Exhibits at Ballots
Identifieur interne : 000F23 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000F22; suivant : 000F24Exhibits at Ballots
Auteurs :Source :
- The Antiquaries Journal [ 0003-5815 ] ; 1984-09.
Url:
DOI: 10.1017/S0003581500080513
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:BB80BC79FDED00CCC9409DD2123A800C48F4101CLe document en format XML
<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>Exhibits at Ballots</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:BB80BC79FDED00CCC9409DD2123A800C48F4101C</idno><date when="1984" year="1984">1984</date><idno type="doi">10.1017/S0003581500080513</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/BB80BC79FDED00CCC9409DD2123A800C48F4101C/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000F23</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000F23</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">Exhibits at Ballots</title></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">The Antiquaries Journal</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Antiq. J.</title><idno type="ISSN">0003-5815</idno><idno type="eISSN">1758-5309</idno><imprint><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><pubPlace>Cambridge, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="1984-09">1984-09</date><biblScope unit="volume">64</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="373">373</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="424">424</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0003-5815</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0003-5815</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader></TEI><istex><corpusName>cambridge</corpusName><articleId><json:string>08051</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/6GQ-N308D5FD-P</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>other</json:string></originalGenre><qualityIndicators><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>1</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>0</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>0</keywordCount><score>7.012</score><pdfWordCount>25185</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>135380</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.6</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>61</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>518.4 x 705.6 pts</pdfPageSize></qualityIndicators><title>Exhibits at Ballots</title><pii><json:string>S0003581500080513</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>other</json:string></genre><host><title>The Antiquaries Journal</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><issn><json:string>0003-5815</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1758-5309</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>ANT</json:string></publisherId><volume>64</volume><issue>2</issue><pages><first>373</first><last>424</last><total>52</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre></host><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/6GQ-N308D5FD-P</json:string></ark><publicationDate>1984</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1984</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1017/S0003581500080513</json:string></doi><id>BB80BC79FDED00CCC9409DD2123A800C48F4101C</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/BB80BC79FDED00CCC9409DD2123A800C48F4101C/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/BB80BC79FDED00CCC9409DD2123A800C48F4101C/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/BB80BC79FDED00CCC9409DD2123A800C48F4101C/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/BB80BC79FDED00CCC9409DD2123A800C48F4101C/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a">Exhibits at Ballots</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher scheme="https://publisher-list.data.istex.fr">Cambridge University Press</publisher><pubPlace>Cambridge, UK</pubPlace><availability><licence><p>Copyright © The Society of Antiquaries of London 1984</p></licence><p scheme="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-G3RCRD03-V">cambridge</p></availability><date>1984</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="other" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-7474895G-0">other</note><note type="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">Exhibits at Ballots</title><idno type="istex">BB80BC79FDED00CCC9409DD2123A800C48F4101C</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/6GQ-N308D5FD-P</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1017/S0003581500080513</idno><idno type="PII">S0003581500080513</idno><idno type="article-id">08051</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j">The Antiquaries Journal</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Antiq. J.</title><idno type="pISSN">0003-5815</idno><idno type="eISSN">1758-5309</idno><idno type="publisher-id">ANT</idno><imprint><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><pubPlace>Cambridge, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="1984-09"></date><biblScope unit="volume">64</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="373">373</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="424">424</biblScope></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1984</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1984-09">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus cambridge not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.2 20060430//EN" URI="journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article dtd-version="2.2" article-type="other"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ANT</journal-id><journal-title>The Antiquaries Journal</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>Antiq. J.</abbrev-journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0003-5815</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1758-5309</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Cambridge University Press</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Cambridge, UK</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0003581500080513</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">S0003581500080513</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">08051</article-id><title-group><article-title>Exhibits at Ballots</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="left-running">THE ANTIQUARIES JOURNAL</alt-title><alt-title alt-title-type="right-running">EXHIBITS AT BALLOTS</alt-title></title-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>09</month><year>1984</year></pub-date><volume>64</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage seq="14">373</fpage><lpage>424</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © The Society of Antiquaries of London 1984</copyright-statement><copyright-year>1984</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Society of Antiquaries of London</copyright-holder></permissions><counts><page-count count="52"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta><meta-name>pdf</meta-name><meta-value>S0003581500080513a.pdf</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>dispart</meta-name><meta-value>Exhibits at Ballots</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta></front><back><fn-group><title>Notes</title><fn id="fn01" symbol="1"><label>1</label><p>I am grateful to Dr. Mary Berry, Fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge, for her comments on the Tresaunt graffito and for permission to use her Cambridge doctoral thesis; and to the late Mr. Maurice Bond, F.S.A., of Windsor, who showed me the Tresaunt passage and made available to me his great knowledge of the history of Windsor Castle.</p></fn><fn id="fn02" symbol="2"><label>2</label><p><citation id="ref001" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Fellows</surname><given-names>E. H.</given-names></name>, ‘The music of St. George's Chapel’, <italic>Report of the Society of the Friends of St. George's and the Descendants of the Knights of the Garter</italic> (hereafter <italic>Report</italic>) (<year>1951</year>), p. <fpage>15</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn03" symbol="3"><label>3</label><p>Research on the iconography of medieval music has been confined largely to continental Europe. For example, K. Meyer, in ‘The eight Gregorian modes on the Cluny capitals’, (<italic>Art Bull</italic>, xxxiv (1952), pp. 75–94), concludes that the mottoes are paraphrases of the texts of the key antiphons in contemporary tonaries; and the work of Marius Schneider, who suggests that animals carved on the capitals around twelfth-century cloisters serve mnemonically to denote the pitches of the hymns of patron saints. See <citation id="ref002" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Hughes</surname><given-names>Andrew</given-names></name>, <source>Medieval Music</source> (<publisher-loc>Toronto</publisher-loc>, <year>1980</year>), pp. <fpage>54</fpage>–6</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn04" symbol="4"><label>4</label><p>Author's own collection of English medieval graffiti relating to music, made over the past twenty years.</p></fn><fn id="fn05" symbol="5"><label>5</label><p>The graffito of music on the south nave wall at St. Albans Abbey (Herts.) is one of few surviving medieval examples with enlarged notation, presumably for viewing at a greater distance and by one or more people.</p></fn><fn id="fn06" symbol="6"><label>6</label><p>In medieval usage a tresaunt was a passage near cloisters. The Windsor Castle Tresaunt runs parallel to the present Dean's Cloister, and has a window opening upon its south-east corner.</p></fn><fn id="fn07" symbol="7"><label>7</label><p>With the exception of certain types: one medieval custom was for incumbent clergy to record their names and dates of induction on the jamb of the ‘priest's door’—the south door in the chancel. Dates of voyages, historic and otherwise, and intended journeys for pilgrimage, together with crosses, are among those which also appear.</p></fn><fn id="fn08" symbol="8"><label>8</label><p><citation id="ref003" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wagner</surname><given-names>Anthony</given-names><prefix>Sir</prefix></name>, <italic>Historic Heraldry of Britain</italic> (<year>1972</year>), pp. <fpage>37</fpage>–8.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn09" symbol="9"><label>9</label><p>Modern architectural historians, including <citation id="ref004" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Harvey</surname><given-names>John</given-names></name> (‘The architects of St. George's Chapel’, <italic>Report</italic> (<year>1961</year>), pp. <fpage>48</fpage>–9)</citation>, date the Tresaunt to the 1240–3 building of the Chapel, largely, it appears, on the basis of architectural remains. But <citation id="ref005" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Hope</surname><given-names>W. H. St. John</given-names></name>, in his monumental 2-volume <source>Windsor Castle, an Architectural History</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1913</year>)</citation>, published the available documents as footnotes and pointed to ambiguities in dating: ‘the documentary history of the Chapel and royal lodgings is not easy to follow, for not only is much of it obscured under the general head of ‘works’, but other building operations were going on at the same time in connexion with the King's and Queen's chapels in the upper bailey, and it is often hard to say to which the various directions refer.’ Hope also points out remains of earlier structures ‘embedded’ in later ones, and that the King's writ of 4th January 1239–40 for the building of St. George's Chapel was not strictly followed in its location within the castle precincts: see vol. 1, P. 55.</p></fn><fn id="fn10" symbol="10"><label>10</label><p>In St. George's Church, Anstey (Herts.) there is an especially well-drawn collection of graffiti of shields of arms and armorial helms cut into the walls and pillars at the east end of the nave.</p></fn><fn id="fn11" symbol="11"><label>11</label><p>See, for example, sites of medieval altars in churches and domestic buildings, often marked by crosses, probably votive, and graffiti consisting of lists of names on pillars or walls near fonts, no doubt ready records of baptisms, a practice continued even after this information was required to be kept in parish registers (5th September, 1538, State Papers Domestic, xiii, ii, no. 281).</p></fn><fn id="fn12" symbol="12"><label>12</label><p>For a discussion of the Tresaunt Door Cross, see <citation id="ref006" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Bond</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, ‘The crucifix badges of St. George's Chapel’, <italic>Report</italic> (<year>1954</year>), p. <fpage>11</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn13" symbol="13"><label>13</label><p>Liturgical graffiti are valuable as evidence showing medieval liturgical practices, especially where there were departures from usual forms of service. Francis Wormald, who in 1945 wrote one of the very few articles referring to graffiiti (‘A wall painting at Idsworth, Hampshire, and a liturgical graffito’, <italic>Antiq. J.</italic> xxv, pp. 43–7), however, regarded the latter as an isolated, if not unique, case. He identified the nine lines of late fifteenth-century Latin as part of the three nocturnes into which the service of Matins is divided, and according to the Sarum Breviary showed each of the nine lines as the cue for the Benedictions for the nine lessons of Matins of the Visitation of the Virgin on 2nd July. This set of Benedictions is not in the Sarum Rite, but is one of the two sets given by the Sarum Customary for feasts of Our Lady.</p></fn><fn id="fn14" symbol="14"><label>14</label><p>See St. John Hope, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 9), 11, pp. 375. 478–87.</p></fn><fn id="fn15" symbol="15"><label>15</label><p><citation id="ref007" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Jones-Baker</surname><given-names>Doris</given-names></name>, ‘The graffiti of English medieval and post-medieval ships: a source for nautical archaeology’, a paper read to the Society of Antiquaries on 2nd February <year>1984</year></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn16" symbol="16"><label>16</label><p>(Dr. Mary Berry) <citation id="ref008" citation-type="thesis"><name><surname>More</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names><prefix>Sister</prefix></name>, ‘The Performance of Plainsong in the Later Middle Ages and the Sixteenth Century”, Ph.D. thesis, <publisher-name>Girton College</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>Cambridge</publisher-loc>, <year>1968</year>, pp. <fpage>246</fpage>–50</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn17" symbol="17"><label>17</label><p><citation id="ref009" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Simkins</surname><given-names>C. F.</given-names></name>, ‘St. George's music in the fifteenth century’, <italic>Report</italic> (<year>1950</year>), pp. <fpage>10</fpage>–<lpage>17</lpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn18" symbol="18"><label>18</label><p><citation id="ref010" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Rigold</surname><given-names>S. E.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Two common species of medieval seal-matrix</article-title>’, <source>Antiq. J.</source> <volume>lvii</volume> (<year>1977</year>), pp. <fpage>324</fpage>–9</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn19" symbol="19"><label>19</label><p>At the time of going to press at least thirty more medieval seal-dies have been found during a post-excavation watching-brief at Billingsgate; these will be recorded elsewhere.</p></fn><fn id="fn20" symbol="20"><label>20</label><p>I am much indebted to the following: A. R. Caroli, L. Darling, R. Ellis, H. Grala, R. Hill, R. Hooper, L. Hunt, N. Mills, D. Morgan, R. and I. Smith, A. Stewart and E. Taylor. I should also like to thank John Cherry, F.S.A., Vanessa Harding and Dr. Derek Keene for helpful comments.</p></fn><fn id="fn21" symbol="21"><label>21</label><p><citation id="ref011" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Zwierlein-Diehl</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name>, <source>Die antiken Gemmen des Kunsthistorischen Museums in Wien</source>, i (<publisher-loc>Munich</publisher-loc>, <year>1973</year>), pp. <fpage>15</fpage>–<lpage>16</lpage></citation>; cf. <citation id="ref012" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Maaskant-Kleibrink</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, <source>Catalogue of the Engraved Gems in the Royal Coin Collection, The Hague</source> (<publisher-loc>The Hague</publisher-loc>, <year>1978</year>), pp. <fpage>131</fpage>–53</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn22" symbol="22"><label>22</label><p>Zwierlein-Diehl, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 21), 11 (Munich, 1979), p. 141 and pl. 97, no. 1163. In his crosier Archbishop Hubert Walter had a gem depicting a stag cut in a related Italian style; <citation id="ref013" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Henig</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Archbishop Hubert Walter's gems</article-title>’ (Rundperl-Stil), <source>J.B.A.A.</source> <volume>cxxxvi</volume> (<year>1983</year>), p. <fpage>58</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn23" symbol="23"><label>23</label><p><citation id="ref014" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Cabrol</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Leclercq</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <source>Dictionnaire d'archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie</source>, <volume>xiii</volume> (<publisher-loc>Paris</publisher-loc>, <year>1937</year>), cols. 1075–97</citation>; <citation id="ref015" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Toynbee</surname><given-names>J. M. C.</given-names></name>, <source>Animals in Roman Life and Art</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1973</year>), pp. <fpage>251</fpage>–3</citation>; <citation id="ref016" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Guirand</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name> in <italic>New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology</italic> (<year>1968</year>), p. <fpage>106</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn24" symbol="24"><label>24</label><p>I am indebted to Dr. Rowena Gale of the Jodrell Laboratory at Kew for this information.</p></fn><fn id="fn25" symbol="25"><label>25</label><p><citation id="ref017" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>C. Roach</given-names></name>, ‘Medieval seals set with ancient gems’, in <source>Collectanea Antiqua</source>, <volume>iv</volume> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1857</year>), p. <fpage>69</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn26" symbol="26"><label>26</label><p><citation id="ref018" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Emden</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name>, <source>A Biographical Register of the University of Oxford</source> (<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>, <year>1957</year>), 1, p. <fpage>120</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn27" symbol="27"><label>27</label><p><citation id="ref019" citation-type="book"><source>Irish Monastic and Episcopal Deeds *hellip; at Kilkenny Castle</source>, ed. <name><surname>White</surname><given-names>N. B.</given-names></name> (<publisher-loc>Dublin</publisher-loc>, <year>1936</year>), pp. <fpage>24</fpage>–6</citation>. I am indebted to Donal Begley for this reference.</p></fn><fn id="fn28" symbol="28"><label>28</label><p><citation id="ref020" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Hope</surname><given-names>W. H. St. John</given-names></name> ‘<article-title>The seals of English bishops</article-title>’ <source>Proc. Soc. Antiq.</source> 2nd ser. <volume>xi</volume> (<year>1888</year>), p. <fpage>280</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn29" symbol="29"><label>29</label><p><citation id="ref021" citation-type="journal"><source>Trans. Ossory Arch. Soc.</source> <volume>ii</volume> (<year>1883</year>), pp. <fpage>244</fpage>–5</citation>; <citation id="ref022" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Corrigan</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name>, <source>The History and Antiquities of the Diocese of Ossory</source>, <volume>1</volume> (<publisher-loc>Dublin</publisher-loc>, <year>1905</year>), pp. <fpage>281</fpage>–2</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn30" symbol="30"><label>30</label><p><citation id="ref023" citation-type="other"><italic>Calendar of Coroners Rolls of the City of London</italic>, ed. <name><surname>Sharpe</surname><given-names>R. R.</given-names></name> (<year>1913</year>), p. <fpage>136</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn31" symbol="31"><label>31</label><p><citation id="ref024" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Tonnochy</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name>, <italic>Catalogue of British Seal-Dies in the British Museum</italic> (<year>1952</year>), nos. 711–14</citation>. See also <citation id="ref025" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Ellis</surname><given-names>R. H.</given-names></name>, <source>Catalogue of Seals in the Public Record Office: Personal Seals</source>, <volume>ii</volume> (<year>1981</year>), no. 2306.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn32" symbol="32"><label>32</label><p>I must thank Michael Borrie of the British Library for this interpretation.</p></fn><fn id="fn33" symbol="33"><label>33</label><p>Tonnochy, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 31), no. 741.</p></fn><fn id="fn34" symbol="34"><label>34</label><p>I must thank Dr. Paul Robinson for this information.</p></fn><fn id="fn35" symbol="35"><label>35</label><p>Tonnochy, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 31), nos. 749–53.</p></fn><fn id="fn36" symbol="36"><label>36</label><p>I am indebted to Mrs. Ruth Taylor for this reference.</p></fn><fn id="fn37" symbol="37"><label>37</label><p>Tonnochy, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 31), nos. 700–1.</p></fn><fn id="fn38" symbol="38"><label>38</label><p>For a similar legend, Ellis, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 31), no. 667.</p></fn><fn id="fn39" symbol="39"><label>39</label><p>cf. silver chain on fourteenth-century silver seal, <italic>Antiq. J.</italic> xxxi (1951), p. 194.</p></fn><fn id="fn40" symbol="40"><label>40</label><p>According to Dr. Stuart Jenks, he is not to be found among the Hanseatic merchants in England between 1377 and 1461, and a wider search for him has begun in German archives (pers. comm.).</p></fn><fn id="fn41" symbol="41"><label>41</label><p>cf. <citation id="ref026" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Dalton</surname><given-names>O. M.</given-names></name>, <italic>Catalogue of Finger Rings in the British Museum</italic> (<year>1912</year>)</citation>, nos. 526, 545.</p></fn><fn id="fn42" symbol="42"><label>42</label><p>Reg. no. MLA 1982, 7–4, 1. Bought Christie's, 23rd June 1982, lot 92 (not ill.).</p></fn><fn id="fn43" symbol="43"><label>43</label><p>See <citation id="ref027" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Weitzmann-Fiedler</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <source>Romanische gravierte Bronzeschalen</source> (<publisher-loc>Berlin</publisher-loc>, <year>1981</year>)</citation>, <italic>passim.</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn44" symbol="44"><label>44</label><p>The most useful collection of illustrations of Limoges gemellions remains <citation id="ref028" citation-type="book"><name><surname>de Vasselot</surname><given-names>J.-J. Marquet</given-names></name>, <source>Les GSmellions limousins du XIII<sup>e</sup> siàcle</source> (<publisher-loc>Paris</publisher-loc>, <year>1952</year>)</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn45" symbol="45"><label>45</label><p>A brief stylistic analysis of one group of late Ottoman trefoil initials can be found in M. Schapiro, <italic>The Parma Ildefonsus, a Romanesque Illuminated Manuscript from Cluny and Related Works</italic>, Monographs on Arch, and Fine Arts sponsored by the Arch. Inst. of America and the College Art Assoc. of America, xi (1964), pp. 26–9. See also, e.g., <citation id="ref029" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Bloch</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Schnitzler</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <source>Die ottonische Kölner Malerschule</source> (<publisher-loc>Düsseldorf</publisher-loc>, <year>1967</year>), <fpage>1</fpage></citation>, Taf. 389; M.-R. Lapiàre, <italic>La Lettre ornée dans les manuscrits mosans d'origine bénédictine (XI<sup>e</sup>–XII<sup>e</sup> siècles)</italic>, Bibl. de la Faculté de Philosophic et Lettres de l'Université de Liège, Fasc. ccxxix (Paris, 1981), figs. 12–13, 24–34. 51, 58. 100, 110–13, 118–19, 128, etc.</p></fn><fn id="fn46" symbol="46"><label>46</label><p>See <italic>Reiner Musterbuch. Fdksimile-Ausgabe im Originalformat des Musterbuches aus Codex Vindobonensis 507 der O'sterreichischen Nationalbibliothek</italic>, with commentary by F. Unterkircher (Graz, 1979), fos. 1<sup>v</sup> – 2<sup>v</sup> (the foliage of the spandrels between the arches). Similar engraved foliage in lobes around a central field occurs on two patens of the first half of the thirteenth century (at Gronau and at Plock Cathedral).</p></fn><fn id="fn47" symbol="47"><label>47</label><p>See Catalogue <italic>Rhin-Meuse. Art et Civilisation 800–1400</italic> (Cologne/Brussels, 1972), nos. 11, 3–5; Catalogue <italic>Die Zeit der Staufer</italic> (Stuttgart, 1977), in, Abb. 93 (cat. no. 98).</p></fn><fn id="fn48" symbol="48"><label>48</label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref029">Ibid.</xref>, Abb. 85 (cat. no. 90), 88 (cat. no. 93).</p></fn><fn id="fn49" symbol="49"><label>49</label><p>For instance, four such seated frontal images taken from French and English MSS. are illustrated in <citation id="ref030" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Dodwell</surname><given-names>C. R.</given-names></name>, <source>The Canterbury School of Illumination 1066–1200</source> (<publisher-loc>Cambridge</publisher-loc>, <year>1954</year>), pl. 32</citation>. For a twelfth-century Cologne archbishop in a MS. see <italic>Rhin-Meuse (op. cit.</italic> (note 47)), no. J41. For a celebrated example in <italic>cloisonni</italic> enamel on gold, showing St. Severinus of Cologne, see H. Schnitzler, <italic>Rheinische Schatzkammer</italic> (Tafelband) (Düsseldorf, 1957), Taf. 49. There are other metalwork examples, e.g. the figure of St. Heribert on the end of the Heribert Shrine at Deutz.</p></fn><fn id="fn50" symbol="50"><label>50</label><p>Compare, e.g., around the scene of the three Marys at the Sepulchre, the elegant engraved border of 4-lobed leaves against a hatched background, which could be seen as a direct ancestor of the border decoration of the gemellion. But this is only one of several foliage comparisons which could be made. See <citation id="ref031" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Bock</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name>, <source>Der Kronleuchter Kaisers Friedrich Barbarossa.…</source> (<publisher-loc>Leipzig</publisher-loc>, <year>1864</year>)</citation>, Taf. 5, 9, 14.</p></fn><fn id="fn51" symbol="51"><label>51</label><p><citation id="ref032" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Dalton</surname><given-names>O. M.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>On two medieval bronze bowls in the British Museum</article-title>’, <source>Archaeologia</source>, <volume>lxxii</volume> (<year>1921</year>), pp. <fpage>133</fpage>–60.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn52" symbol="52"><label>52</label><p>London: <citation id="ref033" citation-type="journal"><source>Antiq. J.</source> <volume>xiii</volume> (<year>1933</year>), p. <fpage>170</fpage></citation>; Leicester: <citation id="ref034" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Cottrill</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>A medieval bronze bowl from Leicester</article-title>’, <source>Trans. Leics. Arch. Soc.</source> <volume>xxiii</volume> (<year>1946</year>), pp. <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>7</lpage></citation>; Taunton: <citation id="ref035" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Gray</surname><given-names>H. St. George</given-names></name>, <source>Proc. Somerset Arch. & Nat. Hist. Soc.</source> <volume>lxxxiv</volume> (<year>1938</year>), pp. <fpage>100</fpage>–3</citation>; Leuchars, Fife: <citation id="ref036" citation-type="journal"><source>Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scotland</source>, <volume>lxvi</volume> (<year>1931</year>/2), p. <fpage>15</fpage>, fig. 2</citation>; Southampton: found in excavations in Upper Bugle St., 1973 (to be published).</p></fn><fn id="fn53" symbol="53"><label>53</label><p>Weitzmann-Fiedler, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 43).</p></fn><fn id="fn54" symbol="54"><label>54</label><p>Sotheby's Sale 22nd April 1982, lot 60. Reg. no. 1982, 5–4, 1.</p></fn><fn id="fn55" symbol="55"><label>55</label><p>Another English example of the illustration of the Judgement of Solomon is on a capital from Westminster Abbey, c. 1120, which shows the story in three scenes: <italic>English Romanesque Art 1066–1250</italic>, exhibition catalogue, Hayward Gallery (London, 1984), no. 110.</p></fn><fn id="fn56" symbol="56"><label>56</label><p><italic>Op. cit.</italic> (note 43), nos. 20, 21, and 22.</p></fn><fn id="fn57" symbol="57"><label>57</label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref036">Ibid.</xref>, nos. 2,3,14,59,87,141,145,149,151, 170–3. Nine are from London, two from the River Severn, and one each from Leicester, Taunton, Fotheringhay and Southampton.</p></fn><fn id="fn58" symbol="58"><label>58</label><p><italic>Leland Itinerary</italic>, ed. L. Toulmin-Smith, vol. 1, p. 4.</p></fn><fn id="fn59" symbol="59"><label>59</label><p>Discussion of the site is by K.L. and of the object by M.H. We would like to thank Roger Goodburn, F.S.A., for his help and Robert Wilkins, F.S.A., for the photographs.</p></fn><fn id="fn60" symbol="60"><label>60</label><p>TF 209 845.</p></fn><fn id="fn61" symbol="61"><label>61</label><p><citation id="ref037" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>C. W.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>The present state of archaeology in Lincolnshire. Part II</article-title>’, <source>Arch. J.</source> <volume>xci</volume> (<year>1934</year>), pp. <fpage>148</fpage>–9</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn62" symbol="62"><label>62</label><p><citation id="ref038" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Margary</surname><given-names>I. D.</given-names></name>, <source>Roman Roads in Britain</source>, <edition>3rd edn.</edition> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1973</year>), p. <fpage>241</fpage></citation>. Route 272.</p></fn><fn id="fn63" symbol="63"><label>63</label><p><citation id="ref039" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Whitwell</surname><given-names>J. B.</given-names></name>, <source>The Coritani</source>, B.A.R. 99 (<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>, <year>1982</year>), p. <fpage>74</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn64" symbol="64"><label>64</label><p><citation id="ref040" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Corder</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Richmond</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>A Romano-British interment with bucket and sceptres from Brough, East Yorkshire</article-title>’, <source>Antiq. J.</source> <volume>xviii</volume> (<year>1938</year>), pp. <fpage>68</fpage>–<lpage>74</lpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn65" symbol="65"><label>65</label><p>C. Johns in <citation id="ref041" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Potter</surname><given-names>T. W.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>The Roman occupation of the Central Fenland</article-title>’, <source>Britannia</source>, <volume>xii</volume> (<year>1981</year>), pp. <fpage>102</fpage>–4</citation>, fig.10 and pl. via.</p></fn><fn id="fn66" symbol="66"><label>66</label><p>For Venus with a dove beside her see Zwierlein-Diehl, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 21), 11, p. 203, no. i486, pl. 145, a chalcedony-onyx intaglio; <citation id="ref042" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Toynbee</surname><given-names>J. M. C.</given-names></name>, <source>Death and Burial in the Roman World</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1971</year>)</citation>, pl. 79—marble tombstone showing a woman as Venus Victrix accompanied by a dove; and see below, note 68.</p></fn><fn id="fn67" symbol="67"><label>67</label><p><citation id="ref043" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Kirk</surname><given-names>J. R.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Bronzes from Woodeaton, Oxon</article-title>.’, <source>Oxoniensia</source>, <volume>xiv</volume> (<year>1949</year>), pp. <fpage>30</fpage>–1</citation>, nos. 4 and 5 (pl. vd and e). The second of these in particular may be a pigeon or dove, and it is of interest that the temple has yielded two Venus figurines, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref043">ibid.</xref>, nos. 1 and 2 (pl. iva and b). For another pigeon-like bird from Brize Lodge Farm, Ramsden, see <italic>C.B.A. Group</italic> 9, <italic>Newsletter 11</italic> (1981), p. 138, fig. 39. For the Willingham Fen birds see <citation id="ref044" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Alföldi</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>The bronze mace from Willingham Fen, Cambridgeshire</article-title>’, <source>J.R.S.</source> <volume>xxxix</volume> (<year>1949</year>), p. <fpage>19</fpage> and pl. II</citation>, an owl and another bird, the former probably from a sceptre. For the birds from Felmingham Hall see <citation id="ref045" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Gilbert</surname><given-names>H. M.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>The Felmingham Hall hoard, Norfolk</article-title>’, <source>Bull. Board Celt. Stud.</source>, <volume>xxviii</volume> (<year>1978</year>), pp. <fpage>168</fpage>–70</citation>, fig. 4d and e, the former originally mounted on an iron shaft. Although described as a dove by Toynbee the identification cannot be sustained with any confidence.</p></fn><fn id="fn68" symbol="68"><label>68</label><p>Aelian, iv. 2.</p></fn><fn id="fn69" symbol="69"><label>69</label><p><citation id="ref046" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Johns</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, <source>Sex or Symbol. Erotic Images of Greece and Rome</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1982</year>), pp. <fpage>67</fpage>–<lpage>71</lpage></citation>, col. pls. 13 and 14.</p></fn><fn id="fn70" symbol="70"><label>70</label><p><citation id="ref047" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Ginsberg-Klar</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>The archaeology of musical instruments in Germany during the Roman period</article-title>’, <source>World Arch</source>, <volume>xii</volume> (<year>1981</year>), pp. <fpage>313</fpage>–20</citation>, esp. 317–18. For the Felmingham Hall rattle see Boon in <citation id="ref048" citation-type="journal"><source>Antiq. J.</source> <volume>lxiii</volume> (<year>1983</year>), pp. <fpage>363</fpage>–4</citation>. For the spear-sceptre see Gilbert, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 67), pp. 166 (fig. 3a), 179–80; also M. J. Green, <italic>A Romano-British Ceremonial Bronze Object Found near Peterborough</italic>, Peterborough City Museum monograph no. 1 (1975), for a similar spear-sceptre found at Milton, near Peterborough.</p></fn><fn id="fn71" symbol="71"><label>71</label><p><citation id="ref049" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Toynbee</surname><given-names>J. M. C.</given-names></name>, <source>Art in Roman Britain</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1962</year>), pp. <fpage>124</fpage>–5, no. 4, pl.4</citation>; <citation id="ref050" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Henig</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>P. R.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>A bronze figurine from Bainesse Farm, Catterick</article-title>’, <source>Antiq. J.</source> <volume>lxii</volume> (<year>1982</year>), pp. <fpage>370</fpage>–2, pl. liv</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn72" symbol="72"><label>72</label><p>Note 67, figurines from Woodeaton and Ramsden.</p></fn><fn id="fn73" symbol="73"><label>73</label><p><citation id="ref051" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Johns</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Potter</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name>, <source>The Thetford Treasure. Roman Jewellery and Silver</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1983</year>), pp. <fpage>84</fpage>–5</citation>. no. 7, pl. 14.</p></fn><fn id="fn74" symbol="74"><label>74</label><p>The inscription seems first to have been published in <citation id="ref052" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Letronne</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, <source>Recueil des inscriptions grecques et latines de l'Égypte</source>, 1 (<publisher-loc>Paris</publisher-loc>, <year>1842</year>), pp. <fpage>1</fpage> ff</citation>. For other references, see <citation id="ref053" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Hirschfeld</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Marshall</surname><given-names>F. H.</given-names></name>, <source>The Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum</source>, <volume>iv</volume> (<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>, <year>1893</year>), no. 1063</citation>; <citation id="ref054" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Marshall</surname><given-names>F. H.</given-names></name>, <source>Catalogue of the Jewellery, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1911</year> and 1969), no. 2111</citation>; and <citation id="ref055" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Rowe</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, <source>Discovery of the Famous Temple and Enclosure of Serapis at Alexandria</source> (<publisher-loc>Cairo</publisher-loc>, <year>1946</year>), p. <fpage>10</fpage>, n. 3, p. 11, n. 2</citation>. The reg. no. of the plaque is 1895. 10–30.1.</p></fn><fn id="fn75" symbol="75"><label>75</label><p>Rowe, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 74), p. 11.</p></fn><fn id="fn76" symbol="76"><label>76</label><p><citation id="ref056" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Hall</surname><given-names>J. J.</given-names></name>, <source>The Life and Correspondence of Henry Salt</source>, <volume>ii</volume> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1834</year>), p. <fpage>114</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn77" symbol="77"><label>77</label><p>Described in <citation id="ref057" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Burke</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name>, <source>The General Armory</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1884</year>), p. <fpage>940</fpage></citation>. Our Fellow Ronald Lightbown informed me of the French origin of t h e imitation book.</p></fn><fn id="fn78" symbol="78"><label>78</label><p><italic>Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London</italic>, cv (1815), pp. 97–124 (I am grateful to our Fellow Donald Harden for this reference).</p></fn><fn id="fn79" symbol="79"><label>79</label><p>Rowe, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 74), pp. 6, 5–7.</p></fn><fn id="fn80" symbol="80"><label>80</label><p><italic>Science</italic>, cxxxiii (1961), pp. 1824–6.</p></fn><fn id="fn81" symbol="81"><label>81</label><p><citation id="ref058" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Hughes</surname><given-names>M. J.</given-names></name>, <source>P.P.S.</source> <volume>xxxviii</volume> (<year>1972</year>), pp. <fpage>98</fpage>–<lpage>107</lpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn82" symbol="82"><label>82</label><p>Rowe, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 74), pp. 1–2, 3; <citation id="ref059" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Wace</surname><given-names>A. J. B.</given-names></name> in <source>J.H.S.</source> <volume>lxv</volume> (<year>1945</year>), p. <fpage>106</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn83" symbol="83"><label>83</label><p>Rowe, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 74), pl. x.</p></fn><fn id="fn84" symbol="84"><label>84</label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref059">Ibid.</xref>, pp. 51, 55, 56 and 59; Wace, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 82), p. 108.</p></fn><fn id="fn85" symbol="85"><label>85</label><p>Rowe, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 74), pp. 11, 12–13; <citation id="ref060" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Tod</surname><given-names>M. N.</given-names></name> in <source>J. Egyptian Arch.</source>, <volume>xxviii</volume> (<year>1942</year>), pp. <fpage>53</fpage> ff.</citation>: it is Rowe's view that one of the plaques might be glass; Tod describes it as porcelain (faience) and green stone has also been suggested; it now appears to be lost.</p></fn><fn id="fn86" symbol="86"><label>86</label><p>Wace, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 82), p. 108.</p></fn><fn id="fn87" symbol="87"><label>87</label><p>A facsimile of the gold plaque was sent to Corfu in 1838. Our Fellow John Goodall suggested to me that the loss of the Ionian Islands as a British possession may have prompted the non-delivery of the plaque to the University of Corfu.</p></fn><fn id="fn88" symbol="88"><label>88</label><p>Sothebys: Sale of Medieval, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque Works of Art and Tapestries, 17th April 1980, lot 14.</p></fn><fn id="fn89" symbol="89"><label>89</label><p>British Museum, Department of Prehistoric and Romano-British Antiquities, reg. no. P.1983.10–3.1.</p></fn><fn id="fn90" symbol="90"><label>90</label><p><citation id="ref061" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Henkel</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name>, <source>Die rbmischen Fingerringe der Rheinlande</source> (<publisher-loc>Berlin</publisher-loc>, <year>1913</year>)</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn91" symbol="91"><label>91</label><p>Published in the <italic>Illustrated London News</italic>, 2nd October 1948. See also <citation id="ref062" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, <source>Christianity in Roman Britain to A.D. 500</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1981</year>), p. <fpage>131</fpage></citation> and fig. 13.5. At the time of writing, the present whereabouts of the Brentwood ring remains unknown: the British Museum (P & RB Department) possesses photographs and a plaster impression of the ring.</p></fn><fn id="fn92" symbol="92"><label>92</label><p>R.C.H.M., <italic>Dorset</italic>, ill, pt. 1 (1970), p. 94.</p></fn><fn id="fn93" symbol="93"><label>93</label><p>The motif is commented upon in Thomas, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 91), p. 92.</p></fn><fn id="fn94" symbol="94"><label>94</label><p>Several examples of Chi-Rho monograms from Roman Britain are illustrated and compared, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref062">ibid.</xref>, figs. 4–7.</p></fn><fn id="fn95" symbol="95"><label>95</label><p>The analysis of the ring by X-ray fluorescence was carried out in the British Museum Research Laboratory by Michael Cowell.</p></fn><fn id="fn96" symbol="96"><label>96</label><p>Johns and Potter, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 73); analyses are listed on p. 57.</p></fn><fn id="fn97" symbol="97"><label>97</label><p>Thomas, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 91). There are numerous references to Icklingham throughout the work.</p></fn><fn id="fn98" symbol="98"><label>98</label><p>C. J. is very grateful to Martin Henig, F.S.A., Jack Ogden, David Buckton and Donald Bailey, F.S.A., who have discussed the ring with her, and to Philip Compton for his drawing of the object.</p></fn><fn id="fn99" symbol="99"><label>99</label><p>Analysis was undertaken by Mrs. S. C. La Niece and M. R. Cowell of the Research Laboratory, Department of Scientific Research and Conservation, British Museum.</p></fn><fn id="fn100" symbol="100"><label>100</label><p>Information kindly proffered by R. P. J. Jackson.</p></fn><fn id="fn101" symbol="101"><label>101</label><p><citation id="ref063" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Ross</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, <source>Pagan Celtic Britain</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1967</year>), pp. <fpage>118</fpage>–19, 199–200</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn102" symbol="102"><label>102</label><p>Gervase, Abbot of Westminster, Hugh of Bury St. Edmunds, Walter, Abbot of Battle, and Robert of St. Albans are early examples: see, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 55), nos. 364 and 365; <citation id="ref064" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Birch</surname><given-names>W. de G.</given-names></name>, <source>Catalogue of Seals in the British Museum</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1887</year>), no. 2617</citation>; and <italic>Registrum Antiquissimum</italic>, Lincoln Record Society, xxviii (1933), ed. C. W. Foster, no. 322, pl. v, opp. P. 13.</p></fn><fn id="fn103" symbol="103"><label>103</label><p>See <citation id="ref065" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Heslop</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>English seals from the mid ninth century to 1100</article-title>’, <source>J.B.A.A.</source> <volume>cxxxiii</volume> (<year>1980</year>), p. <fpage>12</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn104" symbol="104"><label>104</label><p>The diameter of the matrix varies a little, but 58 mm. is the average measurement. The handle projects a further 8 mm. and at its deepest the stone measures 15 mm. We are grateful to Paul Williamson at the Victoria and Albert Museum and Robin Sanderson of the British Geological Survey for their help in attempting to identify the stone. It is a ‘pale greyish buff granular limestone … too coarse grained to be one of the local (south Worcs.) White Lias lithographic limestones. There is the possibility that it could be one of the minor types of Jurassic limestone from the Cotswold belt’ (Robin Sanderson, letter to Paul Williamson dated 15th March 1984).</p></fn><fn id="fn105" symbol="105"><label>105</label><p>The others belonged to Wulfric and Godwin, both men of thegnly or equivalent rank since each holds a sword as an indication of status, and Godgyth, a nun. At this period, before the use of seals to authenticate charters in England, their primary function was probably for closing letters, though in the first two instances, and that of the Evesham matrix, they could also have been used on writs; see Heslop, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 103), <italic>passim.</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn106" symbol="106"><label>106</label><p>Directed by Kevin Blockley and Marion Day, sponsored by the Avon County Council and financed by the Manpower Services Commission. See <citation id="ref066" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Blockley</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Day</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, <source>Marshfield 1982: Interim Report on the Excavation of an Iron Age and Romano-British Settlement</source> (<publisher-loc>Bristol</publisher-loc>, <year>1983</year>)</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn107" symbol="107"><label>107</label><p>The final report on the 1982–3 excavations will be published in the B.A.R. series.</p></fn><fn id="fn108" symbol="108"><label>108</label><p><citation id="ref067" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Allen</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name> in <name><surname>Frere</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name> (ed.), <italic>Problems of the Iron Age in Southern Britain</italic>, London Inst. Arch. Occ. Pap. 11 (<year>1961</year>), p. <fpage>302</fpage></citation>; <citation id="ref068" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Frere</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, <article-title><italic>Veralamium Excavations</italic></article-title>, 1, <source>Soc. Antiq. London Res. Rep.</source> <volume>xxviii</volume> (<year>1972</year>), p. <fpage>160</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn109" symbol="109"><label>109</label><p>Although the difference is only 17 g. and the experiment makes no great claim to accuracy.</p></fn><fn id="fn110" symbol="110"><label>110</label><p>Frere 1972 (<italic>op. cit.</italic>, note 108), p. 160.</p></fn><fn id="fn111" symbol="111"><label>111</label><p>e.g. R. Goodburn in Frere 1972 (<italic>op. cit.</italic>, note 108), p. 124, fig. 37.92.</p></fn><fn id="fn112" symbol="112"><label>112</label><p><citation id="ref069" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bushe-Fox</surname><given-names>J. P.</given-names></name>, <article-title><italic>Excavations at Richborough</italic></article-title>, iv, <source>Soc. Antiq. London Res. Rep.</source> <volume>xvi</volume> (<year>1949</year>), p. <fpage>131</fpage>, pl. XXXVIII, no. 133</citation>; <citation id="ref070" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Cunliffe</surname><given-names>B. W.</given-names></name> (ed.), <article-title><italic>Excavations at Richborough</italic></article-title>, v, <source>Soc. Antiq. London Res. Rep.</source> <volume>xxiii</volume> (<year>1968</year>), pl. xlvii, no. 214</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn113" symbol="113"><label>113</label><p><citation id="ref071" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Watkins</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name> in <name><surname>Heighway</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Garrod</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Excavations at Nos. 1 and 30 Westgate Street, Gloucester: the Roman levels</article-title>’, <source>Britannia</source>, <volume>xi</volume> (<year>1980</year>), pp. <fpage>107</fpage>–9</citation>, fig. 15 no.10, where the function of the sliding weight is apparently misunderstood.</p></fn><fn id="fn114" symbol="114"><label>114</label><p><citation id="ref072" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Boon</surname><given-names>G. C.</given-names></name>, <source>Silchester: the Roman Town of Calleva</source> (<publisher-loc>Newton Abbot</publisher-loc>, <year>1974</year>), p. <fpage>292</fpage></citation>, fig. 34, nos. 3–4.</p></fn><fn id="fn115" symbol="115"><label>115</label><p><citation id="ref073" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Webster</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name> in <name><surname>Jarrett</surname><given-names>M. J.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Wrathmell</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, <source>Whitton. An Iron Age and Roman Farmsteadin South Glamorgan</source> (<publisher-loc>Cardiff</publisher-loc>, <year>1981</year>), p. <fpage>182</fpage></citation>, fig. 72.48.</p></fn><fn id="fn116" symbol="116"><label>116</label><p><citation id="ref074" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Merrifield</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name>, <source>The Roman City of London</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1965</year>), pl. 128</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn117" symbol="117"><label>117</label><p>Inv. nos. B559, B755 and B759.</p></fn><fn id="fn118" symbol="118"><label>118</label><p>Justine Bayley is responsible for the analytical work, and Brian Spencer for the discussion and distribution list. The latter were originally compiled in anticipation of the publication of the Perth mirrors, and are here made available by courtesy of Dr. N. Fojut of the Scottish Development Department (Ancient Monuments).</p></fn><fn id="fn119" symbol="119"><label>119</label><p>We are grateful to Mr. Nutt for permission to exhibit and publish the object, and to the staff of the Archaeology Section of the Essex County Council Planning Department for passing it to Chelmsford Archaeological Trust for identification.</p></fn><fn id="fn120" symbol="120"><label>120</label><p>Ancient Monuments Laboratory (AML) Report 4160, February 1984; analysis by X-ray fluorescence (XRF).</p></fn><fn id="fn121" symbol="121"><label>121</label><p>Confirmed by XRF.</p></fn><fn id="fn122" symbol="122"><label>122</label><p>Detected by XRF.</p></fn><fn id="fn123" symbol="123"><label>123</label><p>Identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD).</p></fn><fn id="fn124" symbol="124"><label>124</label><p>Material of a similar appearance on a mirror from Winchester has been identified as such by XRD (AML Report 4161).</p></fn><fn id="fn125" symbol="125"><label>125</label><p>AML Report 3014.</p></fn><fn id="fn126" symbol="126"><label>126</label><p>For help in compiling this list we are much indebted to Professor M. Biddle, F.S.A., S. Bird, Dr. J. Collis, Mrs. A. R. Easson, N. Griffiths, Dr. S. Margeson, G. Marsh, M. Rhodes and Dr. P. Robinson.</p></fn><fn id="fn127" symbol="127"><label>127</label><p><citation id="ref075" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Bruce</surname><given-names>J. C.</given-names></name>, <source>The Roman Wall</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1867</year>), p. <fpage>431</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn128" symbol="128"><label>128</label><p>Colchester and Essex Museum; an unpublished collection of drawings for a history of Colchester, p. 173.</p></fn><fn id="fn129" symbol="129"><label>129</label><p>Seaby's <italic>Coin and Medal Bulletin</italic>, no. 781 (September 1983), V274.</p></fn><fn id="fn130" symbol="130"><label>130</label><p>In excavations by Professor M. Biddle, to whom we are grateful for information.</p></fn><fn id="fn131" symbol="131"><label>131</label><p>AML Report 4161 and information from Professor Biddle.</p></fn><fn id="fn132" symbol="132"><label>132</label><p>City Museum, St. Albans.</p></fn><fn id="fn133" symbol="133"><label>133</label><p>Museum of London ace. nos. A13735 and 1883: records of the Billingsgate finds are with the Museum's Medieval Department.</p></fn><fn id="fn134" symbol="134"><label>134</label><p>Castle Museum; ex inf. Dr. S. Margeson.</p></fn><fn id="fn135" symbol="135"><label>135</label><p>Excavated by L. A. S. Butler in 1964; ex inf. Alison Goodall. For a note on the site, see <citation id="ref076" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Hurst</surname><given-names>D. G.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Medieval Britain in 1964</article-title>’, <source>Med. Arch</source>, <volume>ix</volume> (<year>1965</year>), p. <fpage>214</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn136" symbol="136"><label>136</label><p>N. Q. Bogdan, <italic>Excavations at Perth High Street, 1975–77</italic> (forthcoming), small find L2404. See also notes 118 and 144.</p></fn><fn id="fn137" symbol="137"><label>137</label><p>Roman Baths Museum, BATRM A299; illustrated by <citation id="ref077" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Wacher</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <source>The Coming of Rome</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1980</year>), p. <fpage>144</fpage>.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn138" symbol="138"><label>138</label><p>Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, 927. 66.3,4.</p></fn><fn id="fn139" symbol="139"><label>139</label><p>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref077">Ibid.</xref>, 926. 26.5.</p></fn><fn id="fn140" symbol="140"><label>140</label><p>Devizes Museum.</p></fn><fn id="fn141" symbol="141"><label>141</label><p>AML Report 3014; object AM 749175.</p></fn><fn id="fn142" symbol="142"><label>142</label><p>As in the Bath example, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 137). One of these, from Billingsgate, has an additional perforated lug, presumably for suspending the mirror (pl. liii<italic>b</italic>).</p></fn><fn id="fn143" symbol="143"><label>143</label><p>AML Reports 3014, 4161.</p></fn><fn id="fn144" symbol="144"><label>144</label><p>See note 136; SF C7079. This is now matched by another from Billingsgate.</p></fn><fn id="fn145" symbol="145"><label>145</label><p>These particular finds from Swan Lane and Billingsgate are deposited with the Department of Urban Archaeology, Museum of London.</p></fn><fn id="fn146" symbol="146"><label>146</label><p><citation id="ref078" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Hume</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, <source>Ancient Meols: Antiquities found near Dove Point</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1863</year>), p. <fpage>361</fpage></citation>; cf. Dept. Medieval and Later Antiquities, British Museum 83.5–1.1.</p></fn><fn id="fn147" symbol="147"><label>147</label><p><citation id="ref079" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Barrelet</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <source>La Verrerie en France</source> (<publisher-loc>Paris</publisher-loc>, <year>1953</year>). p. <fpage>42</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn148" symbol="148"><label>148</label><p>Those depicted in fifteenth-century Flemish paintings are discussed in <citation id="ref080" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>van Buchem</surname><given-names>H. J. H.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Convexe Spiegeltjes</article-title>’, <source>Numaga</source>, <volume>xxiii</volume> (<year>1976</year>), pp. <fpage>12</fpage>–<lpage>22</lpage></citation>. We must thank Dr. G. Lloyd-Morgan, F.S.A., for this reference.</p></fn><fn id="fn149" symbol="149"><label>149</label><p>Best illustrated by pilgrim signs from Aachen: <citation id="ref081" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Köster</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name>, ‘Gutenbergs Strassburger Aachenspiegel-Unternehmen van 1438/1440’, <italic>Gutenberg-Jahrbuch</italic>, <year>1983</year>, pp. <fpage>24</fpage>–<lpage>44</lpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn150" symbol="150"><label>150</label><p><citation id="ref082" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Fairholt</surname><given-names>F. W.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Satirical songs and poems on costume</article-title>’, <source>English Poetry and Ballads</source>, Percy Soc. <volume>xxvii</volume> (<year>1899</year>), p. <fpage>12</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn151" symbol="151"><label>151</label><p><citation id="ref083" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Lopez</surname><given-names>R. S.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Raymond</surname><given-names>I. W.</given-names></name>, <source>Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1955</year>). p. <fpage>134</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn152" symbol="152"><label>152</label><p>Marquess of Bute MS. 150, f. 32<italic>b</italic>; <italic>Catalogue of the Bute Collection</italic>, Sotheby's sale, 13th June 1983, p. 20, where the lady is described as holding a pair of spectacles, listening.</p></fn><fn id="fn153" symbol="153"><label>153</label><p><citation id="ref084" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Randall</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name>, <source>Images in the Margins of Gothic Manuscripts</source> (<publisher-loc>Berkeley and Los Angeles</publisher-loc>, <year>1966</year>)</citation>, <italic>passim</italic>, but especially under ‘hybrid man with mirror’ and ‘hybrid woman with mirror’.</p></fn><fn id="fn154" symbol="154"><label>154</label><p>Public Record Office, E122/71/8, 1114. We are indebted to Vanessa Harding for this reference.</p></fn><fn id="fn155" symbol="155"><label>155</label><p><citation id="ref085" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Scheurleer</surname><given-names>D. F. Lunsingh</given-names></name>, <source>Chinese Export Porcelain</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1974</year>), pl. 29</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn156" symbol="156"><label>156</label><p><citation id="ref086" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Legg</surname><given-names>J. Wickham</given-names></name>, in <italic>English Church Life from the Restoration to the Tractarian Movement</italic> (<year>1914</year>), p. <fpage>165</fpage></citation>, quotes: ‘Luke Heslop Archdeacon of Buckingham, was born and baptized on St. Luke's day 1738.’</p></fn><fn id="fn157" symbol="157"><label>157</label><p>I am indebted to Mr. Donald Findlay, who copied the inscriptions, in the preparation of this note.</p></fn><fn id="fn158" symbol="158"><label>158</label><p>Whatever the ancient name of such a vessel may have been, it was certainly not <italic>patera</italic>, a handleless libation-dish held in the right hand, as countless sculptures, paintings and coins show, with the fingers fitting into the concave underside, and the ball of the thumb over the rim. <italic>Patella, patena</italic> or <italic>patina</italic> may be excluded, as may <italic>trua</italic>, leaving <italic>trulleus</italic> or <italic>trulleum</italic> as possibilities. Cf. <citation id="ref087" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Hilgers</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name>, <source>Lateinische Gefässnamen</source> (<publisher-loc>Düsseldorf</publisher-loc>, <year>1969</year>)</citation>, <italic>s.w.</italic>; but over <italic>patera</italic> he is confused.</p></fn><fn id="fn159" symbol="159"><label>159</label><p>Directed for the National Museum of Wales by Mr. David Zienkiewicz.</p></fn><fn id="fn160" symbol="160"><label>160</label><p>Tinning is necessary if food, etc., is not to be tainted with copper, and many <italic>trullei</italic> still exhibit it. The copper pans in kitchen use down to recent years were scoured with silversand and needed re-tinning at intervals; see our <citation id="ref088" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>Fellow Lesley</given-names></name>'s <source>The Private Life of a Country House</source> (<publisher-loc>Newton Abbot</publisher-loc>, <year>1980</year>), p. <fpage>132</fpage></citation>. The metal of the Caerleon vessel has not been analysed, but would doubtless prove similar to that of the parallels at Nijmegen: cf. <citation id="ref089" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>den Boesterd</surname><given-names>M. H. P.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Hoekstra</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name>, <source>Oudheidk. Mededeel.</source> n.s. <volume>xlvi</volume> (<year>1965</year>), pp. <fpage>112</fpage>–13</citation>, nos. 28–9, two Gaulish Gödaker pans with 11–12 per cent tin and 3½–7 per cent lead; the numbers correspond to <citation id="ref090" citation-type="book"><name><surname>den Boesterd</surname><given-names>M. H. P.</given-names></name>, <source>Description of the Collections in the Rijksmuseum G. M. Kam at Nijmegen, <italic>v:</italic> The Bronze Vessels</source> (<publisher-loc>Nijmegen</publisher-loc>, <year>1956</year>)</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn161" symbol="161"><label>161</label><p>The hoards are: (1). Glyndyfrdwy, Corwen: <citation id="ref091" citation-type="journal"><source>Arch. Comb.</source> <volume>lxxxii</volume> (<year>1927</year>), pp. <fpage>129</fpage>–40</citation>; (2). Plas Uchaf, Abergele: <citation id="ref092" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Davies</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name>, <source>The Prehistoric and Roman Remains of Denbighshire</source> (<publisher-loc>Cardiff</publisher-loc>, <year>1929</year>), pp. <fpage>39</fpage>–<lpage>42</lpage></citation>; (3). Llanberis: <citation id="ref093" citation-type="journal"><source>Arch. Camb.</source> <volume>xcviii</volume> (<year>1945</year>), pp. <fpage>129</fpage>–33</citation>, cf. <italic>Arch. Ael.</italic> ser. 4, xlvii (1969), p. 5; (4). Ynys Gwrtheyrn, Llanenddwyn, Mer.: <citation id="ref094" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Wales</surname><given-names>R.C.A.H.M.</given-names></name>, <italic>Merioneth Inventory</italic> (<year>1921</year>), pp. <fpage>103</fpage>–4</citation>; and (5). Llechwedd-du Bach, Harlech: <citation id="ref095" citation-type="journal"><source>Arch. Camb.</source> <volume>lxxx</volume> (<year>1925</year>), pp. <fpage>190</fpage>–6</citation>. Another <italic>trulleus</italic> was found separately at Llystyn-gwyn, Caerns.: <citation id="ref096" citation-type="journal"><source>Arch. Camb.</source> <volume>xc</volume> (<year>1935</year>), pp. <fpage>304</fpage>–6</citation>. In addition there is the Welshpool ‘cenotaph’, Boon in <citation id="ref097" citation-type="journal"><source>Antiq. J.</source> <volume>xli</volume> (<year>1961</year>), pp. <fpage>13</fpage>–<lpage>31</lpage></citation>. A few fragments from the forts will be found in <citation id="ref098" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Eggers</surname><given-names>H. J.</given-names></name>' list, <source>Jahrb. d. Röm.-Germ. Zentralmuseums Mainz</source>, <volume>xiii</volume> (<year>1966</year>)</citation>. Brecon also yielded a small cup of Dr. 35 shape, published <italic>Y Cymmrodor</italic>, xxxvii (1926), pp. 111–12. This list excludes later Roman material.</p></fn><fn id="fn162" symbol="162"><label>162</label><p><citation id="ref099" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Cichorius</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, <italic>Die Reliefs der Trajanssaule</italic> (<year>1886</year>–<year>1900</year>)</citation>, Taf. vii.4; cf. <citation id="ref100" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Richmond</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name>, <source>Pap. British School at Rome</source>, <volume>xiii</volume> (<year>1935</year>), p. <fpage>7</fpage></citation>, on fig. 1.</p></fn><fn id="fn163" symbol="163"><label>163</label><p>Dimensions: bowl 13 8 cm. diam. at rim, 9:5 cm. at base, 6–4 cm. high; handle 11.7 cm. long, including the ring, 5–4 cm. diam. Capacity to line engraved just inside the rim, 650 ml., well over a Roman <italic>sextarius</italic> (547 ml.). One of the Glyndyfrdwy pans (note 161 above) had a graduated interior with lines at 560, 1170, 1720 and 2200 ml. Work needs to be done on such measurements.</p></fn><fn id="fn164" symbol="164"><label>164</label><p><citation id="ref101" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Norling-Christensen</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <italic>Aarbeger</italic> (<year>1952</year>), p. <fpage>192</fpage></citation>. Phase I has a tiny ledge or shoulder between body and base; I I has only a boundaryline. The type is named after a grave-find in Uppland, east-central Sweden.</p></fn><fn id="fn165" symbol="165"><label>165</label><p><citation id="ref102" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Webster</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <source>Trans. Birmingham Arch. Soc.</source> <volume>lxxx</volume>, 1962 (<year>1965</year>), pp. <fpage>143</fpage>–4</citation>, pl. 30 My thanks are due to Warwick Museum for supplying the photograph here published, and I am grateful to Dr. Webster for drawing my attention to this vessel.</p></fn><fn id="fn166" symbol="166"><label>166</label><p><citation id="ref103" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Bosanquet</surname><given-names>R. C.</given-names></name> (ed. I. A. Richmond), <source>Arch. Ael.</source> ser. 4, <volume>xii</volume> (<year>1936</year>), pp. <fpage>139</fpage>–51</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn167" symbol="167"><label>167</label><p><italic>Loc. cit.</italic> note 161.</p></fn><fn id="fn168" symbol="168"><label>168</label><p><citation id="ref104" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Tassinari</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, <italic>La Vaisselle de bronze, romaine et provinciale, au Musie des Antiquitis Nationales</italic>, xxix<sup>e</sup> suppl. à <italic>Gallia</italic> (<year>1975</year>), pp. <fpage>30</fpage>–1</citation>, with a list of parallels, pl. iv. 15. Cf. also den Boesterd, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 160), pp. I –II, and list.</p></fn><fn id="fn169" symbol="169"><label>169</label><p>e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref104">ibid.</xref>, p. 10; Tassinari, <italic>op. cit.</italic>, p. 30.</p></fn><fn id="fn170" symbol="170"><label>170</label><p><italic>Op. cit.</italic> (note 166), p. 149.</p></fn><fn id="fn171" symbol="171"><label>171</label><p><italic>Op. cit.</italic> (note 167), p. 178.</p></fn><fn id="fn172" symbol="172"><label>172</label><p>See the mouldings drawn by <citation id="ref105" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Fletcher</surname><given-names>Banister</given-names><prefix>Sir</prefix></name>, <source>A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1946</year> edn.), 125H, p. <fpage>128</fpage></citation>. Welwyn: <citation id="ref106" citation-type="journal"><source>Archaeologia</source>, <volume>lxiii</volume> (<year>1912</year>), pl. 2</citation>; Newstead: <citation id="ref107" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Curie</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <source>A. Roman Frontier Post and its People</source> (<publisher-loc>Glasgow</publisher-loc>, <year>1911</year>), pl. 56</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn173" symbol="173"><label>173</label><p>Chr. Blinkenberg, <italic>Mém. Soc. Roy. des Antiquaires du Nord</italic>, n.s. (1896–1901), p. 311, no. 13. I thank the Copenhagen authorities for so swiftly producing the photograph here published. Note: Tassinari, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 168), p. 31, refers to a vessel in private hands with stamp <sc>MATVRO-F</sc>, also Gödåker type.</p></fn><fn id="fn174" symbol="174"><label>174</label><p>e.g. on the Glyndyfrdwy pan by <italic>Cipius Nicomachus</italic>, cf. note 161 above.</p></fn><fn id="fn175" symbol="175"><label>175</label><p>On the eye as <italic>apotropaion</italic>, see in general <citation id="ref108" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Elworthy</surname><given-names>F. T.</given-names></name>, <source>The Evil Eye</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1895</year>), pp. <fpage>126</fpage>–43</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn176" symbol="176"><label>176</label><p>A Gödåker I pan stamped <sc>c֗app֗ fvsci</sc> (<italic>C.I.L.</italic> xiii.3.11, 10027(8)), shown in <citation id="ref109" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Mutz</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, <source>Die Kunst des Metalldrehens bei den Römern</source> (<publisher-loc>Basel</publisher-loc>, <year>1972</year>), Bild 27</citation>; no <italic>oculi.</italic> A Nijmegen pan (den Boesterd, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 160), no. 29) may have an <italic>oculus</italic>, but the drawing is too small to be sure. A bucket foot from Zohor has <italic>oculi</italic> engraved around annulets: <citation id="ref110" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Kraskovskà</surname><given-names>L'udmila</given-names></name>, <source>Roman Bronze Vessels from Slovakia</source>, B.A.R. S44 (<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>, <year>1978</year>)</citation>, pl. xv, 4.</p></fn><fn id="fn177" symbol="177"><label>177</label><p>Glyndyfrdwy, <italic>loc. cit.</italic> note 161. Traced line, cf. Ekholm, <italic>Aarbeger</italic> (1940), p. 147, fig. 6.</p></fn><fn id="fn178" symbol="178"><label>178</label><p><italic>Op. cit.</italic> note 165, pp. 142, 145–6.</p></fn><fn id="fn179" symbol="179"><label>179</label><p>cf. a Maryport stone, long lost, as edited by Hiibner (after Gruter), <italic>C.I.L.</italic> vii, 410, LV[.]CA; <italic>R.I.B.</italic> 1, 866, prints the text as Camden gives it, with one <citation id="ref111" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Horsley</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, <source>Britannia Romana</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1732</year>), p. <fpage>285</fpage></citation>, comments: ‘whether LVCA be the whole name or only a part, is uncertain’.</p></fn><fn id="fn180" symbol="180"><label>180</label><p><citation id="ref112" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Holder</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name>, <source>The Roman Army in Britain</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1982</year>), p. <fpage>iii</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn181" symbol="181"><label>181</label><p><citation id="ref113" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Birley</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name>, <source>Arch. Camb.</source> <volume>cii</volume> (<year>1952</year>), pp. <fpage>17</fpage>–<lpage>19</lpage></citation>. The linking of diplomas with legionary commands was first suggested by <citation id="ref114" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Cheesman</surname><given-names>G. L.</given-names></name>, <source>The Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army</source> (<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>, <year>1914</year>), pp. <fpage>49</fpage>–<lpage>50</lpage></citation>. The diploma of 103, <italic>C.I.L.</italic> xvi, 48, and see <citation id="ref115" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Nash-Williams</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name>, <source>The Roman Frontier in Wales</source>, ed. <name><surname>Jarrett</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name> (<publisher-loc>Cardiff</publisher-loc>, <year>1969</year>), p. <fpage>15</fpage></citation>, likewise for possible locations.</p></fn><fn id="fn182" symbol="182"><label>182</label><p><citation id="ref116" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Holder</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name>, <source>The Auxiliafrom Augustus to Trajan</source>, B.A.R. S70 (<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>, <year>1980</year>), pp. <fpage>167</fpage>–8</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn183" symbol="183"><label>183</label><p><citation id="ref117" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Webster</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <source>Rome Against Caratacus</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1981</year>), p. <fpage>75</fpage></citation>; cf. my <italic>Isca</italic>, 3rd edn. (Cardiff, 1972), pp. 20–2.</p></fn><fn id="fn184" symbol="184"><label>184</label><p><citation id="ref118" citation-type="book"><source>Hygini qui dicitur De Metatione Castrorum liber</source> (ed. <name><surname>Grillo</surname></name>, <publisher-loc>Leipzig</publisher-loc>, <year>1977</year>)</citation>, fig. 11. Cf. the comparative plans of legionary fortresses on the verso of the National Museum of Wales's <italic>Plan of Caerleon</italic> (1968), all to the same scale; Neuss ‘Koenenlager’ is fig. G. Cf. also H. von Petrikovits, <italic>Die Innenbauten romischer Legionslager wdhrend der Prinzipatszeit</italic> (Opladen, 1975), pp. 56–7 and Taf. 6.</p></fn><fn id="fn185" symbol="185"><label>185</label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref118">Ibid.</xref></p></fn><fn id="fn186" symbol="186"><label>186</label><p>cf. <citation id="ref119" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Petch</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name> on <name><surname>Starr</surname><given-names>C. G.</given-names></name>'s notion (<source>The Roman Imperial Navy</source> (<publisher-loc>Cambridge</publisher-loc>, <year>1941</year>), p. <fpage>165</fpage> n. 105)</citation>, in Nash-Williams <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 181), pp. 35–6.</p></fn><fn id="fn187" symbol="187"><label>187</label><p>e.g. for bronze vessels, cf. the <italic>trullei</italic> in <citation id="ref120" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Radnoti</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, <article-title><italic>Die römischen Bronzegefässe von Pannonien</italic></article-title>, <source>Diss. Pann.</source> <volume>ii</volume>, 6 (<year>1938</year>), pl. xvii, pp. <fpage>37</fpage>–8</citation>, and the camp-kettles from Newstead (Curie, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 172), p. 274, fig. 37), although not all refer to the <italic>centuria</italic> or <italic>turma:</italic> one inscribed <italic>Turma Crispi Nigri</italic> is clearly communal property, like the <italic>Usk. pelvis</italic> (below). For pottery, the samian dish inscribed with the name of a <italic>b(ucinator)</italic>, or bugler, of a particular century, from <italic>Segontium</italic>, evaluated by myself in Nash-Williams, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 181), p. 61, and shown in the first edn. (1954, pl. xva). By contrast the inscription on a ‘mortarium’ from Usk, <italic>Pelveis contubernio Messoris</italic> (M. Hassall in G. C. Boon and <italic>idem, Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965–1976: the Coins, Inscriptions and Graffiti</italic> (Cardiff, 1982), p. 58, with fig. 6) suggests the provision of cooking-gear for that smallest unit by the century. But neither at Holt nor among the Caerleon ware is there any pottery-stamp giving the respective legion or any part of it; they are all names. Only tiles and bricks bore the collective title.</p></fn><fn id="fn188" symbol="188"><label>188</label><p><italic>Annales</italic>, 1.17. On stoppages see <citation id="ref121" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Watson</surname><given-names>G. R.</given-names></name>, <source>The Roman Soldier</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1969</year>), pp. <fpage>102</fpage>–3</citation>, and our Fellow <citation id="ref122" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Breeze</surname><given-names>D. J.</given-names><prefix>Dr.</prefix></name>, in <source>Britannia</source>, <volume>vii</volume> (<year>1976</year>), pp. <fpage>93</fpage>–5</citation>: I am grateful to him for other comments. Among weapons occasionally marked as army property note the spearhead, Curie, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 172), p. 188, pl. 36.4, which belonged to a <italic>turma.</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn189" symbol="189"><label>189</label><p>A helmet from St. Albans at Colchester has three inscriptions, one relating to a <italic>primus pilus</italic>, or chief centurion, and two relating to centuries: R. P. Wright, cited by <citation id="ref123" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Webster</surname><given-names>Graham</given-names></name>, <source>Arch.J.</source> <volume>cxv</volume>, <year>1958</year> (<year>1960</year>), p. <fpage>90</fpage></citation>. Other examples are to be found in <citation id="ref124" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Klumbach</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <source>Die römischen Helme aus Niedergermanien</source> (<publisher-loc>Cologne</publisher-loc>, <year>1974</year>)</citation>. <italic>Legio XXX</italic> is mentioned on no. 27, but the significance of the inscription is not quite clear; likewise the record of LEG VIII AVG on a shield-boss from the Tyne (B.M., <italic>Guide to the Antiquities of Roman Britain</italic> (London, 1922), fig. 98): it is part of an elaborate panelled decoration, unlike the unobtrusive identification-century and personal name—along one edge. Klumbach's no. 40 refers to a <italic>turma.</italic></p></fn><fn id="fn190" symbol="190"><label>190</label><p><italic>loc. cit.</italic> note 162.</p></fn><fn id="fn191" symbol="191"><label>191</label><p>It is curious that so few of the vessels published seem to carry serial numbers. Our Fellow R. P. Wright has published two skillets with numerals reading i xxii and i xxv which he thought referred to the possession by ‘messunit I ’ of 22 and 25 vessels (<italic>Arch. Ael.</italic> ser. 4, xlvii (1969), p. 2 and fig. 2); and only two cups, in the surviving ten pieces of the great Plas Uchaf hoard (see note 161 above), bear numerals and a name—<sc>indus lx</sc> and <sc>indv lxi</sc>. Den Boesterd, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 160), no. 77, gives another isolated example.</p></fn><fn id="fn192" symbol="192"><label>192</label><p>TG 2243 2376. I am grateful to Dr. Knowles for lending me the bronze and for providing information on the site. I would also like to thank Sarah Pollard of the Institute of Archaeology, Oxford, for cleaning and conservation work, Colin Robinson for the drawings, and our Fellow Robert Wilkins for the photographs.</p></fn><fn id="fn193" symbol="193"><label>193</label><p><citation id="ref125" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Hartley</surname><given-names>B. R.</given-names></name> in <name><surname>Collingwood</surname><given-names>R. G.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Richmond</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name>, <source>The Archaeology of Roman Britain</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1969</year>), p. <fpage>241</fpage></citation>. Style C.</p></fn><fn id="fn194" symbol="194"><label>194</label><p>The opening was almost certainly plugged in antiquity.</p></fn><fn id="fn195" symbol="195"><label>195</label><p><citation id="ref126" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Webster</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <source>Arch. J.</source> <volume>cxv</volume> (<year>1958</year>), pp. <fpage>94</fpage> and 97</citation>, no. 225, fig. 8; <citation id="ref127" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Cunliffe</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name>, <article-title><italic>Excavations at Fishbourne 1961–1969</italic></article-title>, <source>Soc. Antiq. London Res. Rep.</source> <volume>xxvi</volume>, xxvii (<year>1971</year>), p. <fpage>118</fpage>, no. 144, fig. 50</citation>; examples from Silchester (lion protome with horse head) and Piercebridge, information from our Fellows G. C. Boon and P. R. Scott; <citation id="ref128" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Faider-Feytmans</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <source>Les Bronzes romains de Belgique</source> (<publisher-loc>Mainz</publisher-loc>, <year>1979</year>), pp. <fpage>146</fpage>–7</citation>, nos. 270, 271, 273, pl. 104; <italic>id., Recueil des bronzes de Bavai</italic>, viii<sup>e</sup> supp. à Gallia (Paris, 1957), pp. 107–9, nos. 247–55, pls. xli-xlii; <citation id="ref129" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Espérandieu</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Rolland</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <source>Bronzes antiques de la Seine-Maritime</source>, xiii<sup>e</sup> supp. à Gallia (<publisher-loc>Paris</publisher-loc>, <year>1959</year>), pp. <fpage>76</fpage>–7</citation>, nos. 163–7, pl. <sc>li</sc>; <citation id="ref130" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Menzel</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <source>Die römischen Bronzen aus Deutschland, <italic>1:</italic> Speyer</source> (<publisher-loc>Mainz</publisher-loc>, <year>1960</year>), pp. <fpage>29</fpage>–<lpage>30</lpage></citation>, nos. 46–7 and 50–51, pl. 39; <italic>id.</italic>, ii: <italic>Trier</italic> (Mainz, 1966), p. 89, no. 219, pl. 66; <citation id="ref131" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Kaufmann-Heinimann</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, <source>Die römischen Bronzen der Schweiz, <italic>1:</italic> Augst</source> (<publisher-loc>Mainz</publisher-loc>, <year>1977</year>), pp. <fpage>132</fpage>–4</citation>, nos. 219, 221, 222, pls. 140–4.</p></fn><fn id="fn196" symbol="196"><label>196</label><p>Faider-Feytmans, <italic>Recueil (op. cit.</italic>, note 195), nos. 253–5; Kaufmann-Heinimann, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 195), no. 222; Boon, <italic>op. cit.</italic> (note 114), pp. 205–6, fig. 32.6.</p></fn><fn id="fn197" symbol="197"><label>197</label><p><citation id="ref132" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Leibundgut</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>, <source>Die romischen Bronzen der Schweiz, <italic>iii:</italic> Westschweiz, Bern und Wallis</source> (<publisher-loc>Mainz</publisher-loc>, <year>1980</year>), pp. <fpage>125</fpage>–6</citation>, no. 164, pls. 154–5.</p></fn><fn id="fn198" symbol="198"><label>198</label><p><citation id="ref133" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Borrill</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name> in <name><surname>Partridge</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, <source>Skeleton Green. A Late Iron Age and Romano-British Site</source>, Britannia Monograph series no. 2 (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1981</year>), pp. <fpage>315</fpage>–16</citation>, on lion-headed studs.</p></fn><fn id="fn199" symbol="199"><label>199</label><p><citation id="ref134" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Henig</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, <source>A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites</source>, B.A.R. 8, <edition>2nd edn.</edition> (<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>, <year>1978</year>), p. <fpage>319</fpage></citation>, no. appx. 220, frontispiece and pl. xxxii; <citation id="ref135" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Drury</surname><given-names>P. J.</given-names></name>, <source>Antiq. J.</source> <volume>liii</volume> (<year>1973</year>), p. <fpage>273</fpage></citation>, no. 2. Cf. <citation id="ref136" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Henig</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, ‘Death and the Maiden: funerary symbolism in daily life’, in J. Munby and M. Henig, <source>Roman Life and Art in Britain</source>, B.A.R. 41 (<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>, <year>1977</year>), pp. <fpage>356</fpage>–8</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn200" symbol="200"><label>200</label><p><citation id="ref137" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Toynbee</surname><given-names>J. M. C.</given-names></name>, <source>Art in Roman Britain</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1962</year>), p. <fpage>197</fpage></citation>, no. 179, pl. 208.</p></fn><fn id="fn201" symbol="201"><label>201</label><p><citation id="ref138" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Henig</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Munby</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <source>Oxoniensia</source>, <volume>xxxviii</volume> (<year>1973</year>), p. <fpage>386</fpage>, pl. xxx</citation>; <citation id="ref139" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Reinach</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Les carnassiers androphages dans l'art galloromain</article-title>’, <source>Revue celtique</source>, <volume>xxv</volume> (<year>1904</year>), pp. <fpage>208</fpage>–24</citation>; <citation id="ref140" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>de Kisch</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name>, <source>Gallia</source>, <volume>xxxviii</volume> (<year>1980</year>), pp. <fpage>319</fpage>–20, fig. 7</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn202" symbol="202"><label>202</label><p><italic>Britannia</italic>, xiii (1982), p. 370, pl. xxxvi.</p></fn><fn id="fn203" symbol="203"><label>203</label><p>The conservation of the brooch was carried out by the Ancient Monuments Laboratory of the Dept. of the Environment, to whom thanks are due.</p></fn><fn id="fn204" symbol="204"><label>204</label><p><citation id="ref141" citation-type="journal"><source>Med. Arch.</source>, <volume>xvi</volume> (<year>1972</year>) and xvii (1973)</citation>; <citation id="ref142" citation-type="journal"><source>Current Archaeology</source>, <volume>lix</volume> (<year>1977</year>), p. <fpage>364</fpage></citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn205" symbol="205"><label>205</label><p><citation id="ref143" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Brulet</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Ghenne-Dubois</surname><given-names>M.-J.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Autour de la tombe de Childéric</article-title>’, <source>Archeologia</source>, <volume>clxxxix</volume> (April <year>1984</year>), p. <fpage>37</fpage></citation>. The authors are extremely grateful to M. Raymond Brulet for information prior to this publication.</p></fn><fn id="fn206" symbol="206"><label>206</label><p><citation id="ref144" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Haseloff</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, <source>Die germanische Tierornamentik der Völkerwanderungszeit</source> (<publisher-loc>Berlin</publisher-loc>, <year>1981</year>) (hereafter Haseloff 1981)</citation>, Taf. 22.1. See also <citation id="ref145" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Haseloff</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Salin's Style I</article-title>’, <source>Med. Arch.</source> <volume>xvii</volume> (<year>1974</year>), pp. <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>15</lpage></citation> (hereafter Haseloff 1974).</p></fn><fn id="fn207" symbol="207"><label>207</label><p>Haseloff 1981, Taf. 22.2.</p></fn><fn id="fn208" symbol="208"><label>208</label><p>Haseloff 1981, p. 23; Haseloff 1974, pp. 12–13.</p></fn><fn id="fn209" symbol="209"><label>209</label><p>Haseloff 1981, pp. 27–33, Taf. 9; Haseloff 1974, pp. 7–8, ii, pl. iiia.</p></fn><fn id="fn210" symbol="210"><label>210</label><p>Haseloff 1981, p. 36; Haseloff 1974, pp. 12–13.</p></fn><fn id="fn211" symbol="211"><label>211</label><p>Haseloff 1981, Taf. 13; Haseloff 1974, pl. vib and e.</p></fn><fn id="fn212" symbol="212"><label>212</label><p>Haseloff 1981, Taf. 11.1.</p></fn><fn id="fn213" symbol="213"><label>213</label><p>Haseloff 1981, Taf. 11.4.</p></fn><fn id="fn214" symbol="214"><label>214</label><p>Haseloff 1981, Taf. 15; Haseloff 1974, pl. vie.</p></fn><fn id="fn215" symbol="215"><label>215</label><p>Haseloff 1981, Taf. 18.</p></fn><fn id="fn216" symbol="216"><label>216</label><p>Haseloff 1981, Taf. 21.</p></fn><fn id="fn217" symbol="217"><label>217</label><p>Haseloff 1981, Taf. 14.2.</p></fn><fn id="fn218" symbol="218"><label>218</label><p>Haseloff 1981, Taf. 12.2.</p></fn><fn id="fn219" symbol="219"><label>219</label><p>Haseloff 1981, Taf. 12.1; Haseloff 1974, pl. ivc.</p></fn><fn id="fn220" symbol="220"><label>220</label><p>Haseloff 1981, Taf. 14.1.</p></fn><fn id="fn221" symbol="221"><label>221</label><p>Haseloff 1981, Taf. 10.2; Haseloff 1974, pl. via.</p></fn><fn id="fn222" symbol="222"><label>222</label><p>Haseloff 1981, pp. 141–57,170–3; Haseloff 1974, pp. 13–14.</p></fn><fn id="fn223" symbol="223"><label>223</label><p><citation id="ref146" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Leeds</surname><given-names>E. T.</given-names></name>, <source>A Corpus of Early Anglo-Saxon Great Square-Headed Brooches</source> (<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>, <year>1949</year>), pl. 11</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn224" symbol="224"><label>224</label><p><citation id="ref147" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Hines</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <source>The Scandinavian Character of Anglian England in the Pre-Viking Period</source>, B.A.R. 124 (<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>, <year>1984</year>), pp. <fpage>186</fpage>–8</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn225" symbol="225"><label>225</label><p>Bede, <italic>Historia Ecclesiastica</italic>, 1.15; see also <citation id="ref148" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Arnold</surname><given-names>C. J.</given-names></name>, <source>The Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries of the Isle of Wight</source> (<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>, <year>1982</year>)</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn226" symbol="226"><label>226</label><p><citation id="ref149" citation-type="book"><name><surname>Welch</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name>, <source>Early Anglo-Saxon Sussex</source>, B.A.R. 112 (<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>, <year>1983</year>), figs. 39d and 29b</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn227" symbol="227"><label>227</label><p><citation id="ref150" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Andersson</surname><given-names>J. G.</given-names></name>, ‘<article-title>Selected Ordos bronzes</article-title>’, <source>Bull. Mus. Far Eastern Antiq</source>, Stockholm, <volume>v</volume> (<year>1933</year>), pp. <fpage>143</fpage>–54</citation>, 16 pls.; F. Bergman, ‘Lou-Ian wood-carvings and small finds discovered by Sven Hedin’, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref150">ibid.</xref>, viii (1935), pp. 71–144, 16 pls.; and O. Karlbeck, ‘Selected objects from ancient Shou-chou’, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref150">ibid.</xref>, xxvii (1955), pp. 41–130, 64 pls.</p></fn><fn id="fn228" symbol="228"><label>228</label><p><citation id="ref151" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Barnard</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name>, <source>Bronze Casting and Bronze Alloys in Ancient China</source>, Monumenta Serica Monograph <volume>xiv</volume> (<year>1961</year>)</citation>; <citation id="ref152" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Barnard</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name> and <name><surname>Tamatsu</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>, <italic>Metallurgical Remains of Ancient China</italic> (<year>1975</year>)</citation>; and <citation id="ref153" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Tylecote</surname><given-names>R. F.</given-names></name>, <italic>A History of Metallurgy</italic> (<year>1979</year>)</citation>. None permits identification of the objects analysed, and so the results need to be used with caution.</p></fn><fn id="fn229" symbol="229"><label>229</label><p>F. Schjøth, <italic>The Currency of the Far East</italic> (1929); reprinted as <italic>Chinese Currency</italic> (1976); Sotheby's <italic>Catalogue of English and Foreign Coins</italic>, 6th December 1983, lot 266.</p></fn><fn id="fn230" symbol="230"><label>230</label><p>Very few of the Chinese numismatic books are available in English libraries, but illustrations from them can be found in <citation id="ref154" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Coole</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name>, <italic>Encyclopedia of Chinese Coins</italic>, 7 vols. (<year>1967</year>–81)</citation>. Examples of comb money are in vol. V (1976), pp. 552–8. The text is uncritical and needs to be used with extreme caution.</p></fn><fn id="fn231" symbol="231"><label>231</label><p>Silvana Editoriale, <italic>7000 Years of Chinese Civilization</italic> (1983), n. 1.</p></fn><fn id="fn232" symbol="232"><label>232</label><p>A. Salmony, <italic>Sino-Siberian Art</italic> (1933), pl. xlii.i.</p></fn><fn id="fn233" symbol="233"><label>233</label><p><citation id="ref155" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Tallgren</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name>, <italic>Collection Tovostine des antiquités préhistoriques de Minoussinsk</italic> (<year>1917</year>), pp. <fpage>216</fpage>–18, pl. v: 6–7, 15–19</citation>; <citation id="ref156" citation-type="journal">‘<article-title>La Pontide préscythique après l'introduction des métaux</article-title>’, <source>Eurasia Sept. Antiqua</source>, <volume>ii</volume> (<year>1926</year>), pp. <fpage>189</fpage>, 193</citation>.</p></fn><fn id="fn234" symbol="234"><label>234</label><p><citation id="ref157" citation-type="other"><name><surname>Willets</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name>, <italic>Foundations of Chinese Art</italic> (<year>1965</year>), p. <fpage>53</fpage>, fig. 4</citation>; University of Kyoto, Far Eastern Archaeological Society, <italic>Archaeologia Orientalis</italic>, i (1929), p. 12, pl. xxxv.3.</p></fn><fn id="fn235" symbol="235"><label>235</label><p><citation id="ref158" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Sekino</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name>, <source>Archaeological Researches on the Ancient Lolang District</source>, Chosen Government General, Special Report of the Service of Antiquities, <volume>4</volume> (<year>1927</year>), p. <fpage>37</fpage></citation>, fig. 10, pls. part 1 n. 62.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>Exhibits at Ballots</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative"><title>THE ANTIQUARIES JOURNAL</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Exhibits at Ballots</title></titleInfo><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="other" displayLabel="other" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-7474895G-0">other</genre><originInfo><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Cambridge, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1984-09</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1984</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The Antiquaries Journal</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Antiq. J.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0003-5815</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1758-5309</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">ANT</identifier><part><date>1984</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>64</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>373</start><end>424</end><total>52</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">BB80BC79FDED00CCC9409DD2123A800C48F4101C</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/6GQ-N308D5FD-P</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1017/S0003581500080513</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0003581500080513</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">08051</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright © The Society of Antiquaries of London 1984</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-G3RCRD03-V">cambridge</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Copyright © The Society of Antiquaries of London 1984</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/BB80BC79FDED00CCC9409DD2123A800C48F4101C/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata><author></author><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Musique/explor/MusiqueCeltiqueV1/Data/Istex/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000F23 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Istex/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000F23 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Musique
|area= MusiqueCeltiqueV1
|flux= Istex
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= ISTEX:BB80BC79FDED00CCC9409DD2123A800C48F4101C
|texte= Exhibits at Ballots
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.38. |  |