War and tourism
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War is a major modern security issue, distinguished from crime and terrorism by its deep societal penetration and long-term consequences. As an important cultural time-marker, populations segment their history in three phases, “before the war”, “during the war” and “after the war”. The interrelationships between war and tourism have been minimally investigated, but the literature to date indicates that war negatively affects tourism. This ethnography examines the sequential development of the United States tourism from World War I to the present, and the impact of World War II in laying the foundations for modern mass and charter tourism. The data suggest that war stimulates promotional, emotional, military and political tourism, and that war-related tourism attractions are the largest single category known.
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DOI: 10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00086-8
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>War and tourism</title><author><name sortKey="Smith, Valene L" uniqKey="Smith V">Valene L. Smith</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Valene L. Smith is Professor of Anthropology at California State University-Chico, Chico, California 95929, USA</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Valene L. Smith is Professor of Anthropology at California State University-Chico, Chico, California 95929</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>An American pioneer in tourism research, she is best-known as editor of Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, and edited four Special Issues of Annals of Tourism Research: Tourism and Development (1980), Domestic Tourism (1986), Pilgrimage and Tourism (1992), Antarctic Tourism (1993).</mods:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Antarctic Tourism (1993).</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>E-mail: vsmith@oavax.csuchico.edu</mods:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">États-Unis</country></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:1A905D5D65127478595259DAB65FE49C88D6ECEE</idno><date when="1998">1998</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00086-8</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/1A905D5D65127478595259DAB65FE49C88D6ECEE/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001176</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Curation">001176</idno></publicationStmt><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0160-7383</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="eng">War is a major modern security issue, distinguished from crime and terrorism by its deep societal penetration and long-term consequences. As an important cultural time-marker, populations segment their history in three phases, “before the war”, “during the war” and “after the war”. The interrelationships between war and tourism have been minimally investigated, but the literature to date indicates that war negatively affects tourism. This ethnography examines the sequential development of the United States tourism from World War I to the present, and the impact of World War II in laying the foundations for modern mass and charter tourism. The data suggest that war stimulates promotional, emotional, military and political tourism, and that war-related tourism attractions are the largest single category known. </div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><copyrightdate>1998</copyrightdate><author><json:item><name>Valene L. Smith</name><affiliations><json:string>Valene L. Smith is Professor of Anthropology at California State University-Chico, Chico, California 95929, USA</json:string><json:string>An American pioneer in tourism research, she is best-known as editor of Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, and edited four Special Issues of Annals of Tourism Research: Tourism and Development (1980), Domestic Tourism (1986), Pilgrimage and Tourism (1992), Antarctic Tourism (1993).</json:string><json:string>E-mail: vsmith@oavax.csuchico.edu</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang>und</lang><value>war</value></json:item><json:item><lang>und</lang><value>time-markers</value></json:item><json:item><lang>und</lang><value>military</value></json:item><json:item><lang>und</lang><value>aviation</value></json:item><json:item><lang>und</lang><value>World War II</value></json:item><json:item><lang>und</lang><value>intervention</value></json:item><json:item><lang>und</lang><value>guerre</value></json:item><json:item><lang>und</lang><value>jalons temporels</value></json:item><json:item><lang>und</lang><value>militaire</value></json:item><json:item><lang>und</lang><value>aviation</value></json:item><json:item><lang>und</lang><value>Deuxième guerre mondiale</value></json:item><json:item><lang>und</lang><value>intervention</value></json:item></subject><language></language><title>War and tourism</title><pii><json:string>S0160-7383(97)00086-8</json:string></pii><genre></genre><serie><genre><json:string>Book</json:string></genre><language></language><title>(7 June 1996) (forwarded on TRINET-LUHCCVM.ITS. 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Smith is Professor of Anthropology at California State University-Chico, Chico, California 95929, USA</affiliation><affiliation>An American pioneer in tourism research, she is best-known as editor of Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, and edited four Special Issues of Annals of Tourism Research: Tourism and Development (1980), Domestic Tourism (1986), Pilgrimage and Tourism (1992), Antarctic Tourism (1993).</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Annals of Tourism Research</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">ATR</title><idno type="pISSN">0160-7383</idno><idno type="PII">S0160-7383(00)X0012-6</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1998"></date><biblScope unit="vol">25</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="202">202</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="227">227</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">1A905D5D65127478595259DAB65FE49C88D6ECEE</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00086-8</idno><idno type="PII">S0160-7383(97)00086-8</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1998</date></creation><langUsage><language ident=""></language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>War is a major modern security issue, distinguished from crime and terrorism by its deep societal penetration and long-term consequences. As an important cultural time-marker, populations segment their history in three phases, “before the war”, “during the war” and “after the war”. The interrelationships between war and tourism have been minimally investigated, but the literature to date indicates that war negatively affects tourism. This ethnography examines the sequential development of the United States tourism from World War I to the present, and the impact of World War II in laying the foundations for modern mass and charter tourism. The data suggest that war stimulates promotional, emotional, military and political tourism, and that war-related tourism attractions are the largest single category known.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="de"><p>La guerre et le tourisme de masse: une ethnographie américaine. La guerre est distinguée du crime et du terrorisme par ses conséquences sociales profondes et à long terme. Une guerre est un jalon temporel important: on segmente l'histoire en “avant-guerre”, “temps de guerre”, “après guerre”. On a peu examiné la relation entre guerre et tourisme; la littérature parle des effects négatifs de la guerre sur le tourisme. La présente ethnographie examine le développement du tourisme aux États-Unis depuis la Première guerre mondiale au présent, et l'impact de la Deuxième guerre mondiale sur la fondation du tourisme moderne de masse. On suggère que la guerre stimule le tourisme promotionnel, émotionnel, militaire et politique, et que les attractions touristiques de guerre sont la plus grande catégorie qui soit.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang=""><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>war</term></item><item><term>time-markers</term></item><item><term>military</term></item><item><term>aviation</term></item><item><term>World War II</term></item><item><term>intervention</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass xml:lang="fr"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Mots-clé</head><item><term>guerre</term></item><item><term>jalons temporels</term></item><item><term>militaire</term></item><item><term>aviation</term></item><item><term>Deuxième guerre mondiale</term></item><item><term>intervention</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1997-06-15">Received</change><change when="1997-08-19">Registration</change><change when="1997-07-18">Modified</change><change when="1998">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier converted-article found"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>ATR</jid><aid>97000868</aid><ce:pii>S0160-7383(97)00086-8</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00086-8</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="unknown" year="1998"></ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:dochead><ce:textfn>Article</ce:textfn></ce:dochead><ce:title>War and tourism</ce:title><ce:subtitle>An American ethnography</ce:subtitle><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>Valene L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Smith</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="FN1"><ce:sup>∗</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:e-address>vsmith@oavax.csuchico.edu</ce:e-address></ce:author><ce:affiliation><ce:textfn><ce:bold>Valene L. Smith</ce:bold> is Professor of Anthropology at California State University-Chico, Chico, California 95929, USA</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:footnote id="FN1"><ce:label>∗</ce:label><ce:note-para>An American pioneer in tourism research, she is best-known as editor of Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, and edited four Special Issues of Annals of Tourism Research: Tourism and Development (1980), Domestic Tourism (1986), Pilgrimage and Tourism (1992), Antarctic Tourism (1993).</ce:note-para></ce:footnote></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="15" month="6" year="1997"></ce:date-received><ce:date-revised day="18" month="7" year="1997"></ce:date-revised><ce:date-accepted day="19" month="8" year="1997"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>War is a major modern security issue, distinguished from crime and terrorism by its deep societal penetration and long-term consequences. As an important cultural time-marker, populations segment their history in three phases, “before the war”, “during the war” and “after the war”. The interrelationships between war and tourism have been minimally investigated, but the literature to date indicates that war negatively affects tourism. This ethnography examines the sequential development of the United States tourism from World War I to the present, and the impact of World War II in laying the foundations for modern mass and charter tourism. The data suggest that war stimulates promotional, emotional, military and political tourism, and that war-related tourism attractions are the largest single category known.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:abstract xml:lang="fr"><ce:section-title>Résumé</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>La guerre et le tourisme de masse: une ethnographie américaine. La guerre est distinguée du crime et du terrorisme par ses conséquences sociales profondes et à long terme. Une guerre est un jalon temporel important: on segmente l'histoire en “avant-guerre”, “temps de guerre”, “après guerre”. On a peu examiné la relation entre guerre et tourisme; la littérature parle des effects négatifs de la guerre sur le tourisme. La présente ethnographie examine le développement du tourisme aux États-Unis depuis la Première guerre mondiale au présent, et l'impact de la Deuxième guerre mondiale sur la fondation du tourisme moderne de masse. On suggère que la guerre stimule le tourisme promotionnel, émotionnel, militaire et politique, et que les attractions touristiques de guerre sont la plus grande catégorie qui soit.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>war</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>time-markers</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>military</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>aviation</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>World War II</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>intervention</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords><ce:keywords xml:lang="fr"><ce:section-title>Mots-clé</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>guerre</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>jalons temporels</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>militaire</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>aviation</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Deuxième guerre mondiale</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>intervention</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.5"><titleInfo><title>War and tourism</title><subTitle>An American ethnography</subTitle></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative"><title>War and tourism</title><subTitle>An American ethnography</subTitle></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Valene L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Smith</namePart><affiliation>Valene L. Smith is Professor of Anthropology at California State University-Chico, Chico, California 95929, USA</affiliation><affiliation>An American pioneer in tourism research, she is best-known as editor of Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, and edited four Special Issues of Annals of Tourism Research: Tourism and Development (1980), Domestic Tourism (1986), Pilgrimage and Tourism (1992), Antarctic Tourism (1993).</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: vsmith@oavax.csuchico.edu</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1998</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">1997-06-15</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">1997-08-19</dateValid><dateModified encoding="w3cdtf">1997-07-18</dateModified><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1998</copyrightDate></originInfo><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="eng">War is a major modern security issue, distinguished from crime and terrorism by its deep societal penetration and long-term consequences. As an important cultural time-marker, populations segment their history in three phases, “before the war”, “during the war” and “after the war”. The interrelationships between war and tourism have been minimally investigated, but the literature to date indicates that war negatively affects tourism. This ethnography examines the sequential development of the United States tourism from World War I to the present, and the impact of World War II in laying the foundations for modern mass and charter tourism. The data suggest that war stimulates promotional, emotional, military and political tourism, and that war-related tourism attractions are the largest single category known. </abstract><abstract lang="ger">La guerre et le tourisme de masse: une ethnographie américaine. La guerre est distinguée du crime et du terrorisme par ses conséquences sociales profondes et à long terme. Une guerre est un jalon temporel important: on segmente l'histoire en “avant-guerre”, “temps de guerre”, “après guerre”. On a peu examiné la relation entre guerre et tourisme; la littérature parle des effects négatifs de la guerre sur le tourisme. La présente ethnographie examine le développement du tourisme aux États-Unis depuis la Première guerre mondiale au présent, et l'impact de la Deuxième guerre mondiale sur la fondation du tourisme moderne de masse. On suggère que la guerre stimule le tourisme promotionnel, émotionnel, militaire et politique, et que les attractions touristiques de guerre sont la plus grande catégorie qui soit. </abstract><note type="content">Section title: Article</note><subject lang=""><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>war</topic><topic>time-markers</topic><topic>military</topic><topic>aviation</topic><topic>World War II</topic><topic>intervention</topic></subject><subject lang="fre"><genre>Mots-clé</genre><topic>guerre</topic><topic>jalons temporels</topic><topic>militaire</topic><topic>aviation</topic><topic>Deuxième guerre mondiale</topic><topic>intervention</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Annals of Tourism Research</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>ATR</title></titleInfo><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">199801</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0160-7383</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0160-7383(00)X0012-6</identifier><part><date>1998</date><detail type="volume"><number>25</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>1</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>1</start><end>274</end></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB1"><titleInfo><title>Australian Hotels Turn Away Asians</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T.</namePart><namePart type="family">Anderson</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><note>Anderson, 1996</note><relatedItem type="series"><titleInfo><title>(7 June 1996) (forwarded on TRINET-LUHCCVM.ITS. 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