India's rich musical heritage has a lot to offer to modern psychiatry
Identifieur interne : 000040 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000039; suivant : 000041India's rich musical heritage has a lot to offer to modern psychiatry
Auteurs : Sravanti L. Sanivarapu [Inde]Source :
- Indian Journal of Psychiatry [ 0019-5545 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Music with its instantaneous pleasing effect can be an answer to misery. It is a form of art that is easily accessible anytime and anywhere. This article gives an overview of music therapy practiced in ancient India, its influence on emotion and mind, and speculates its possible clinical applications in the modern era based on the available scientific literature.
Url:
DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.158201
PubMed: 26124532
PubMed Central: 4462795
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">India's rich musical heritage has a lot to offer to modern psychiatry</title><author><name sortKey="Sanivarapu, Sravanti L" sort="Sanivarapu, Sravanti L" uniqKey="Sanivarapu S" first="Sravanti L." last="Sanivarapu">Sravanti L. Sanivarapu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Hyderabad, Telangana, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Hyderabad, Telangana</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Telangana</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26124532</idno><idno type="pmc">4462795</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4462795</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4462795</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/0019-5545.158201</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000012</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000012</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000040</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">India's rich musical heritage has a lot to offer to modern psychiatry</title><author><name sortKey="Sanivarapu, Sravanti L" sort="Sanivarapu, Sravanti L" uniqKey="Sanivarapu S" first="Sravanti L." last="Sanivarapu">Sravanti L. Sanivarapu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Hyderabad, Telangana, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Hyderabad, Telangana</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Telangana</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Indian Journal of Psychiatry</title><idno type="ISSN">0019-5545</idno><idno type="e-ISSN">1998-3794</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Music with its instantaneous pleasing effect can be an answer to misery. It is a form of art that is easily accessible anytime and anywhere. This article gives an overview of music therapy practiced in ancient India, its influence on emotion and mind, and speculates its possible clinical applications in the modern era based on the available scientific literature.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lieff, J" uniqKey="Lieff J">J Lieff</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sambamurthy, P" uniqKey="Sambamurthy P">P Sambamurthy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sairam, Tv" uniqKey="Sairam T">TV Sairam</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gordon, Js" uniqKey="Gordon J">JS Gordon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Conrad, C" uniqKey="Conrad C">C Conrad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sairam, Tv" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Indian J Psychiatry</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Indian J Psychiatry</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJPsy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Indian Journal of Psychiatry</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0019-5545</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1998-3794</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26124532</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4462795</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IJPsy-57-210</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0019-5545.158201</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Themes in Indian Psychiatry</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>India's rich musical heritage has a lot to offer to modern psychiatry</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sanivarapu</surname><given-names>Sravanti L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1">Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Hyderabad, Telangana, India</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Dr. Sravanti L. Sanivarapu, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. E-mail: <email xlink:href="drsravanti@yahoo.com">drsravanti@yahoo.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Apr-Jun</season><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>57</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>210</fpage><lpage>213</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Indian Journal of Psychiatry</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Music with its instantaneous pleasing effect can be an answer to misery. It is a form of art that is easily accessible anytime and anywhere. This article gives an overview of music therapy practiced in ancient India, its influence on emotion and mind, and speculates its possible clinical applications in the modern era based on the available scientific literature.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Music therapy</kwd><kwd><italic>Nada Yoga</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Raga Chikitsa</italic></kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Decades have passed by but human suffering has remained a constant through the ages. Music has the power to quench mental anguish, and it is that form of art, which is very easily accessible and has instantaneous effects on one's mind. It is of interest to note that every element in this universe originates from a sound vibration; hence it is no wonder that music can harness nature – from blossoms, trees and animals to the human mind.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref><xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] And, of course, the nature too reciprocates by producing musical notes. The <italic>swaras</italic> (notes) <italic>Sa</italic>, <italic>Ma</italic>, <italic>Pa</italic> of the Indian classical system are compared to the sounds produced by peacock, cuckoo and heron respectively.[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] Music cleanses the person from within and helps mind achieve new potential giving new dimensions to meaning of life. Although, music therapy is not very widely practiced clinically, its healing effects have been known to mankind since time immemorial. Can its lost lustre be revived?</p></sec><sec id="sec1-2"><title>HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: ORIGINS OF MUSIC THERAPY</title><p>From very ancient times philosophers like Plato and Confucius have laid emphasis on the need for musical training for statesmen.[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] Ancient Greeks, Arabs, and Indians were well aware of the healing property of music, and there are legends confirming the same.[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] Hippocratic tradition laid emphasis on applying natural methods of healing in medical practice.[<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>] The first to use music's therapeutic effects to conquer “passion” was Asclepius.[<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>] Ancient Hindus believed that suffering caused by man's uncontrolled thinking could be handled by music therapy.[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] In India, literature on science of music (<italic>Gandharva tattva</italic>) dates back to fourth century B.C.[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] “<italic>Raga Chikitsa</italic>,” one of the ancient texts elaborates on the therapeutic role of musical melodies.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] Swami Haridas, a classical musician who lived in the 16<sup>th</sup> century, was one of the many who used music in treating illnesses during olden times.[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref><xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] A 17<sup>th</sup> century work titled “<italic>Sangita Sudha</italic>” authored by Nayaka King Raghunatha Nayak and his minister Govinda Dikshitar gives an account of effects of music on emotions. Ancient works collected by King Sahaji (1684–1711) that have been preserved in the Thanjavur Saraswati Mahal Library in the form of palm leaf manuscripts serve as a record of remedial use of music in psychological ailments.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] The resilience of character of ancient people as observed by Indian historians can probably be attributed to the musical practices of olden days.[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec1-3"><title><italic>NADA YOGA</italic> AND <italic>RAGA CHIKITSA</italic></title><p><italic>Nada Yoga and Raga Chikitsa</italic> form the backbone of ancient system of music therapy,[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] which is highly spiritual and enriched with everlasting energy content.[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]</p><sec id="sec2-1"><title>Nada Yoga</title><p>According to the system of <italic>Nada Yoga</italic> universe has taken its origin from a sound projection.[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] <italic>Nada</italic> (intonation) can be physical (<italic>ahata</italic>) or in its sublime form in the subtle domains of the mind (<italic>anahata</italic>).[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] <italic>Na</italic> refers to <italic>prana</italic> and da refers to fire. Sarngadeva elaborated on how <italic>Nada</italic> is generated.[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] In Indian philosophical practice, sound is intrinsically related to consciousness, and the term “<italic>Nada</italic>” may also imply “flow of consciousness.” The system focuses on developing a spontaneous interaction between sound and consciousness.[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] The four levels of consciousness – transcendental, deep sleep, dream-like and wakeful states correspond to four levels of sound <italic>para</italic>, <italic>pashyanti</italic>, <italic>madhyama</italic> and <italic>vaikhari</italic> respectively.[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref><xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>] Nada yogic exercises address the <italic>chakras</italic> (energy-centers) of the human body by means of natural sound vibrations in the breath and also certain frequencies produced by musical instruments. The practice intends to synchronize <italic>chakrasthanas</italic> (location of chakras) with <italic>swarasthanas</italic> (locations of musical notes). <italic>Nada Yoga</italic> encompasses various forms of practices ranging from chanting in praise of the divine (<italic>Nada Sankirtan</italic>) to purification of energy channels (<italic>Nadi Shuddhi</italic>).[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] These diverse practices provide us with multiple options to formulate a suitable treatment plan to cater to patient's needs at every stage.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-2"><title><italic>Raga Chikitsa</italic>, the raga-cure</title><p><italic>Raga</italic> is a unique set of selected notes. It provides immense creative potential for improvisation.[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] A given raga can have various effects. Ragas have certain specific <italic>rasas</italic>, which impress the listeners irrespective of the lyrics. The <italic>rasa</italic> of a raga may change with the shift in emphasis on notes thus producing multiple effects for a given raga. The emotional effect of raga is determined by the frequencies of the notes that form the tune and on its <italic>jiva swaras</italic> (index to the <italic>rasa</italic> of a raga) and <italic>nyasa swaras</italic>.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] “<italic>Bhava</italic>” the emotion conveyed is considered as the essence of music, which instills life to the raga scale. Indian ragas are, therefore, suitable for emotional healing in conditions such as anxiety and stress.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]</p><p>Ragas have an innate quality of impressing upon the listener a specific emotion. For instance despite joyful lyrics set to innately woeful Punnagavarali or Ahiri ragas, the plaintive quality still haunts the listeners. Likewise, mournful lyrics may be set to innately bright and catchy Bilahari raga yet the pathetic words leave the listener untouched. This phenomenon also explains the valorous nature of martial music infusing enthusiasm and courage in soldiers.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec1-4"><title>MUSIC AND EMOTION</title><p>The underlying principle of cognitive behavior therapy is that cognitions affect emotion, which in turn modulates the behavior of an individual. Music is the language of emotion,[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] and no art arouses emotions so deeply as music.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] <italic>Rasanubhava</italic>, an experience through music has a psychological basis. The concept of “<italic>rasa</italic>” (essence) forms one of the fundamental concepts of Indian esthetics. Permanent esthetic moods also called “<italic>sthayibhavas</italic>” are <italic>rati</italic> (love), <italic>hasa</italic> (laughter), <italic>soka</italic> (pathos), <italic>krodha</italic> (anger), <italic>utsaha</italic> (enthusiasm), <italic>bhayam</italic> (fear), <italic>jugupsa</italic> (disgust) and <italic>vismaya</italic> (wonder) and their corresponding <italic>rasas</italic> are <italic>sringara</italic>, <italic>hasya</italic>, <italic>karuna</italic>, <italic>raudra</italic>, <italic>vira</italic>, <italic>bhayanaka</italic>, <italic>bibhatsa</italic> and <italic>adbhuta</italic> respectively.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] These eight “<italic>rasas</italic>” are also referred to as eight basic emotions and are known to have relation with seven basic notes of music.[<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</p><p>Sage Matanga, father of the modern <italic>raga paddhati</italic> developed on the already existing <italic>raga alapana</italic> also known as <italic>raga vistara</italic>, which means exposition of a raga.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] This extemporization is highly intuitive and regulates emotional flow in a pleasing way.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] He was also the first to use the word “<italic>gamaka</italic>,” which refers to manipulation of note in any manner to produce a musical effect.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] These delicate vibrations adorn the musical note and produce an emotional effect called <italic>Raga Bhava</italic>.[<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>] Narada and Sarangdeva in their respective works <italic>Sangita Makaranda</italic> and <italic>Sangita Ratnakara</italic> gave a detailed account of different types of <italic>gamakas</italic>.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] While <italic>gamakas</italic> add to esthetic beauty of music, it can also be used to console grieving hearts. During ancient days in Tamil Nadu, “<italic>oppari</italic>” sung in the event of death of a person used <italic>gamakas</italic> in excess to relieve the suppressed emotions of the survivors of the deceased.[<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>] Through music, negative emotions can be relieved by catharsis.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] Aristotle too claimed that religious melodies can have effects similar too catharsis in some individuals.[<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec1-5"><title>MUSIC AND MIND</title><p>Mind and consciousness constitute the subtle nonphysical and un-manifested elements of the body and are given as much importance as gross physical body.[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] Expressive music activities enhance the positive self-image and improve coping skills.[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] Singing is a unique exercise wherein concentration, meditation, and breathing exercises take place unconsciously and simultaneously.[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] Just as there is fantasy music for relaxation, movement music to get one out of depression, there is resolution music that induces confidence.[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>] Universal phenomenon of babies falling asleep to melodious lullabies is a proof of effects of music on the human mind. And it is the gentle calming effect that puts them to sleep and not the words; for babies do not comprehend lyrics.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]</p><sec id="sec2-3"><title>Ragas with specific effects on mind</title><p>Regular exposure to a specific raga under particular conditions has clearly identified effects. While Nilambari raga can induce sleep, ragas Bhupala and Malayamarutam when played before dawn serve as a pleasing invitation for people to get up from sleep. Bilahari, a joy-producing raga helps to alleviate melancholic mood and Sama raga can reduce anxiety.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec1-6"><title>MUSIC IN HEALTH AND DISEASE</title><p>Music has a calming effect on listener's mind and healing effects in various psychiatric ailments. It has been used to relieve depression as a therapy by itself and also in combination with guided imagery.[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] Music has the power to regulate mood.[<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>] Soothing and organizational properties of music benefit intellectually disabled. In addition, it also provides creative opportunities for self-expression.[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] Drumming can cause relaxation and is of use in patients with substance use disorders.[<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] Music has multiple health benefits in various conditions in all age groups.[<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>] It can provide solace, reduce anxiety and depression and improve tolerance to pain. A combination of imagery, touch therapy, and music therapy has been tried in palliative care.[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]</p><p>Besides its therapeutic effects, the most exciting aspect of music is that it helps to improve general wellbeing and quality of life.[<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>] The raga Madhyamavati can create calmness in listener's mind. Music combined with movement as in aerobic exercises or gym sessions improves physical capabilities.[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] A person trained in singing puts his voice to better use too. While the compass of speech in regular conversations is usually within zero to half an octave, that of a cultivated voice is up to two and a half octaves.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] Singing also helps in maintaining healthy lungs.[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec1-7"><title>SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE</title><p>Studies on Indian classical music are limited, and most of the evidence for effects of music on emotion, mind, neural circuitry and its other health benefits comes from clinical trials done abroad. Research to elucidate the mechanisms underlying its effects and use in various clinical conditions are underway.</p><sec id="sec2-4"><title><italic>Nada Yoga</italic> and <italic>Raga Chikitsa</italic></title><p>Law of vibration states that everything in this universe constantly vibrates,[<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>] which is in consonance with philosophy of <italic>Nada Yoga</italic>.[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref><xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>] Regular practice of <italic>Nada Yoga</italic> increased alpha rhythm on electroencephalography and also improved general well-being of the subjects.[<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>] It is also effective in reducing stress.[<xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>] Carnatic musical training has a significant impact on auditory temporal resolution.[<xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] A study showed that Raga Desi Todi significantly reduced scores on depression and anxiety.[<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec2-5"><title>Music and emotion</title><p>Basic emotions in vocal communication can be identified across different cultures.[<xref rid="ref29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>] Likewise, emotions expressed in music can be basic emotions that are cross-culturally similar,[<xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref><xref rid="ref31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>] and complex emotions.[<xref rid="ref31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>] Research on effects of music on emotion has revealed that music generates two types of emotion – that which is experienced and vicarious emotion. Listening to music that is perceived as sad evokes pleasant emotions in the listener.[<xref rid="ref32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>] The mechanisms underlying emotion induction are multiple and beyond cognitive appraisal.[<xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec2-6"><title>Music and mind</title><p>There is evidence to suggest that listening to music can result in transient improvement in spatial-temporal reasoning performance. Although this effect has been studied using Mozart's music and few other compositions, the characteristics of music to produce this effect have not been delineated.[<xref rid="ref34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>] Moderate amount of musical training causes appreciable neural enhancement,[<xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>] and practice of music can also modulate functional connectivity at rest.[<xref rid="ref36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</p></sec><sec id="sec2-7"><title>Music in health and disease</title><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Music has been shown to have a positive impact on health[<xref rid="ref37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</p></list-item><list-item><p>Music seems to have beyond a cathartic effect. It has been found to alleviate depression by providing new esthetic, physical and relational experiences for the patients[<xref rid="ref38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</p></list-item><list-item><p>It can enhance communication and expressive skills, and when used adequately as an adjunct can improve negative symptoms and social functioning in patients suffering from schizophrenia and related disorders[<xref rid="ref39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</p></list-item><list-item><p>Unique needs of women and adolescents suffering from substance use disorders can be met by music therapy.[<xref rid="ref40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</p></list-item><list-item><p>Initial findings suggest a positive role of music therapy in high-functioning adolescents with neurodevelopmental delay[<xref rid="ref41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</p></list-item><list-item><p>Music therapy for parents who have a child with disability improves parental mental health and promotes positive parenting[<xref rid="ref42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</p></list-item><list-item><p>Developmental music groups have a positive impact on social behavior of premature and full term infants[<xref rid="ref43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</p></list-item><list-item><p>Music can be perceived by individuals who are deaf by virtue of its visual and vibrotactile modalities[<xref rid="ref44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</p></list-item><list-item><p>Musical training can counteract age-related cognitive decline[<xref rid="ref45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</p></list-item><list-item><p>Listening to music daily in the 1<sup>st</sup> month after stroke leads to structural changes in the frontolimbic region,[<xref rid="ref46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>] and these changes were associated with enhanced cognitive and emotional recovery[<xref rid="ref47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]</p></list-item><list-item><p>Music-based cognitive remediation improves executive functions in patients with traumatic brain injury[<xref rid="ref48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>]</p></list-item><list-item><p>Music is effective in alleviating chronic pain,[<xref rid="ref49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>] and is of use in palliative care[<xref rid="ref50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>]</p></list-item><list-item><p>Music can cause a sense of subjective well-being and have a positive impact on cognitive function, mood, and quality of life of older adults.[<xref rid="ref51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>]</p></list-item></list></p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion" id="sec1-8"><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>Not only in disease but listening to the right kind of music brings out the best in a normal individual, helping him reach his fullest potential. Hence, it is as fundamental a need as food, air and water to human life as it adds new meaning to life. Its therapeutic effects can be used in people suffering from insomnia, depression, anxiety, substance use disorders, developmental delays, and other childhood psychiatric conditions. Scope of music therapy is undeniably bright; however, efforts must go into popularizing it by emphasizing the scientific basis of its benefits, which can be established by more clinical trials in this area. More research using classical and traditional genres of music from India is needed.</p></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn fn-type="supported-by"><p><bold>Source of Support:</bold> Nil</p></fn><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Conflict of Interest:</bold> None declared</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lieff</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Music and the brain</article-title><year>2013</year><month>2</month><day>18</day><date-in-citation>Last cited on 2015 Feb 25</date-in-citation><comment>Available from:
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