The impact of acute stress on hormones and cytokines, and how their recovery is affected by music-evoked positive mood
Identifieur interne : 000012 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000011; suivant : 000013The impact of acute stress on hormones and cytokines, and how their recovery is affected by music-evoked positive mood
Auteurs : Stefan Koelsch [Allemagne, Norvège] ; Albrecht Boehlig [Allemagne] ; Maximilian Hohenadel [Allemagne] ; Ines Nitsche [Allemagne] ; Katrin Bauer [Allemagne] ; Ulrich Sack [Allemagne]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Stress and recovery from stress significantly affect interactions between the central nervous system, endocrine pathways, and the immune system. However, the influence of acute stress on circulating immune-endocrine mediators in humans is not well known. Using a double-blind, randomized study design, we administered a CO2 stress test to
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/srep23008
PubMed: 27020850
PubMed Central: 4810374
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sortKey="Boehlig, Albrecht" sort="Boehlig, Albrecht" uniqKey="Boehlig A" first="Albrecht" last="Boehlig">Albrecht Boehlig</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig</institution>, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Clinic for gastroenterology and rheumatology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig</institution>, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hohenadel, Maximilian" sort="Hohenadel, Maximilian" uniqKey="Hohenadel M" first="Maximilian" last="Hohenadel">Maximilian Hohenadel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig</institution>, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nitsche, Ines" sort="Nitsche, Ines" uniqKey="Nitsche I" first="Ines" last="Nitsche">Ines Nitsche</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig</institution>, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bauer, Katrin" sort="Bauer, Katrin" uniqKey="Bauer K" first="Katrin" last="Bauer">Katrin Bauer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig</institution>, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sack, Ulrich" sort="Sack, Ulrich" uniqKey="Sack U" first="Ulrich" last="Sack">Ulrich Sack</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig</institution>, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27020850</idno><idno type="pmc">4810374</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4810374</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4810374</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep23008</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000000</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000000</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000000</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000000</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000000</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000000</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000012</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The impact of acute stress on hormones and cytokines, and how their recovery is affected by music-evoked positive mood</title><author><name sortKey="Koelsch, Stefan" sort="Koelsch, Stefan" uniqKey="Koelsch S" first="Stefan" last="Koelsch">Stefan Koelsch</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Science</institution>, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University in Bergen</institution>, Jonas Liesvei 91, 5009 Bergen,<country>Norway</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boehlig, Albrecht" sort="Boehlig, Albrecht" uniqKey="Boehlig A" first="Albrecht" last="Boehlig">Albrecht Boehlig</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig</institution>, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Clinic for gastroenterology and rheumatology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig</institution>, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hohenadel, Maximilian" sort="Hohenadel, Maximilian" uniqKey="Hohenadel M" first="Maximilian" last="Hohenadel">Maximilian Hohenadel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig</institution>, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nitsche, Ines" sort="Nitsche, Ines" uniqKey="Nitsche I" first="Ines" last="Nitsche">Ines Nitsche</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig</institution>, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bauer, Katrin" sort="Bauer, Katrin" uniqKey="Bauer K" first="Katrin" last="Bauer">Katrin Bauer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig</institution>, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sack, Ulrich" sort="Sack, Ulrich" uniqKey="Sack U" first="Ulrich" last="Sack">Ulrich Sack</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig</institution>, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Stress and recovery from stress significantly affect interactions between the central nervous system, endocrine pathways, and the immune system. However, the influence of acute stress on circulating immune-endocrine mediators in humans is not well known. Using a double-blind, randomized study design, we administered a CO<sub>2</sub> stress test to <italic>n</italic> = 143 participants to identify the effects of acute stress, and recovery from stress, on serum levels of several mediators with immune function (IL-6, TNF-α, leptin, and somatostatin), as well as on noradrenaline, and two hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hormones (ACTH and cortisol). Moreover, during a 1 h-recovery period, we repeatedly measured these serum parameters, and administered an auditory mood-induction protocol with positive music and a neutral control stimulus. The acute stress elicited increases in noradrenaline, ACTH, cortisol, IL-6, and leptin levels. Noradrenaline and ACTH exhibited the fastest and strongest stress responses, followed by cortisol, IL-6 and leptin. The music intervention was associated with more positive mood, and stronger cortisol responses to the acute stressor in the music group. Our data show that acute (CO<sub>2</sub>) stress affects endocrine, immune and metabolic functions in humans, and they show that mood plays a causal role in the modulation of responses to acute stress.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Glaser, R" uniqKey="Glaser R">R. Glaser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kiecolt Glaser, J K" uniqKey="Kiecolt Glaser J">J. K. Kiecolt-Glaser</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Himmerich, H" uniqKey="Himmerich H">H. Himmerich</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, K" uniqKey="Zhang K">K. Zhang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Albers, R" uniqKey="Albers R">R. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27020850</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4810374</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep23008</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep23008</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The impact of acute stress on hormones and cytokines, and how their recovery is affected by music-evoked positive mood</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Koelsch</surname><given-names>Stefan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boehlig</surname><given-names>Albrecht</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hohenadel</surname><given-names>Maximilian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nitsche</surname><given-names>Ines</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bauer</surname><given-names>Katrin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sack</surname><given-names>Ulrich</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">b</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Science</institution>, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University in Bergen</institution>, Jonas Liesvei 91, 5009 Bergen,<country>Norway</country></aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig</institution>, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="a4"><label>4</label><institution>Clinic for gastroenterology and rheumatology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig</institution>, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig,<country>Germany</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>koelsch@cbs.mpg.de</email></corresp><corresp id="c2"><label>b</label><email>ulrich.sack@medizin.uni-leipzig.de</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>03</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><elocation-id>23008</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>06</day><month>09</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>22</day><month>01</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Stress and recovery from stress significantly affect interactions between the central nervous system, endocrine pathways, and the immune system. However, the influence of acute stress on circulating immune-endocrine mediators in humans is not well known. Using a double-blind, randomized study design, we administered a CO<sub>2</sub> stress test to <italic>n</italic> = 143 participants to identify the effects of acute stress, and recovery from stress, on serum levels of several mediators with immune function (IL-6, TNF-α, leptin, and somatostatin), as well as on noradrenaline, and two hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hormones (ACTH and cortisol). Moreover, during a 1 h-recovery period, we repeatedly measured these serum parameters, and administered an auditory mood-induction protocol with positive music and a neutral control stimulus. The acute stress elicited increases in noradrenaline, ACTH, cortisol, IL-6, and leptin levels. Noradrenaline and ACTH exhibited the fastest and strongest stress responses, followed by cortisol, IL-6 and leptin. The music intervention was associated with more positive mood, and stronger cortisol responses to the acute stressor in the music group. Our data show that acute (CO<sub>2</sub>) stress affects endocrine, immune and metabolic functions in humans, and they show that mood plays a causal role in the modulation of responses to acute stress.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Illustration of the experimental design.</title><p>In the beginning, participants (<italic>n</italic> = 143) rated their current mood using the Profile of Mood States (POMS, see third row). Then, the first blood sample was drawn (time point 1, bottom row), and about 10 min later the CO<sub>2</sub> stress-test was administered (top row). Following the stress test, another blood sample was drawn (time point 2), and the acoustic stimulus (positive music or neutral control stimulus) was delivered (second row). Then, every 15 min, four further blood samples were obtained. After the last blood sample was obtained (at time point 6), participants rated again their mood (see third row).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep23008-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Serum levels of parameters that showed sensitivity to the CO<sub>2</sub> stress test (NA, ACTH, cortisol, IL-6 and leptin), pooled across both groups, and all three times of day (<italic>n</italic> = 143 subjects).</title><p>Mean serum levels are indicated by the circles, separately for each of the six time points (error bars represent SEM). Dotted lines are spline interpolations of mean values, thus approximating the time course of parameter levels between the measured time points. The bottom right panel shows <italic>z</italic>-standardized values so that responsiveness to the stress test can be compared between parameters. ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone; IL-6: interleukin-6; NA: noradrenaline.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep23008-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Serum levels of cortisol, separately for music group and control group (<bold>a</bold>), and for participants in whom mood increased vs. decreased over the course of the experiment (<bold>b</bold>) (as indexed by the difference between pre- and post-values of the mood questionnaire). Mean serum levels are indicated by the circles, separately for each of the six time points (error bars represent SEM). Dotted lines are spline interpolations of mean values, thus approximating the time course of parameter levels between the measured time points.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep23008-f3"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Descriptive statistics of the study population.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Group</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>n</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Males/Females</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Age (years)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Height (cm)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Weight (kg)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">BMI</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">music</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">71</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36/35</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24.8 (2.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">174.2 (9.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">67.4 (12.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22.4 (2.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">control</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">72</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36/36</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24.9 (2.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">175.6 (9.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">69.7 (10.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22.2 (2.6)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1-fn1"><p>The sample consisted of 143 participants who were randomly assigned to either a music group or a control group. Following the CO<sub>2</sub> stress, the music group listened to positive music, and the control group was presented with an auditory control stimulus. Groups were balanced with regard to group size (<italic>n</italic>), male/female ratio, age, body height, body weight, and body mass index (means, with standard deviation in parentheses). BMI: body mass index.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Statistical values of the main effects of time point (TP), as indicated by the MANOVAs (<italic>F</italic>-and <italic>p</italic>-values, with degrees of freedom in parentheses).</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Time point (TP)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cortisol</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>F</bold></italic> <bold>=</bold> <bold>77.35 (3.015);</bold><italic><bold>p </bold></italic><bold>< 0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">NA</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>F</bold></italic> <bold>=</bold> <bold>35.85 (3.130);</bold><italic><bold>p </bold></italic><bold>< 0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">ACTH</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>F </bold></italic><bold>=</bold> <bold>11.62 (4.145);</bold><italic><bold>p </bold></italic><bold>< 0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">IL-6</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>F</bold></italic> <bold>=</bold> <bold>5.57 (3.151);</bold><italic><bold>p</bold></italic> <bold>=</bold> <bold>0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Leptin</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic> = 2.74 (4.749); <italic>p</italic> <bold>=</bold> 0.021</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">SIH</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic> = 0.27 (3.652); <italic>p</italic> <bold>=</bold> 0.88</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">TNF-α</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic> = 0.78 (4.12); <italic>p</italic> <bold>=</bold> 0.54</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t2-fn1"><p>Main effects of <italic>time point</italic> reflect that serum levels differed between the six measured time points, thus indicating the effects of the CO<sub>2</sub> stressor (recall that TP 1 preceded, and TP 2-6 followed the CO<sub>2</sub> stress test). Significant effects (<italic>p</italic> < 0.005, corrected for multiple comparisons) are marked in bold. ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone; IL-6: interleukin-6; NA: noradrenaline; SIH: somatostatin; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Statistical values of interactions between TP and group, as indicated by the MANOVAs reported in the main text (<italic>F</italic>- and <italic>p</italic>-values, with degrees of freedom in parentheses), pooled across all <italic>n</italic> = 143 participants.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">TP x Stimulus group (music, control)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">TP x POMS group (increase, decrease)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cortisol</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic> = 3.77 (3.015); <italic>p</italic> = 0.011</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>F</bold></italic> <bold>=</bold> <bold>4.91 (2.986);</bold><italic><bold>p</bold></italic> <bold>=</bold> <bold>0.002</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">NA</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic> = 0.24 (3.130); <italic>p</italic> = 0.877</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic> = 0.92 (3.093); <italic>p</italic> = 0.436</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">ACTH</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic> = 1.34 (4.145); <italic>p</italic> = 0.252</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic> = 1.3 (4.063); <italic>p</italic> = 0.268</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">IL-6</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic> = 0.45 (3.151); <italic>p</italic> = 0.725</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic> = 0.79 (2.957); <italic>p</italic> = 0.498</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Leptin</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic> = 1.62 (4.749); <italic>p</italic> = 0.156</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic> = 1.09 (4.838); <italic>p</italic> = 0.365</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">SIH</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic> = 1.81 (3.652); <italic>p</italic> = 0.132</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic> = 0.23 (3.606); <italic>p</italic> = 0.905</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">TNF-α</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic> = 1.46 (4.12); <italic>p</italic> = 0.211</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>F</italic> = 2.74 (4.081); <italic>p</italic> = 0.028</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t3-fn1"><p>Significant interactions (<italic>p</italic> < 0.005, corrected for multiple comparisons) are marked in bold. ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone; IL-6: interleukin-6; NA: noradrenaline; SIH: somatostatin; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TP: Time point.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Norvège</li></country></list><tree><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Koelsch, Stefan" sort="Koelsch, Stefan" uniqKey="Koelsch S" first="Stefan" last="Koelsch">Stefan Koelsch</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bauer, Katrin" sort="Bauer, Katrin" uniqKey="Bauer K" first="Katrin" last="Bauer">Katrin Bauer</name><name sortKey="Boehlig, Albrecht" sort="Boehlig, Albrecht" uniqKey="Boehlig A" first="Albrecht" last="Boehlig">Albrecht Boehlig</name><name sortKey="Boehlig, Albrecht" sort="Boehlig, Albrecht" uniqKey="Boehlig A" first="Albrecht" last="Boehlig">Albrecht Boehlig</name><name sortKey="Hohenadel, Maximilian" sort="Hohenadel, Maximilian" uniqKey="Hohenadel M" first="Maximilian" last="Hohenadel">Maximilian Hohenadel</name><name sortKey="Nitsche, Ines" sort="Nitsche, Ines" uniqKey="Nitsche I" first="Ines" last="Nitsche">Ines Nitsche</name><name sortKey="Sack, Ulrich" sort="Sack, Ulrich" uniqKey="Sack U" first="Ulrich" last="Sack">Ulrich Sack</name></country><country name="Norvège"><noRegion><name sortKey="Koelsch, Stefan" sort="Koelsch, Stefan" uniqKey="Koelsch S" first="Stefan" last="Koelsch">Stefan Koelsch</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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