Y-chromosome E haplogroups: their distribution and implication to the origin of Afro-Asiatic languages and pastoralism
Identifieur interne : 000051 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000050; suivant : 000052Y-chromosome E haplogroups: their distribution and implication to the origin of Afro-Asiatic languages and pastoralism
Auteurs : Eyoab I. Gebremeskel [Soudan, Érythrée] ; Muntaser E. Ibrahim [Soudan]Source :
- European Journal of Human Genetics [ 1018-4813 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Archeological and paleontological evidences point to East Africa as the likely area of early evolution of modern humans. Genetic studies also indicate that populations from the region often contain, but not exclusively, representatives of the more basal clades of mitochondrial and Y-chromosome phylogenies. Most Y-chromosome haplogroup diversity in Africa, however, is present within macrohaplogroup E that seem to have appeared 21 000–32 000 YBP somewhere between the Red Sea and Lake Chad. The combined analysis of 17 bi-allelic markers in 1214 Y chromosomes together with cultural background of 49 populations displayed in various metrics: network, multidimensional scaling, principal component analysis and neighbor-joining plots, indicate a major contribution of East African populations to the foundation of the macrohaplogroup, suggesting a diversification that predates the appearance of some cultural traits and the subsequent expansion that is more associated with the cultural and linguistic diversity witnessed today. The proto-Afro-Asiatic group carrying the E-P2 mutation may have appeared at this point in time and subsequently gave rise to the different major population groups including current speakers of the Afro-Asiatic languages and pastoralist populations.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.41
PubMed: 24667790
PubMed Central: 4231410
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Y-chromosome E haplogroups: their distribution and implication to the origin of Afro-Asiatic languages and pastoralism</title><author><name sortKey="Gebremeskel, Eyoab I" sort="Gebremeskel, Eyoab I" uniqKey="Gebremeskel E" first="Eyoab I" last="Gebremeskel">Eyoab I. Gebremeskel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum</institution>, Khartoum,<country>Sudan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Soudan</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Biology, Eritrea Institute of Technology</institution>, Mai-Nefhi,<country>Eritrea</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Érythrée</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ibrahim, Muntaser E" sort="Ibrahim, Muntaser E" uniqKey="Ibrahim M" first="Muntaser E" last="Ibrahim">Muntaser E. Ibrahim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum</institution>, Khartoum,<country>Sudan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Soudan</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24667790</idno><idno type="pmc">4231410</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4231410</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4231410</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/ejhg.2014.41</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000015</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000015</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000015</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000015</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000051</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000051</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Y-chromosome E haplogroups: their distribution and implication to the origin of Afro-Asiatic languages and pastoralism</title><author><name sortKey="Gebremeskel, Eyoab I" sort="Gebremeskel, Eyoab I" uniqKey="Gebremeskel E" first="Eyoab I" last="Gebremeskel">Eyoab I. Gebremeskel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum</institution>, Khartoum,<country>Sudan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Soudan</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Biology, Eritrea Institute of Technology</institution>, Mai-Nefhi,<country>Eritrea</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Érythrée</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ibrahim, Muntaser E" sort="Ibrahim, Muntaser E" uniqKey="Ibrahim M" first="Muntaser E" last="Ibrahim">Muntaser E. Ibrahim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum</institution>, Khartoum,<country>Sudan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Soudan</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">European Journal of Human Genetics</title><idno type="ISSN">1018-4813</idno><idno type="eISSN">1476-5438</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Archeological and paleontological evidences point to East Africa as the likely area of early evolution of modern humans. Genetic studies also indicate that populations from the region often contain, but not exclusively, representatives of the more basal clades of mitochondrial and Y-chromosome phylogenies. Most Y-chromosome haplogroup diversity in Africa, however, is present within macrohaplogroup E that seem to have appeared 21 000–32 000 YBP somewhere between the Red Sea and Lake Chad. The combined analysis of 17 bi-allelic markers in 1214 Y chromosomes together with cultural background of 49 populations displayed in various metrics: network, multidimensional scaling, principal component analysis and neighbor-joining plots, indicate a major contribution of East African populations to the foundation of the macrohaplogroup, suggesting a diversification that predates the appearance of some cultural traits and the subsequent expansion that is more associated with the cultural and linguistic diversity witnessed today. The proto-Afro-Asiatic group carrying the E-P2 mutation may have appeared at this point in time and subsequently gave rise to the different major population groups including current speakers of the Afro-Asiatic languages and pastoralist populations.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Underhill, Pa" uniqKey="Underhill P">PA Underhill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jin, L" uniqKey="Jin L">L Jin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Aa" uniqKey="Lin A">AA Lin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wei, W" uniqKey="Wei W">W Wei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ayub, Q" uniqKey="Ayub Q">Q Ayub</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Y" uniqKey="Chen Y">Y Chen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cavalli Sforza, Ll" uniqKey="Cavalli Sforza L">LL 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Eur J Hum Genet</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Eur. J. Hum. Genet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>European Journal of Human Genetics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1018-4813</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1476-5438</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24667790</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4231410</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">ejhg201441</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ejhg.2014.41</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Y-chromosome E haplogroups: their distribution and implication to the origin of Afro-Asiatic languages and pastoralism</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running">E haplogroups, Afro-Asiatic languages and pastoralism</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gebremeskel</surname><given-names>Eyoab I</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ibrahim</surname><given-names>Muntaser E</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="caf1">*</xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution>Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum</institution>, Khartoum,<country>Sudan</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution>Department of Biology, Eritrea Institute of Technology</institution>, Mai-Nefhi,<country>Eritrea</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="caf1"><label>*</label><institution>Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum</institution>, PO Box 102, Qasser Street, Khartoum 11111, <country>Sudan</country>. Tel: +249 912576418; Fax: +249 9183793263; E-mail: <email>mibrahim@iend.org</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>12</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>03</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>1</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1387</fpage><lpage>1392</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>11</day><month>02</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day><month>02</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Archeological and paleontological evidences point to East Africa as the likely area of early evolution of modern humans. Genetic studies also indicate that populations from the region often contain, but not exclusively, representatives of the more basal clades of mitochondrial and Y-chromosome phylogenies. Most Y-chromosome haplogroup diversity in Africa, however, is present within macrohaplogroup E that seem to have appeared 21 000–32 000 YBP somewhere between the Red Sea and Lake Chad. The combined analysis of 17 bi-allelic markers in 1214 Y chromosomes together with cultural background of 49 populations displayed in various metrics: network, multidimensional scaling, principal component analysis and neighbor-joining plots, indicate a major contribution of East African populations to the foundation of the macrohaplogroup, suggesting a diversification that predates the appearance of some cultural traits and the subsequent expansion that is more associated with the cultural and linguistic diversity witnessed today. The proto-Afro-Asiatic group carrying the E-P2 mutation may have appeared at this point in time and subsequently gave rise to the different major population groups including current speakers of the Afro-Asiatic languages and pastoralist populations.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Median-joining (MJ) network. Network manipulated to fit the geography of the extant populations. MJ network was constructed using E haplogroup frequencies. Group represented by ITAL contains all the Italian samples pooled. Populations' descriptions are given in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="sup1">Supplementary Table S1</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ejhg201441f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>NJ tree based on <italic>FST</italic> values generated from Arlequin 3.11. Population names are as given in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="sup1">Supplementary Table S1</xref>. Population life style: circle – agriculturalists; square – pastoralists; triangle – nomads; inverted triangle – nomadic pastoralists; diamond – agro-pastoralists. The populations are colored according to their language family: red – Afro-asiatic; blue – Nilo-Saharan; green – Niger-Kordofanian; yellow – Khoisan; black – Italic and Basque.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ejhg201441f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>MDS plot based on the <italic>FST</italic> values generated from Arlequin 3.11 and using <italic>Rho</italic> similarity measures and with stress value of 0.07101. Populations' descriptions are given in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="sup1">Supplementary Table S1</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ejhg201441f3"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tbl1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Summary of AMOVA analysis</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="char" char="."></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Source of variations</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Category</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">% <italic>Variation</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Fixation indices (</italic>P-<italic>value)</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Groups</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Geography</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">18.73</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FSC: 0.35259 (0.00000)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Linguistic</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">25.89</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FSC: 0.26488 (0.00000)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Populations within groups</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Geography</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">28.66</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FST: 0.47383 (0.00000)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Linguistic</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">19.63</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FST: 0.45523 (0.00000)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Among populations</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Geography</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">52.62</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FCT: 0.18728 (0.00000)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Linguistic</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">54.48</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FCT: 0.25873 (0.00000)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1-fn1"><p>The grouping of populations in their linguistic and geographical location was done as discussed in the text.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Soudan</li><li>Érythrée</li></country></list><tree><country name="Soudan"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gebremeskel, Eyoab I" sort="Gebremeskel, Eyoab I" uniqKey="Gebremeskel E" first="Eyoab I" last="Gebremeskel">Eyoab I. Gebremeskel</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Ibrahim, Muntaser E" sort="Ibrahim, Muntaser E" uniqKey="Ibrahim M" first="Muntaser E" last="Ibrahim">Muntaser E. Ibrahim</name></country><country name="Érythrée"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gebremeskel, Eyoab I" sort="Gebremeskel, Eyoab I" uniqKey="Gebremeskel E" first="Eyoab I" last="Gebremeskel">Eyoab I. Gebremeskel</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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