Pelagius and the End of Roman Rule in Britain
Identifieur interne : 000685 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000684; suivant : 000686Pelagius and the End of Roman Rule in Britain
Auteurs : J. N. L. MyresSource :
- Journal of Roman Studies [ 0075-4358 ] ; 1960-11.
Abstract
The circumstances in which Roman rule over Britain came to an end have always been something of a puzzle to historians. There is of course no contemporary record giving a continuous narrative of the relevant events, and the few brief notices in ancient sources about British affairs in the first two decades of the fifth century come from writers of various dates and degrees of authority, none of whom seems to have had any first-hand knowledge of what took place. It is, therefore, hardly surprising that what they say should be subject to wide differences of interpretation, differences all the wider because some of the interpreters have been viewing the events from the standpoint of later English history and without an intimate knowledge of the Roman Empire in the fifth century. And it must further be admitted that, among scholars familiar with the conditions of this age, there has been something of a gap between those concerned with matters of history, whether political, administrative, social, or economic, and those concerned with thought and opinion, and primarily, of course, as theologians with the development of Christian doctrine in the great age of Ambrose, Jerome, and Augustine. It is easy for theologians to forget that the immense creative achievement of these thinkers was carried out at a time when the foundations of the society they knew were collapsing under external pressure and internal strain, and it is easy for historians to forget that a society riddled with corruption and precariously held together by the barbarous methods of a repressive tyranny was yet the seed-bed for an extraordinary flowering of the human spirit. It is difficult for either to remember that the forms which that flowering took and the imagery within which it found expression inevitably reflected the social and political conditions, the legal and judicial practices, familiar to those who gave it birth.
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DOI: 10.2307/298284
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>Pelagius and the End of Roman Rule in Britain</title><author><name sortKey="Myres, J N L" sort="Myres, J N L" uniqKey="Myres J" first="J. N. L." last="Myres">J. N. L. Myres</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:EAA593376242A040D122FA99DF2CC56B5C78E76D</idno><date when="1960" year="1960">1960</date><idno type="doi">10.2307/298284</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/EAA593376242A040D122FA99DF2CC56B5C78E76D/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000685</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000685</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">Pelagius and the End of Roman Rule in Britain</title><author><name sortKey="Myres, J N L" sort="Myres, J N L" uniqKey="Myres J" first="J. N. L." last="Myres">J. N. L. Myres</name></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of Roman Studies</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J. Rom. Stud.</title><idno type="ISSN">0075-4358</idno><idno type="eISSN">1753-528X</idno><imprint><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><pubPlace>Cambridge, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="1960-11">1960-11</date><biblScope unit="volume">50</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1-2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="21">21</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="36">36</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0075-4358</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0075-4358</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">The circumstances in which Roman rule over Britain came to an end have always been something of a puzzle to historians. There is of course no contemporary record giving a continuous narrative of the relevant events, and the few brief notices in ancient sources about British affairs in the first two decades of the fifth century come from writers of various dates and degrees of authority, none of whom seems to have had any first-hand knowledge of what took place. It is, therefore, hardly surprising that what they say should be subject to wide differences of interpretation, differences all the wider because some of the interpreters have been viewing the events from the standpoint of later English history and without an intimate knowledge of the Roman Empire in the fifth century. And it must further be admitted that, among scholars familiar with the conditions of this age, there has been something of a gap between those concerned with matters of history, whether political, administrative, social, or economic, and those concerned with thought and opinion, and primarily, of course, as theologians with the development of Christian doctrine in the great age of Ambrose, Jerome, and Augustine. It is easy for theologians to forget that the immense creative achievement of these thinkers was carried out at a time when the foundations of the society they knew were collapsing under external pressure and internal strain, and it is easy for historians to forget that a society riddled with corruption and precariously held together by the barbarous methods of a repressive tyranny was yet the seed-bed for an extraordinary flowering of the human spirit. It is difficult for either to remember that the forms which that flowering took and the imagery within which it found expression inevitably reflected the social and political conditions, the legal and judicial practices, familiar to those who gave it birth.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>cambridge</corpusName><author><json:item><name>J. N. L. Myres</name></json:item></author><articleId><json:string>02623</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/6GQ-TDGH6TRT-S</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>research-article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>The circumstances in which Roman rule over Britain came to an end have always been something of a puzzle to historians. There is of course no contemporary record giving a continuous narrative of the relevant events, and the few brief notices in ancient sources about British affairs in the first two decades of the fifth century come from writers of various dates and degrees of authority, none of whom seems to have had any first-hand knowledge of what took place. It is, therefore, hardly surprising that what they say should be subject to wide differences of interpretation, differences all the wider because some of the interpreters have been viewing the events from the standpoint of later English history and without an intimate knowledge of the Roman Empire in the fifth century. And it must further be admitted that, among scholars familiar with the conditions of this age, there has been something of a gap between those concerned with matters of history, whether political, administrative, social, or economic, and those concerned with thought and opinion, and primarily, of course, as theologians with the development of Christian doctrine in the great age of Ambrose, Jerome, and Augustine. It is easy for theologians to forget that the immense creative achievement of these thinkers was carried out at a time when the foundations of the society they knew were collapsing under external pressure and internal strain, and it is easy for historians to forget that a society riddled with corruption and precariously held together by the barbarous methods of a repressive tyranny was yet the seed-bed for an extraordinary flowering of the human spirit. It is difficult for either to remember that the forms which that flowering took and the imagery within which it found expression inevitably reflected the social and political conditions, the legal and judicial practices, familiar to those who gave it birth.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>10</score><pdfWordCount>11516</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>61649</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.6</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>16</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>504 x 734.4 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>311</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1918</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>0</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Pelagius and the End of Roman Rule in Britain</title><pii><json:string>S007543580002623X</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><title>Journal of Roman Studies</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><issn><json:string>0075-4358</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1753-528X</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>JRS</json:string></publisherId><volume>50</volume><issue>1-2</issue><pages><first>21</first><last>36</last><total>16</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre></host><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/6GQ-TDGH6TRT-S</json:string></ark><categories><inist><json:string>1 - sciences humaines et sociales</json:string></inist></categories><publicationDate>1960</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1960</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.2307/298284</json:string></doi><id>EAA593376242A040D122FA99DF2CC56B5C78E76D</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/EAA593376242A040D122FA99DF2CC56B5C78E76D/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/EAA593376242A040D122FA99DF2CC56B5C78E76D/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/EAA593376242A040D122FA99DF2CC56B5C78E76D/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/EAA593376242A040D122FA99DF2CC56B5C78E76D/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a">Pelagius and the End of Roman Rule in Britain</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher scheme="https://publisher-list.data.istex.fr">Cambridge University Press</publisher><pubPlace>Cambridge, UK</pubPlace><availability><licence><p>Copyright © J. N. L. Myres 1960. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies</p></licence><p scheme="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-G3RCRD03-V">cambridge</p></availability><date>1960</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="research-article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</note><note type="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">Pelagius and the End of Roman Rule in Britain</title><author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">J. N. L.</forename><surname>Myres</surname></persName></author><idno type="istex">EAA593376242A040D122FA99DF2CC56B5C78E76D</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/6GQ-TDGH6TRT-S</idno><idno type="DOI">10.2307/298284</idno><idno type="PII">S007543580002623X</idno><idno type="article-id">02623</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Roman Studies</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J. Rom. Stud.</title><idno type="pISSN">0075-4358</idno><idno type="eISSN">1753-528X</idno><idno type="publisher-id">JRS</idno><imprint><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><pubPlace>Cambridge, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="1960-11"></date><biblScope unit="volume">50</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1-2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="21">21</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="36">36</biblScope></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1960</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract style="text-abstract"><p>The circumstances in which Roman rule over Britain came to an end have always been something of a puzzle to historians. There is of course no contemporary record giving a continuous narrative of the relevant events, and the few brief notices in ancient sources about British affairs in the first two decades of the fifth century come from writers of various dates and degrees of authority, none of whom seems to have had any first-hand knowledge of what took place. It is, therefore, hardly surprising that what they say should be subject to wide differences of interpretation, differences all the wider because some of the interpreters have been viewing the events from the standpoint of later English history and without an intimate knowledge of the Roman Empire in the fifth century. And it must further be admitted that, among scholars familiar with the conditions of this age, there has been something of a gap between those concerned with matters of history, whether political, administrative, social, or economic, and those concerned with thought and opinion, and primarily, of course, as theologians with the development of Christian doctrine in the great age of Ambrose, Jerome, and Augustine. It is easy for theologians to forget that the immense creative achievement of these thinkers was carried out at a time when the foundations of the society they knew were collapsing under external pressure and internal strain, and it is easy for historians to forget that a society riddled with corruption and precariously held together by the barbarous methods of a repressive tyranny was yet the seed-bed for an extraordinary flowering of the human spirit. It is difficult for either to remember that the forms which that flowering took and the imagery within which it found expression inevitably reflected the social and political conditions, the legal and judicial practices, familiar to those who gave it birth.</p></abstract></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1960-11">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus cambridge not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.2 20060430//EN" URI="journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article dtd-version="2.2" article-type="research-article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JRS</journal-id><journal-title>Journal of Roman Studies</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>J. Rom. Stud.</abbrev-journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0075-4358</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1753-528X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Cambridge University Press</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Cambridge, UK</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2307/298284</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">S007543580002623X</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">02623</article-id><title-group><article-title>Pelagius and the End of Roman Rule in Britain<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn01"><sup>1</sup></xref></article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="left-running">J. N. L. MYRES</alt-title><alt-title alt-title-type="right-running">PELAGIUS AND THE END OF ROMAN RULE IN BRITAIN</alt-title><fn-group><fn id="fn01" symbol="1"><label><sup>1</sup></label><p>I wish to acknowledge assistance received in the composition of this article from many friends, particularly Professor H. Chadwick, Professor D. Daube, Miss Rosalind Hill, Professor I. A. Richmond, Miss Margaret Roper, and Mr. G. de Ste. Croix.</p></fn></fn-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib><name><surname>Myres</surname><given-names>J. N. L.</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month><year>1960</year></pub-date><volume>50</volume><issue>1-2</issue><fpage seq="14">21</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © J. N. L. Myres 1960. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies</copyright-statement><copyright-year>1960</copyright-year><copyright-holder>J. N. L. Myres</copyright-holder></permissions><abstract abstract-type="text-abstract"><p>The circumstances in which Roman rule over Britain came to an end have always been something of a puzzle to historians. There is of course no contemporary record giving a continuous narrative of the relevant events, and the few brief notices in ancient sources about British affairs in the first two decades of the fifth century come from writers of various dates and degrees of authority, none of whom seems to have had any first-hand knowledge of what took place. It is, therefore, hardly surprising that what they say should be subject to wide differences of interpretation, differences all the wider because some of the interpreters have been viewing the events from the standpoint of later English history and without an intimate knowledge of the Roman Empire in the fifth century. And it must further be admitted that, among scholars familiar with the conditions of this age, there has been something of a gap between those concerned with matters of history, whether political, administrative, social, or economic, and those concerned with thought and opinion, and primarily, of course, as theologians with the development of Christian doctrine in the great age of Ambrose, Jerome, and Augustine. It is easy for theologians to forget that the immense creative achievement of these thinkers was carried out at a time when the foundations of the society they knew were collapsing under external pressure and internal strain, and it is easy for historians to forget that a society riddled with corruption and precariously held together by the barbarous methods of a repressive tyranny was yet the seed-bed for an extraordinary flowering of the human spirit. It is difficult for either to remember that the forms which that flowering took and the imagery within which it found expression inevitably reflected the social and political conditions, the legal and judicial practices, familiar to those who gave it birth.</p></abstract><counts><page-count count="16"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta><meta-name>pdf</meta-name><meta-value>S007543580002623Xa.pdf</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta></front><back><fn-group><fn id="fn02" symbol="2"><label><sup>2</sup></label><p>Zosimus VI, 5 … Τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἀρχῆς ἀποστῆναι καὶ καθ᾿ ἑαυτὸν βιοτεύειν, οὐκέτι τοῖς τούτων ὑπακούοντα νόμοις.</p></fn><fn id="fn03" symbol="3"><label><sup>3</sup></label><p><italic>Vita Germani</italic> 12. ‘Eodem tempore ex Britannis directa legatio gallicanis episcopis nuntiavit pelagianam perversitatem in locis suis late populos occupasse et quam primum fidei catholicae debere succurri.’</p></fn><fn id="fn04" symbol="4"><label><sup>4</sup></label><p>In what follows I have adopted the chronology given by G. de Plinval, <italic>Pelage</italic> (1943), 13–15.</p></fn><fn id="fn05" symbol="5"><label><sup>5</sup></label><p><citation id="ref001" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Souter</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name> (<source>Texts and Studies</source> <volume>IX</volume> (<year>1922</year>), <fpage>147</fpage></citation>) has shown that the text of the Pauline epistles used by Pelagius in his commentary was similar to that used by Ambrose, who was brought up in the Rhineland, and unlike that used in Spain or western Gaul. This suggests strongly that Pelagius came from, or at least was educated in, south-eastern Britain rather than the west country where the natural continental contacts were with Armorica and Spain.</p></fn><fn id="fn06" symbol="6"><label><sup>6</sup></label><p><italic>Liber subnot. Iuliani (PL</italic> 48, III).</p></fn><fn id="fn07" symbol="7"><label><sup>7</sup></label><p><italic>Liber Apol.</italic> 12.</p></fn><fn id="fn08" symbol="8"><label><sup>8</sup></label><p><italic>Ep.</italic> 186.</p></fn><fn id="fn09" symbol="9"><label><sup>9</sup></label><p>Souter, o.c. 3–4 ‘It is perfectly clear that he had received a first-rate education and it may thus be presumed that he was of wealthy family’. Jerome (<italic>Ep.</italic> 50) calls him <italic>in disputando nodosus et tenax</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn10" symbol="10"><label><sup>10</sup></label><p><italic>Ep.</italic> 50.</p></fn><fn id="fn11" symbol="11"><label><sup>11</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> <italic>rumigerulum monachum</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn12" symbol="12"><label><sup>12</sup></label><p><italic>Bell. Vand.</italic> 1, 2, 38. Βρεττανίαν μέντοι Ῥωμαῖοι ἀνασώσασθαι οὐκέτι ἔσχον ἀλλ᾿ οὗσα ὑπὸ τυράννοις ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἔμεινε.</p></fn><fn id="fn13" symbol="13"><label><sup>13</sup></label><p><italic>PL</italic> 20, 443 ‘…ad Britannias profectus sum … pacis me faciendae consacerdotes mei … evocarunt’.</p></fn><fn id="fn14" symbol="14"><label><sup>14</sup></label><p>As suggested below, pp. 31 f.</p></fn><fn id="fn15" symbol="15"><label><sup>15</sup></label><p><italic>Ep.</italic> 50.</p></fn><fn id="fn16" symbol="16"><label><sup>16</sup></label><p><italic>Comment. in Ierem.</italic>, prolog.</p></fn><fn id="fn17" symbol="17"><label><sup>17</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref></p></fn><fn id="fn18" symbol="18"><label><sup>18</sup></label><p><italic>Dial. adv. Pel.</italic> III, 16.</p></fn><fn id="fn19" symbol="19"><label><sup>19</sup></label><p><italic>Liber Apol.</italic> 2, 16, 31.</p></fn><fn id="fn20" symbol="20"><label><sup>20</sup></label><p><italic>Cod. Theod.</italic> XI, 30, 5; 1, 16, 3.</p></fn><fn id="fn21" symbol="21"><label><sup>21</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> II, 1, 6; VI, 24, 3; VII, 2, 2; XI, 1, 26; XI, 30, 48; XII, 19, 3; XIII, 3, 13; XIII, 10, 8; XIII, 11, 8; XV, 1, 41.</p></fn><fn id="fn22" symbol="22"><label><sup>22</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> VI, 18, 1; X, 3, 7; XI, 8, 3; XIV, 4, 10; XVI, 5, 46; <italic>Const. Sirm.</italic> 16.</p></fn><fn id="fn23" symbol="23"><label><sup>23</sup></label><p><italic>Cod. Theod.</italic> XII, 3, 8; XIV, 17, 6.</p></fn><fn id="fn24" symbol="24"><label><sup>24</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> VII, 18, 4; XVI, 5, 40.</p></fn><fn id="fn25" symbol="25"><label><sup>25</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> X, 17, 3.</p></fn><fn id="fn26" symbol="26"><label><sup>26</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> VI, 33, 1; VII, 4, 29; XI, 1, 1; XI, 16, 11; XI, 30, 51; XII, 1, 172; XIII, 11, 5; XV, 10, 12; XVI, 5, 13.</p></fn><fn id="fn27" symbol="27"><label><sup>27</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> I, 28, 2.</p></fn><fn id="fn28" symbol="28"><label><sup>28</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> XII, 16, 5.</p></fn><fn id="fn29" symbol="29"><label><sup>29</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> IX, 40, 16.</p></fn><fn id="fn30" symbol="30"><label><sup>30</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> XVI, 10, 12.</p></fn><fn id="fn31" symbol="31"><label><sup>31</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> XIII, 11, 8.</p></fn><fn id="fn32" symbol="32"><label><sup>32</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> XIII, 3, 8.</p></fn><fn id="fn33" symbol="33"><label><sup>33</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> VI, 18, 1.</p></fn><fn id="fn34" symbol="34"><label><sup>34</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> II, 1, 6.</p></fn><fn id="fn35" symbol="35"><label><sup>35</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> VI, 33, 1.</p></fn><fn id="fn36" symbol="36"><label><sup>36</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> VII, 18, 4; XVI, 5, 40.</p></fn><fn id="fn37" symbol="37"><label><sup>37</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> VI, 24, 3.</p></fn><fn id="fn38" symbol="38"><label><sup>38</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> XI, 16, 11.</p></fn><fn id="fn39" symbol="39"><label><sup>39</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> XV, 1, 41.</p></fn><fn id="fn40" symbol="40"><label><sup>40</sup></label><p>e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> XII, 1, 172.</p></fn><fn id="fn41" symbol="41"><label><sup>41</sup></label><p>The pejorative usage of ‘prepotente’ in modern Italian, meaning a tyrant or bully, carries on this traditional sense.</p></fn><fn id="fn42" symbol="42"><label><sup>42</sup></label><p><italic>Cod. Theod.</italic> VI, 4, 22.</p></fn><fn id="fn43" symbol="43"><label><sup>43</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> VI, 24, 3.</p></fn><fn id="fn44" symbol="44"><label><sup>44</sup></label><p><italic>De Gub. Dei.</italic> IV, 21.</p></fn><fn id="fn45" symbol="45"><label><sup>45</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> I, 11.</p></fn><fn id="fn46" symbol="46"><label><sup>46</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> IV, 74.</p></fn><fn id="fn47" symbol="47"><label><sup>47</sup></label><p>A significant passage in the Pelagian treatise <italic>De Castitate</italic> (C.P. Caspari, <italic>Briefe, Abhandlungen</italic> … (1890), 146–7 ) includes in a list of natural hazards to human life (collapsing walls, lightning, shipwreck, poison, etc.) the risk of ruin <italic>cuiuscunque potentioris iniqua sententia</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn48" symbol="48"><label><sup>48</sup></label><p>G. de Plinval, <italic>Pelage</italic> (1943), 17–46, conveniently lists these works and discusses their relationship to each other.</p></fn><fn id="fn49" symbol="49"><label><sup>49</sup></label><p><italic>De Viris Illustribus</italic> 57.</p></fn><fn id="fn50" symbol="50"><label><sup>50</sup></label><p><italic>Roman Britain and the English Settlements</italic> (ed. 1937), 309–10.</p></fn><fn id="fn51" symbol="51"><label><sup>51</sup></label><p><italic>Briefe, Abhandlungen</italic> … (1890), 382–9.</p></fn><fn id="fn52" symbol="52"><label><sup>52</sup></label><p>o.c. 17–46.</p></fn><fn id="fn53" symbol="53"><label><sup>53</sup></label><p><italic>PL</italic> 40, 1042.</p></fn><fn id="fn54" symbol="54"><label><sup>54</sup></label><p>C. P. Caspari, o.c. 31–2.</p></fn><fn id="fn55" symbol="55"><label><sup>55</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> 152.</p></fn><fn id="fn56" symbol="56"><label><sup>56</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref001">ibid.</xref> 102–11.</p></fn><fn id="fn57" symbol="57"><label><sup>57</sup></label><p>e.g. <italic>Cod. Theod.</italic> IX, 21, 5 (a false moneyer ‘omni dilatione submota flammarum exustionibus mancipetur’); IX, 24, 1 (abettors of rape: ‘qui vero raptori solacia praebuerint … ignibus concrementur’).</p></fn><fn id="fn58" symbol="58"><label><sup>58</sup></label><p>From the Pelagian commentary on Job (<italic>PL</italic> 23, 1475).</p></fn><fn id="fn59" symbol="59"><label><sup>59</sup></label><p>As pointed out by G. de Ste. Croix in his illuminating article on Suffragium (<citation id="ref002" citation-type="journal"><source>British Journal of Sociology</source> <volume>V</volume> (<year>1954</year>), <fpage>33</fpage>–<lpage>48</lpage></citation>).</p></fn><fn id="fn60" symbol="60"><label><sup>60</sup></label><p>e.g. <italic>De Gratia Christi</italic> VI (8). ‘Hanc autem naturalem possibilitatem quod adiuvari Dei gratia confitetur, non est hic apertum vel quam dicat gratiam, vel quatenus ea naturam sentiat adiuvari: sed … non vult aliud accipi quam legem et doctrinam qua naturalis possibilitas adiuvetur’. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref002">ibid.</xref> VII (8): ‘In his omnibus non recessit a commendatione legis atque doctrinae, hanc esse adiuvantem gratiam diligenter inculcans …‘</p></fn><fn id="fn61" symbol="61"><label><sup>61</sup></label><p><italic>De Spiritu et Littera, passim</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="fn62" symbol="62"><label><sup>62</sup></label><p><italic>De Gestis Pelagii</italic> VI (16).</p></fn><fn id="fn63" symbol="63"><label><sup>63</sup></label><p><italic>Vita Augustini</italic> XX. ‘Novimus eum … intercessum apud saeculi potestates postulatum non dedisse … illud nihilominus suum addens; Quoniam plerumque potestas quae petitur premit.’ It is clear from this that Augustine's reluctance to intervene with judges on behalf of criminals was due to considerations of tactics not of principle.</p></fn><fn id="fn64" symbol="64"><label><sup>64</sup></label><p><italic>Ang. Ep.</italic> 152–3.</p></fn><fn id="fn65" symbol="65"><label><sup>65</sup></label><p>In the <italic>CSEL</italic> edition of Augustine's Letters III, 395–427.</p></fn><fn id="fn66" symbol="66"><label><sup>66</sup></label><p><italic>Vita Augustini</italic> XX.</p></fn><fn id="fn67" symbol="67"><label><sup>67</sup></label><p><italic>Cod. Theod.</italic> XI, 16, 11.</p></fn><fn id="fn68" symbol="68"><label><sup>68</sup></label><p>Augustine himself records Pelagian complaints that the Catholics had bribed the populace and officials to take action against them both in Rome and Africa. <italic>Opus Imperf. contra Iulianum</italic> III, 35: ‘Cur seditiones Romae conductis populis excitastis ? Cur de sumptibus pauperum saginastis per totam paene Africam equorum greges, quos prosequente Alypio tribunis et centurionibus destinastis ? Cur matronarum oblatis haereditatibus potestates saeculi corrupistis ?’</p></fn><fn id="fn69" symbol="69"><label><sup>69</sup></label><p><italic>Cod. Theod.</italic> X, 10, 26.</p></fn><fn id="fn70" symbol="70"><label><sup>70</sup></label><p><italic>PL</italic> 48, 379.</p></fn><fn id="fn71" symbol="71"><label><sup>71</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref002">ibid.</xref> 406.</p></fn><fn id="fn72" symbol="72"><label><sup>72</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref002">ibid.</xref> 409.</p></fn><fn id="fn73" symbol="73"><label><sup>73</sup></label><p>G. de Plinval, <italic>Pelage</italic> (1943), 347–8.</p></fn><fn id="fn74" symbol="74"><label><sup>74</sup></label><p><italic>PL</italic> 51, 915.</p></fn><fn id="fn75" symbol="75"><label><sup>75</sup></label><p>Zosimus VI, 5. σφῶν σὐτῶν προκινδυνεύσαντε ς ἠλευθέρωσαν τῶν ἐπικειμένων βαρβάρων τὰν πόλεις.</p></fn><fn id="fn76" symbol="76"><label><sup>76</sup></label><p>I cannot agree with <citation id="ref003" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Baynes</surname><given-names>N. H.</given-names></name> (<source>JRS</source> <volume>XII</volume>, <fpage>218</fpage></citation>) that the barbarians crossed the Rhine at the end of 405. For this and much of what follows see the penetrating analysis by <citation id="ref004" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Stevens</surname><given-names>C. E.</given-names></name> (‘<article-title>Marcus, Gratian, Constantine</article-title>’, in the Pavia <source>Athenaeum</source> <volume>XXXV</volume> (<year>1957</year>), <fpage>316</fpage>–47</citation>).</p></fn><fn id="fn77" symbol="77"><label><sup>77</sup></label><p>Verulamium is the only <italic>civitas</italic> in Britain for which municipal status has been claimed. But by the fifth century such technical distinctions were wearing thin, and a <italic>municeps</italic> might be a member of any civic <italic>ordo</italic>. Nevertheless Verulamium has a better claim, both on archaeological and literary evidence, than any other British city to be the main focus of the urban revival at this time. cf. <italic>Antiq. Journ.</italic> XL (1960), 21.</p></fn><fn id="fn78" symbol="78"><label><sup>78</sup></label><p>By Stevens, l.c.</p></fn><fn id="fn79" symbol="79"><label><sup>79</sup></label><p><italic>ex infima militia</italic>, Orosius VII, 40.</p></fn><fn id="fn80" symbol="80"><label><sup>80</sup></label><p><italic>Arch. Journ.</italic> XCVII (1941), 125–54.</p></fn><fn id="fn81" symbol="81"><label><sup>81</sup></label><p><italic>MGH Chron. min.</italic> I, 618.</p></fn><fn id="fn82" symbol="82"><label><sup>82</sup></label><p>Zosimus VI, 10. Ὁνωρίου δὲ γράμμασι πρὸς τὰς ἐν Βρεττανίᾳ χρησαμένου πόλεις φυλάττεσθαι παραγγέλλουσι.</p></fn><fn id="fn83" symbol="83"><label><sup>83</sup></label><p>As noted by <citation id="ref005" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Stevens</surname></name>, <source>Arch. Journ.</source> <volume>XCVII</volume> (<year>1941</year>), <fpage>148</fpage>–9.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn84" symbol="84"><label><sup>84</sup></label><p><citation id="ref006" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Pavia</surname></name> <source>Athenaeum</source> <volume>XXXV</volume> (<year>1957</year>), <fpage>333</fpage>–5.</citation></p></fn><fn id="fn85" symbol="85"><label><sup>85</sup></label><p><italic>Antiquity</italic> 119 (1956), 163–7.</p></fn><fn id="fn86" symbol="86"><label><sup>86</sup></label><p>Zosimus VI, 5. καὶ ὁ ᾿Αρμόριχος ἅπας καὶ ἕτεραι Γαλατῶν ἐπαρχίαι Βρεττανοὺς μιμησάμεναι…κατὰ τὸν ἴσον σφᾶς ἠλευθέρωσαν τρόπον, ἐκβάλλουσαι μὲν τοὺς Ῥωμαίους ἄρχοντας, οἰκεῖον δὲ κατ᾿ ἐξουσίαν πολίτευμα καθιστᾶσαι.</p></fn><fn id="fn87" symbol="87"><label><sup>87</sup></label><p><italic>MGH Chron. min.</italic> 1, 660.</p></fn><fn id="fn88" symbol="88"><label><sup>88</sup></label><p>G. de Plinval, <italic>Pelage</italic> (1943), 214–6.</p></fn><fn id="fn89" symbol="89"><label><sup>89</sup></label><p><italic>Dial. adv. Pel.</italic> 1, 25.</p></fn><fn id="fn90" symbol="90"><label><sup>90</sup></label><p>Aug. <italic>Ep.</italic> 179.</p></fn><fn id="fn91" symbol="91"><label><sup>91</sup></label><p><italic>De Civ. Dei</italic> V, 15 ‘De mercede temporali quam Deus reddidit bonis moribus Romanorum’.</p></fn><fn id="fn92" symbol="92"><label><sup>92</sup></label><p>c. 14.</p></fn><fn id="fn93" symbol="93"><label><sup>93</sup></label><p><italic>PL</italic> 30, 45–50.</p></fn><fn id="fn94" symbol="94"><label><sup>94</sup></label><p><italic>Vita Germani</italic> 14.</p></fn><fn id="fn95" symbol="95"><label><sup>95</sup></label><p><italic>Hist. Britt.</italic> 31 ‘Guorthigirnus regnavit in Brittannia et dum ipse regnabat urgebatur a metu Pictorum Scottorumque et a Romanico impetu necnon et a timore Ambrosii’.</p></fn><fn id="fn96" symbol="96"><label><sup>96</sup></label><p><italic>Dark Age Britain</italic>, ed. D. B. Harden (1956), 94.</p></fn><fn id="fn97" symbol="97"><label><sup>97</sup></label><p>J. N. L. Myres in <italic>Aspects of Archaeology … presented to O. G. S. Crawford</italic>, ed. W. F. Grimes (1951), 231–4.</p></fn><fn id="fn98" symbol="98"><label><sup>98</sup></label><p>It has not generally been noticed that the name Ambrosius Aurelianus was certainly derived from the family of St. Ambrose, whose father was Aurelius Ambrosius.</p></fn><fn id="fn99" symbol="99"><label><sup>99</sup></label><p><italic>De Excidio</italic> 25 ‘… duce Ambrosio Aureliano viro modesto, qui solus forte Romanae gentis tantae tempestatis collisione occisis in eadem parentibus. purpura nimirum indutis superfueraat’ …</p></fn><fn id="fn100" symbol="100"><label><sup>100</sup></label><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref006">ibid.</xref> 21 ‘… susceptio mali pro bono, veneratio nequitiae pro benignitate, cupido tenebrarum pro sole, exceptio Satani pro angelo lucis.’</p></fn><fn id="fn101" symbol="101"><label><sup>101</sup></label><p>As shown by <citation id="ref007" citation-type="journal"><name><surname>Radford</surname><given-names>C. A. R.</given-names></name> (<source>Antiquity</source> <volume>125</volume> (<year>1958</year>), <fpage>23</fpage></citation>).</p></fn></fn-group></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>Pelagius and the End of Roman Rule in Britain</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative"><title>J. N. L. MYRES</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Pelagius and the End of Roman Rule in Britain1</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. N. L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Myres</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Cambridge, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1960-11</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1960</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><abstract type="text-abstract">The circumstances in which Roman rule over Britain came to an end have always been something of a puzzle to historians. There is of course no contemporary record giving a continuous narrative of the relevant events, and the few brief notices in ancient sources about British affairs in the first two decades of the fifth century come from writers of various dates and degrees of authority, none of whom seems to have had any first-hand knowledge of what took place. It is, therefore, hardly surprising that what they say should be subject to wide differences of interpretation, differences all the wider because some of the interpreters have been viewing the events from the standpoint of later English history and without an intimate knowledge of the Roman Empire in the fifth century. And it must further be admitted that, among scholars familiar with the conditions of this age, there has been something of a gap between those concerned with matters of history, whether political, administrative, social, or economic, and those concerned with thought and opinion, and primarily, of course, as theologians with the development of Christian doctrine in the great age of Ambrose, Jerome, and Augustine. It is easy for theologians to forget that the immense creative achievement of these thinkers was carried out at a time when the foundations of the society they knew were collapsing under external pressure and internal strain, and it is easy for historians to forget that a society riddled with corruption and precariously held together by the barbarous methods of a repressive tyranny was yet the seed-bed for an extraordinary flowering of the human spirit. It is difficult for either to remember that the forms which that flowering took and the imagery within which it found expression inevitably reflected the social and political conditions, the legal and judicial practices, familiar to those who gave it birth.</abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Roman Studies</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. Rom. Stud.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0075-4358</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1753-528X</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">JRS</identifier><part><date>1960</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>50</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1-2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>21</start><end>36</end><total>16</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">EAA593376242A040D122FA99DF2CC56B5C78E76D</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/6GQ-TDGH6TRT-S</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.2307/298284</identifier><identifier type="PII">S007543580002623X</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">02623</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright © J. N. L. Myres 1960. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-G3RCRD03-V">cambridge</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Copyright © J. N. L. Myres 1960. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/EAA593376242A040D122FA99DF2CC56B5C78E76D/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata><annexes><json:item><extension>gif</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>image/gif</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/EAA593376242A040D122FA99DF2CC56B5C78E76D/annexes/gif</uri></json:item></annexes><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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