Exposure assessment for estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to outdoor air pollution
Identifieur interne : 000278 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000277; suivant : 000279Exposure assessment for estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to outdoor air pollution
Auteurs : Michael Brauer ; Markus Amann [Autriche] ; Rick T. Burnett [Canada] ; Aaron Cohen ; Frank Dentener [Italie] ; Majid Ezzati ; Sarah B. Henderson ; Michal Krzyzanowski [Allemagne] ; Randall V. Martin [États-Unis] ; Rita Van Dingenen [Italie] ; Aaron Van Donkelaar ; George D. Thurston [États-Unis]Source :
- Environmental science & technology [ 0013-936X ] ; 2012.
Abstract
Ambient air pollution is associated with numerous adverse health impacts. Previous assessments of global attributable disease burden have been limited to urban areas or by coarse spatial resolution of concentration estimates. Recent developments in remote sensing, global chemical-transport models, and improvements in coverage of surface measurements facilitate virtually complete spatially resolved global air pollutant concentration estimates. We combined these data to generate global estimates of long- term average ambient concentrations of fine particles (PM2.5) and ozone at 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resolution for 1990 and 2005. In 2005, 89% of the world’s population lived in areas where the World Health Organization Air Quality Guideline of 10 μg/m3 PM2.5 (annual average) was exceeded. Globally, 32% of the population lived in areas exceeding the WHO Level 1 Interim Target of 35 μg/m3; driven by high proportions in East (76%) and South (26%) Asia. The highest seasonal ozone levels were found in North and Latin America, Europe, South and East Asia, and parts of Africa. Between 1990 and 2005 a 6% increase in global population-weighted PM2.5 and a 1% decrease in global population- weighted ozone concentrations was apparent, highlighted by increased concentrations in East, South and Southeast Asia and decreases in North America and Europe. Combined with spatially resolved population distributions, these estimates expand the evaluation of the global health burden associated with outdoor air pollution.
Url:
DOI: 10.1021/es2025752
PubMed: 22148428
PubMed Central: 4043337
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Autriche, Canada, Italie, États-Unis
- District de Cologne, Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie, État de New York
- Bonn
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Exposure assessment for estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to outdoor air pollution</title><author><name sortKey="Brauer, Michael" sort="Brauer, Michael" uniqKey="Brauer M" first="Michael" last="Brauer">Michael Brauer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3 Canada</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">V6T1Z3 Canada</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amann, Markus" sort="Amann, Markus" uniqKey="Amann M" first="Markus" last="Amann">Markus Amann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1 A-2361,Laxenburg, Austria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1 A-2361,Laxenburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Laxenburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burnett, Rick T" sort="Burnett, Rick T" uniqKey="Burnett R" first="Rick T." last="Burnett">Rick T. Burnett</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, Health Canada, 203 Environmental Health Center, Tunney’s Pasture, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0L2.</nlm:aff><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, Health Canada, 203 Environmental Health Center, Tunney’s Pasture, Ottawa, ON</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>ON</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Aaron" sort="Cohen, Aaron" uniqKey="Cohen A" first="Aaron" last="Cohen">Aaron Cohen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Health Effects Institute, Boston USA</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Boston USA</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dentener, Frank" sort="Dentener, Frank" uniqKey="Dentener F" first="Frank" last="Dentener">Frank Dentener</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 21027 Ispra, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 21027 Ispra</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>21027 Ispra</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ezzati, Majid" sort="Ezzati, Majid" uniqKey="Ezzati M" first="Majid" last="Ezzati">Majid Ezzati</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Imperial College London, School of Public Health, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG UK</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">London W2 1PG UK</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henderson, Sarah B" sort="Henderson, Sarah B" uniqKey="Henderson S" first="Sarah B." last="Henderson">Sarah B. Henderson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Avenue Vancouver, BC V5Z4R4 Canada</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">BC V5Z4R4 Canada</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krzyzanowski, Michal" sort="Krzyzanowski, Michal" uniqKey="Krzyzanowski M" first="Michal" last="Krzyzanowski">Michal Krzyzanowski</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A8">World Health Organization, European Centre for Environment and Health, Hermann-Ehlers-Str. 10 53113 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>World Health Organization, European Centre for Environment and Health, Hermann-Ehlers-Str. 10 53113 Bonn</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Randall V" sort="Martin, Randall V" uniqKey="Martin R" first="Randall V." last="Martin">Randall V. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Dalhousie University, Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, 6310 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS, B3H 3J5 Canada</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">B3H 3J5 Canada</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A10">Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 </wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>MA 02138 </wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Dingenen, Rita" sort="Van Dingenen, Rita" uniqKey="Van Dingenen R" first="Rita" last="Van Dingenen">Rita Van Dingenen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 21027 Ispra, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 21027 Ispra</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>21027 Ispra</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Donkelaar, Aaron" sort="Van Donkelaar, Aaron" uniqKey="Van Donkelaar A" first="Aaron" last="Van Donkelaar">Aaron Van Donkelaar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Dalhousie University, Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, 6310 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS, B3H 3J5 Canada</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">B3H 3J5 Canada</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thurston, George D" sort="Thurston, George D" uniqKey="Thurston G" first="George D." last="Thurston">George D. Thurston</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A11">New York University, Institute of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>New York University, Institute of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22148428</idno><idno type="pmc">4043337</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4043337</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4043337</idno><idno type="doi">10.1021/es2025752</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000637</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000637</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000278</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Exposure assessment for estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to outdoor air pollution</title><author><name sortKey="Brauer, Michael" sort="Brauer, Michael" uniqKey="Brauer M" first="Michael" last="Brauer">Michael Brauer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3 Canada</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">V6T1Z3 Canada</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amann, Markus" sort="Amann, Markus" uniqKey="Amann M" first="Markus" last="Amann">Markus Amann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1 A-2361,Laxenburg, Austria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1 A-2361,Laxenburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Laxenburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burnett, Rick T" sort="Burnett, Rick T" uniqKey="Burnett R" first="Rick T." last="Burnett">Rick T. Burnett</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, Health Canada, 203 Environmental Health Center, Tunney’s Pasture, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0L2.</nlm:aff><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, Health Canada, 203 Environmental Health Center, Tunney’s Pasture, Ottawa, ON</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>ON</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Aaron" sort="Cohen, Aaron" uniqKey="Cohen A" first="Aaron" last="Cohen">Aaron Cohen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">Health Effects Institute, Boston USA</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Boston USA</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dentener, Frank" sort="Dentener, Frank" uniqKey="Dentener F" first="Frank" last="Dentener">Frank Dentener</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 21027 Ispra, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 21027 Ispra</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>21027 Ispra</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ezzati, Majid" sort="Ezzati, Majid" uniqKey="Ezzati M" first="Majid" last="Ezzati">Majid Ezzati</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Imperial College London, School of Public Health, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG UK</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">London W2 1PG UK</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henderson, Sarah B" sort="Henderson, Sarah B" uniqKey="Henderson S" first="Sarah B." last="Henderson">Sarah B. Henderson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Avenue Vancouver, BC V5Z4R4 Canada</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">BC V5Z4R4 Canada</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krzyzanowski, Michal" sort="Krzyzanowski, Michal" uniqKey="Krzyzanowski M" first="Michal" last="Krzyzanowski">Michal Krzyzanowski</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A8">World Health Organization, European Centre for Environment and Health, Hermann-Ehlers-Str. 10 53113 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>World Health Organization, European Centre for Environment and Health, Hermann-Ehlers-Str. 10 53113 Bonn</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Randall V" sort="Martin, Randall V" uniqKey="Martin R" first="Randall V." last="Martin">Randall V. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Dalhousie University, Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, 6310 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS, B3H 3J5 Canada</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">B3H 3J5 Canada</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A10">Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 </wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>MA 02138 </wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Dingenen, Rita" sort="Van Dingenen, Rita" uniqKey="Van Dingenen R" first="Rita" last="Van Dingenen">Rita Van Dingenen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 21027 Ispra, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 21027 Ispra</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>21027 Ispra</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Donkelaar, Aaron" sort="Van Donkelaar, Aaron" uniqKey="Van Donkelaar A" first="Aaron" last="Van Donkelaar">Aaron Van Donkelaar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Dalhousie University, Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, 6310 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS, B3H 3J5 Canada</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">B3H 3J5 Canada</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thurston, George D" sort="Thurston, George D" uniqKey="Thurston G" first="George D." last="Thurston">George D. Thurston</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A11">New York University, Institute of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>New York University, Institute of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Environmental science & technology</title><idno type="ISSN">0013-936X</idno><idno type="e-ISSN">1520-5851</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">Ambient air pollution is associated with numerous adverse health impacts. Previous assessments of global attributable disease burden have been limited to urban areas or by coarse spatial resolution of concentration estimates. Recent developments in remote sensing, global chemical-transport models, and improvements in coverage of surface measurements facilitate virtually complete spatially resolved global air pollutant concentration estimates. We combined these data to generate global estimates of long- term average ambient concentrations of fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and ozone at 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resolution for 1990 and 2005. In 2005, 89% of the world’s population lived in areas where the World Health Organization Air Quality Guideline of 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM<sub>2.5</sub> (annual average) was exceeded. Globally, 32% of the population lived in areas exceeding the WHO Level 1 Interim Target of 35 μg/m<sup>3</sup>; driven by high proportions in East (76%) and South (26%) Asia. The highest seasonal ozone levels were found in North and Latin America, Europe, South and East Asia, and parts of Africa. Between 1990 and 2005 a 6% increase in global population-weighted PM<sub>2.5</sub> and a 1% decrease in global population- weighted ozone concentrations was apparent, highlighted by increased concentrations in East, South and Southeast Asia and decreases in North America and Europe. Combined with spatially resolved population distributions, these estimates expand the evaluation of the global health burden associated with outdoor air pollution.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">0213155</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">21768</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Environ Sci Technol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Environ. Sci. Technol.</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Environmental science & technology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0013-936X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1520-5851</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22148428</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4043337</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/es2025752</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS581685</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Exposure assessment for estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to outdoor air pollution</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brauer</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="CR1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Amann</surname><given-names>Markus</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Burnett</surname><given-names>Rick T.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>Aaron</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dentener</surname><given-names>Frank</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ezzati</surname><given-names>Majid</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Henderson</surname><given-names>Sarah B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Krzyzanowski</surname><given-names>Michal</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>Randall V.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van Dingenen</surname><given-names>Rita</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Donkelaar</surname><given-names>Aaron</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thurston</surname><given-names>George D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref></contrib><on-behalf-of>on behalf of the Outdoor Air Pollution Expert Working Group of the Global Burden of Disease Project</on-behalf-of></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3 Canada</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1 A-2361,Laxenburg, Austria</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, Health Canada, 203 Environmental Health Center, Tunney’s Pasture, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0L2.</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>Health Effects Institute, Boston USA</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label>European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 21027 Ispra, Italy</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label>Imperial College London, School of Public Health, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG UK</aff><aff id="A7"><label>7</label>British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Avenue Vancouver, BC V5Z4R4 Canada</aff><aff id="A8"><label>8</label>World Health Organization, European Centre for Environment and Health, Hermann-Ehlers-Str. 10 53113 Bonn, Germany</aff><aff id="A9"><label>9</label>Dalhousie University, Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, 6310 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS, B3H 3J5 Canada</aff><aff id="A10"><label>10</label>Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA</aff><aff id="A11"><label>11</label>New York University, Institute of Environmental Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987 USA</aff><author-notes><corresp id="CR1"><label>*</label>Corresponding Author School of Population and Public Health The University of British Columbia 3<sup>rd</sup> Floor- 2206 East Mall Vancouver BC V6T1Z3 Canada Tel 604 822 9585 <email>michael.brauer@ubc.ca</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>9</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>1</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>17</day><month>1</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>03</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>46</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>652</fpage><lpage>660</lpage><pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.1021/es2025752</pmc-comment>
<abstract><p id="P1">Ambient air pollution is associated with numerous adverse health impacts. Previous assessments of global attributable disease burden have been limited to urban areas or by coarse spatial resolution of concentration estimates. Recent developments in remote sensing, global chemical-transport models, and improvements in coverage of surface measurements facilitate virtually complete spatially resolved global air pollutant concentration estimates. We combined these data to generate global estimates of long- term average ambient concentrations of fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and ozone at 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resolution for 1990 and 2005. In 2005, 89% of the world’s population lived in areas where the World Health Organization Air Quality Guideline of 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup> PM<sub>2.5</sub> (annual average) was exceeded. Globally, 32% of the population lived in areas exceeding the WHO Level 1 Interim Target of 35 μg/m<sup>3</sup>; driven by high proportions in East (76%) and South (26%) Asia. The highest seasonal ozone levels were found in North and Latin America, Europe, South and East Asia, and parts of Africa. Between 1990 and 2005 a 6% increase in global population-weighted PM<sub>2.5</sub> and a 1% decrease in global population- weighted ozone concentrations was apparent, highlighted by increased concentrations in East, South and Southeast Asia and decreases in North America and Europe. Combined with spatially resolved population distributions, these estimates expand the evaluation of the global health burden associated with outdoor air pollution.</p></abstract></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Autriche</li><li>Canada</li><li>Italie</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>District de Cologne</li><li>Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</li><li>État de New York</li></region><settlement><li>Bonn</li></settlement></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Brauer, Michael" sort="Brauer, Michael" uniqKey="Brauer M" first="Michael" last="Brauer">Michael Brauer</name><name sortKey="Cohen, Aaron" sort="Cohen, Aaron" uniqKey="Cohen A" first="Aaron" last="Cohen">Aaron Cohen</name><name sortKey="Ezzati, Majid" sort="Ezzati, Majid" uniqKey="Ezzati M" first="Majid" last="Ezzati">Majid Ezzati</name><name sortKey="Henderson, Sarah B" sort="Henderson, Sarah B" uniqKey="Henderson S" first="Sarah B." last="Henderson">Sarah B. Henderson</name><name sortKey="Van Donkelaar, Aaron" sort="Van Donkelaar, Aaron" uniqKey="Van Donkelaar A" first="Aaron" last="Van Donkelaar">Aaron Van Donkelaar</name></noCountry><country name="Autriche"><noRegion><name sortKey="Amann, Markus" sort="Amann, Markus" uniqKey="Amann M" first="Markus" last="Amann">Markus Amann</name></noRegion></country><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Burnett, Rick T" sort="Burnett, Rick T" uniqKey="Burnett R" first="Rick T." last="Burnett">Rick T. Burnett</name></noRegion></country><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Dentener, Frank" sort="Dentener, Frank" uniqKey="Dentener F" first="Frank" last="Dentener">Frank Dentener</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Van Dingenen, Rita" sort="Van Dingenen, Rita" uniqKey="Van Dingenen R" first="Rita" last="Van Dingenen">Rita Van Dingenen</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie"><name sortKey="Krzyzanowski, Michal" sort="Krzyzanowski, Michal" uniqKey="Krzyzanowski M" first="Michal" last="Krzyzanowski">Michal Krzyzanowski</name></region></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Martin, Randall V" sort="Martin, Randall V" uniqKey="Martin R" first="Randall V." last="Martin">Randall V. Martin</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Thurston, George D" sort="Thurston, George D" uniqKey="Thurston G" first="George D." last="Thurston">George D. Thurston</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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|texte= Exposure assessment for estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to outdoor air pollution
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:22148428" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a MozartV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.20. |  |