Book Review: Conceptualizing Music: Cognitive Structure, Theory and Analyses
Identifieur interne : 000405 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000404; suivant : 000406Book Review: Conceptualizing Music: Cognitive Structure, Theory and Analyses
Auteurs : W. Jay DowlingSource :
- Psychology of music [ 0305-7356 ] ; 2006-04.
English descriptors
- Teeft :
- Acute stress disorder, Author shares, Balance humaneness, Beethoven example, Belief systems, Bernhardt klein, Book reviews, Book reviews psychology, Broad definition, Careful student, Central quotation, Clifford account, Cognitive, Cognitive psychologist, Cognitive psychologists, Cognitive question, Cognitive structure, Cognitive structures, Conceptual features, Conceptual models, Conceptual puzzles, Considerable depth, Continual flux, Convincing argument, Correct author, Cultural anthropology, Curious tendency, Dallas sutton, Declarative knowledge, Declarative statement, Different aspects, Dowling university, Early german, Essential feature, Feature cluster, Fictional characters, Fifth symphony, First thing, Franz schubert, Front door, Fugitive phrases, Full orchestra, Global conceptions, Global terrorism, Good place, Gray donkey, Great examples, Henri bergson, Implicit knowledge, Important consideration, Interesting conceit, International perspectives, Intervallic pattern, Jeanne child subject, Jessica kingsley, Julie sutton, Kaluli people, Knowledgeable reader, Large number, Latter omissions, Little basis, Loud stereo recording, Major theme, Mark twain, Mental disorders, Metaphorical mapping, Motifs listeners, Music cognition, Music copyright society, Music psychology, Music theorists, Music theory, Music therapy, Musical concept, Musical concepts, Musical domains, Musical form, Musical patterns, Next generation, Northern ireland, Observable features, Opening motif, Other times, Oxford university press, Particular kind, Particular predilections, Polynesian navigation, Pragmatic approach, Principal thesis, Procedural approach, Procedural entity, Procedural form, Procedural knowledge, Proust, Psychology research, Real time, Rhythmic pattern, Ruth account, Salient characteristics, Same knowledge, Scientific orientation, Serious theorizing, Sexy renaissance madrigal, Significant contribution, Single attempt, Slow movement, Soft piano noodling, Someone noodling, Specific book, Stress disorder, Striking examples, Structural integrity, Successive modulations, Time course, Trace arabesques, Trauma, Trauma experience, Traumatic experiences, Trockne blume, Verbal explicitness, Verbal text, Violin sonata, Wagner opera, Worth reading, Zbikowski, Zbikowski proceeds, Zbikowski sets.
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DOI: 10.1177/0305735606065132
Links to Exploration step
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<issue-title>Special Issue : Musical collaboration; Guest editor: Dorothy Miell</issue-title>
<fpage>283</fpage>
<lpage>286</lpage>
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<meta-value> Book Reviews 283 Psychology of Music Psychology of Music Copyright © 2006
Society for Education, Music and Psychology Research vol 34(2): 283288 [0305-7356
(200604) 34:2; 283288] 10.1177/0305735606065132 http://pom.sagepub.com L.M. ZBIKOWSKI,
Conceptualizing Music: Cognitive Structure, Theory and Analyses. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2002. 380 pp. ISBN: 019514023 (hbk) £32.99; ISBN: 0195187970
(pbk) £22 It is always a pleasure to read a book whose author shares one's own
particular predilections in literature and music in this case ranging from Proust to
Winnie-the-Pooh and from Mozart to Wagner. Moreover, the principal thesis of the book,
that music is organized cognitively in terms of concepts, is one that is very congenial
to a cognitive psychologist of music. The central quotation in the book, recounting
Proust's character Swann's first encounter with the slow movement of a contemporary (in
the 1890s) violin sonata, has long been a favorite of mine. In it Proust, a careful
student of Henri Bergson (of turn-of-the-century philosophers among the most congenial
to cognitive psychologists), describes the process of encoding both subconscious and
conscious of the musical patterns. This is a good jumping-off place for the
exploration of the cognition of music. The book is also very good in its coverage of the
history of music theory in the 18th- and 19th-centuries, giving an impressive (and as
far as I can tell, careful) account of the development of ideas of tonality and musical
form we now take for granted. One place where I wish to introduce caution in acceptance
of the author's approach is in relation to the musical concept. Concepts, like theories,
must be context sensitive in their application (a thesis with which I am sure the
author, in his treatment of theory, would agree). In his exposition of the function of
the opening motif of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony as a concept, Zbikowski sets up his
argument in terms of a context in which the question for the listener is, what are the
salient characteristics of this four-note motif? Naturally enough, he arrives at the
features: rhythmic pattern (pa-pa-pa- BAH), stated with full orchestra (well, at least
with winds and strings), stated at fortissimo dynamic, and with a 0/0/-3 intervallic
pattern (p. 47). Now suppose I come in my front door of my home and hear, faintly from
the living room, someone noodling softly on the piano the first four notes of sempre :
Beethoven's Fifth. Only two of the four features are represented, but I have no doubt
that the soft piano noodling is Beethoven's Fifth. Now suppose I enter in the same way,
and hear a loud stereo recording of the middle of Richard Strauss's Don Juan. Here again
two features are shared with the proposed concept of Beethoven's Fifth (full orchestra,
fortissimo), but I am not at all reminded of Beethoven. Clearly, which features are
important depends on the question the listener is trying to answer. Musical concepts are
important, but it is also important to consider the relationship of those conceptual
features to the cognitive question being posed. For a researcher who has spent much of
his time and energy trying to determine what features of motifs listeners rely on, and
when, during the process of recognition, this is an important consideration. It is
perhaps worth mentioning here (in line with the thinking of W.R. Garner), that what is
important about the feature cluster connected with a concept is its informativeness. As
in the Beethoven example, a feature that serves to distinguish the concept (in context)
from a large number of alternatives is worth much more than one that serves to
distinguish it from few. In thinking about musical concepts, I recommend attention to
the distinction cognitive psychologists make between procedural and declarative
knowledge. Procedural knowledge is largely implicit, and involves skills such as riding
a bicycle and following the successive modulations in a Wagner opera. Declarative
knowledge involves things that one can talk about, such as the structure of
sonata-allegro form and the fact that Haydn was born in 1732. At times, Zbikowski seems
to embrace the notion of concept as something embedded in the listener's implicit
knowledge of how the music is put together that is, the musical concept as a
procedural entity (see p. 60). But at other times he seems to expect that musical
concepts should be explicitly and consciously apprehended, and hence verbally
describable. I would only remind him that for concepts to operate automatically in real
time as the listener listens, they need to be built in to the system of appre- hension,
and to recall them to mind explicitly is to fatally slow the system. He is better off
with his implicit, procedural approach to concepts. There is also no guarantee when we
achieve a declarative statement corresponding to a musical concept, that that
characterization captures the same knowledge that was encoded in its procedural form. As
an example, consider the time course of encoding in memory described by Proust in the
quotation cited by Zbikowski (p. 3) at the start of his book: The notes we hear . . .
spread out . . . over surfaces of varying dimensions, to trace arabesques, to give us
the sensation of breadth or tenuity, stability or caprice. But the notes themselves have
vanished before these sensations have developed sufficiently to escape submersion under
[the succeeding notes] . . . And this impression continues to envelop in its liquidity,
its ceaseless overlapping, the motifs which from time to time emerge, barely
discernible, recognized only by the particular kind of pleasure they instill, impossible
to 284 Psychology of Music 34(2) describe, to recollect, to name, ineffable did not
our memory . . . by fashioning for us facsimiles of those fugitive phrases, enable us to
compare and to contrast them with those that follow. I think Proust is right, and in
agreement with several current theories of memory, in pointing out the degree to which
the contents of our memory are in continual flux. In his view of theory, Zbikowski
wishes to provide for a very broad definition that calls attention to the function of
theories as guiding under- standing and reasoning, as providing answers to conceptual
puzzles, as simplifying reality, as involving a number of conceptual models, and as
being dynamic in leading us forward. These are features that few would quibble with. But
they leave out an essential feature that any reader with a scientific orientation will
notice immediately: falsifiability. In a pragmatic approach to cultural anthropology we
distinguish between belief systems that have little basis in reality (or, at least, a
basis that does not correspond to objectively observable features for example,
witchcraft) and those that do (for example, Zbikowski's example of Polynesian
navigation, p. 115). It is clear that theories in cultural anthropology are tested
against evidence. Take Clifford Geertz's account of the naming of children in Bali and
its relation to global conceptions of time in the culture. This thesis depends on the
preponderance of the evidence. Take the celebrated case of Ruth Benedict's account of
sexuality in Samoa, famously challenged by the next generation of researchers. Again,
the outcome depends on the preponderance of the evidence. These theories are clearly
susceptible of being shown to be wrong that is, falsified. Anthropologists and
psychologists and music theorists continually appeal to the evidence in arguing about
their theories. Just because a theory has its own domain, its own context of
applicability does not mean that evaluation with regard to the evidence seen from within
that context is irrelevant. The suggestion that Jeanne Bamberger's child subject
(Chapter 3) is developing a 'theory' is an interesting conceit, but the author would do
well to consider serious theorizing in the area of music cognition. There are really
great examples presented here that would never have occurred to even the knowledgeable
reader, and are well worth reading the book for. We are all familiar with the opening of
Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, with its enigmatic 'Tristan' chord. But why is the phrase
in question pre- sented three times? Zbikowski presents a convincing argument, appealing
to the structural integrity of Wagner's opera. As Mark Twain is supposed to have said,
Wagner's music is better than it sounds. And he presents a sexy renaissance madrigal by
Giaches de Wert that exceeds Orlando di Lasso's Matona mia cara in musical if not verbal
explicitness. Further, Zbikowski gives us two settings of the poem 'Trockne Blume', one
by Bernhardt Klein and the other (of course) by Franz Schubert (in his Die schöne
Müllerin). The first thing that strikes the reader is the competence of Klein's setting
there was considerable depth on the bench in early 19th-century German Lieder Book
reviews 285 writing. Then Zbikowski proceeds to develop what is perhaps the most
significant contribution of his book. He proposes a theory of the combination of words
and music in a song that relies on the parallelism of cognitive structures in the verbal
and musical domains. Zbikowski reinforces this approach by contrasting settings of the
text 'In der Fremde' by Schumann and Brahms, in which their different musical structures
bring out different aspects of the verbal text. A major theme of the book is the notion
of cross-domain mapping, a form of metaphor. This is essential in listeners'
understanding of music, as most cognitive psychologists of music would agree. One of the
most striking examples of metaphorical mapping of a dimension of sound that Zbikowski
has found for us is the connection made by the Kaluli people of Papua New Guinea between
the pitches of the scale and waterfalls (p. 67). We should think about that. In
conclusion, I cannot help pointing out, especially with such a politically correct
author, the curious tendency to cite fictional characters in the index. Proust's Swann
is cited as 'Swann, Charles'. Proust's Odette de Crécy is cited as simply 'Odette', and
Eeyore, the rather sad gray donkey, is not cited at all. Should we read sexism, or
anthropocentrism, into the latter omissions? W. Jay Dowling University of Texas at
Dallas J.P. SUTTON (ed.), Music, Music Therapy and Trauma: International Perspectives.
London: Jessica Kingsley, 2002. 272 pp. ISBN:1843100274 (pbk) The topic of music
therapy and trauma is particularly salient following the resounding psychological
effects of the September 11th 2001 attacks. While this specific book has already been on
the shelf for a few years, its relevance cannot be questioned the more recent events
related to global terrorism clearly bring out that nearly everyone will be touched by a
single-event trauma experience at some time in his or her life. Hence, the material
seems to be all the more pertinent, and yet, Sutton's book stands alone as a single
attempt to raise awareness towards the uses of music to balance humaneness. Julie
Sutton, editor of the book, begins with a chapter on modern-day trauma and the
pre-symbolic power of music therapy to address the resulting debilitation of traumatic
experiences. While the clinical diagnostic descrip- tions from the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
and the more recent, acute stress disorder (ASD), provide an array of symptoms of those
traumatized, they fall short in describing the repercussions of trauma in society. As
suggested by one author, who reflects on 'the Troubles' in Northern Ireland, the term
286 Psychology of Music 34(2)</meta-value>
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