Han" sort="Yang, Yuan Han" uniqKey="Yang Y" first="Yuan-Han" last="Yang">Yuan-Han Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-ndt-11-1449">Mentality Protection Center, Fo Guang Shan Compassion Foundation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Mentality Protection Center, Fo Guang Shan Compassion Foundation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ndt-11-1449">Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5-ndt-11-1449">Department of Master’s Program in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Master’s Program in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6-ndt-11-1449">Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Taïwan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment</title><idno type="ISSN">1176-6328</idno><idno type="eISSN">1178-2021</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>To identify the effect of music intervention on cognitive function and depression status of residents in senior citizen apartments based on the existing evidence regarding music therapy.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>An experimental study was conducted from November 2008 to December 2009. Sixty healthy senior apartment residents over 65 years of age were recruited and separated into two groups. According to their opinion, 41 took part in the music intervention group and 19 in the comparison group. The music intervention involved Buddhist hymns. The short-term effects were evaluated based on the measurement of cognitive function and depression level using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Geriatric Depression Scale-short form (GDS-SF) at the baseline, 1 month, and 4 months.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The means of the initial and the 1-month MMSE and GDS-SF scores did not differ between the two groups. The 4-month MMSE score significantly declined compared with the initial level in the comparison group, whereas no significant change was observed in the experimental group. Moreover, the 4-month GDS-SF score significantly improved in both groups compared with the initial level.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Music intervention may postpone cognitive decline in healthy residents preferring Buddhist hymns in the senior citizen apartments in 4 months follow-up, and intense contact with participants may improve their mood status.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nowrangi, Ma" uniqKey="Nowrangi M">MA Nowrangi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rao, V" uniqKey="Rao V">V Rao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lyketsos, Cg" uniqKey="Lyketsos C">CG Lyketsos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ritchie, K" uniqKey="Ritchie K">K Ritchie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lovestone, S" uniqKey="Lovestone S">S 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1176-6328</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1178-2021</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26109859</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4472066</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/NDT.S82572</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ndt-11-1449</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Effect of music intervention on the cognitive and depression status of senior apartment residents in Taiwan</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tai</surname><given-names>Shu-Yu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ndt-11-1449">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ndt-11-1449">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Ling-Chun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ndt-11-1449">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Yuan-Han</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ndt-11-1449">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-ndt-11-1449">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-ndt-11-1449">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6-ndt-11-1449">6</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ndt-11-1449"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ndt-11-1449"><label>1</label>Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan</aff><aff id="af2-ndt-11-1449"><label>2</label>Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan</aff><aff id="af3-ndt-11-1449"><label>3</label>Mentality Protection Center, Fo Guang Shan Compassion Foundation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan</aff><aff id="af4-ndt-11-1449"><label>4</label>Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan</aff><aff id="af5-ndt-11-1449"><label>5</label>Department of Master’s Program in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan</aff><aff id="af6-ndt-11-1449"><label>6</label>Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ndt-11-1449">Correspondence: Yuan-Han Yang, Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No 68, Jhonghua 3rd Road, Cianjin District, Kaohsiung City 80145, Taiwan, Tel +886 7 291 1237 ext 201, Fax +886 7 291 1590, Email <email>endlessyhy@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>6</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><fpage>1449</fpage><lpage>1454</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2015 Tai et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license><license-p>The full terms of the License are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>To identify the effect of music intervention on cognitive function and depression status of residents in senior citizen apartments based on the existing evidence regarding music therapy.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>An experimental study was conducted from November 2008 to December 2009. Sixty healthy senior apartment residents over 65 years of age were recruited and separated into two groups. According to their opinion, 41 took part in the music intervention group and 19 in the comparison group. The music intervention involved Buddhist hymns. The short-term effects were evaluated based on the measurement of cognitive function and depression level using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Geriatric Depression Scale-short form (GDS-SF) at the baseline, 1 month, and 4 months.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The means of the initial and the 1-month MMSE and GDS-SF scores did not differ between the two groups. The 4-month MMSE score significantly declined compared with the initial level in the comparison group, whereas no significant change was observed in the experimental group. Moreover, the 4-month GDS-SF score significantly improved in both groups compared with the initial level.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Music intervention may postpone cognitive decline in healthy residents preferring Buddhist hymns in the senior citizen apartments in 4 months follow-up, and intense contact with participants may improve their mood status.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>music intervention</kwd><kwd>cognitive function</kwd><kwd>depression</kwd><kwd>senior apartment residents</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="t1-ndt-11-1449" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Demographic characteristics of participants</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Participants (N=60)
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Experimental group (N=41)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control group (N=19)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age, mean ± SD (years)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.49±8.88</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.68±4.68</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.573</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female, N (%)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (53.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (52.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.941</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Educational level (years)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0–6, N (%)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (39.0)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (52.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.613</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 7–9, N (%)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (7.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (5.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >9, N (%)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (53.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (42.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Initial MMSE</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.37±3.01</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.89±3.54</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.591</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Initial GDS</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.02±3.00</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.37±1.98</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.373</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ndt-11-1449"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-ndt-11-1449" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Effect of music reminiscence therapy on MMSE and GDS scores</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Initial</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">First month</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fourth month</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MMSE (mean ± SD, N)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Experimental (N=41)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.37±3.01, 41</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.46±2.23, 41</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.11±2.71, 28</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.840<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ndt-11-1449">*</xref>, 0.060<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-11-1449">#</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Control (N=19)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.89±3.54, 19</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.05±2.91, 19</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.81±3.41, 16</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.776<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ndt-11-1449">*</xref>, 0.028<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-11-1449">#</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GDS (mean ± SD, N)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Experimental (N=41)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.02±3.00, 41</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.83±2.19, 41</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26±0.59, 27</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.682<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ndt-11-1449">*</xref>, <0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-11-1449">#</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Control (N=19)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.37±1.98, 19</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.63±2.22, 19</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13±0.34, 16</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.662<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ndt-11-1449">*</xref>, 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-11-1449">#</xref></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn2-ndt-11-1449"><label>*</label><p>First month compared to initial.</p></fn><fn id="tfn3-ndt-11-1449"><label>#</label><p>Fourth month compared to initial.</p></fn><fn id="tfn4-ndt-11-1449"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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