Reaction of Harbor Seals to Cruise Ships
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Abstract
Abstract: The largest aggregations of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in Alaska, USA, haul out on floating ice in tidewater glacial fjords. Seals use these fjords in peak numbers during the critical periods of pupping, breeding, and molting when visits by tour ships also peak. Documented and suspected declines of harbor seals in fjords with rising vessel traffic underscore the need to better understand possible impacts, particularly in areas where ship visits have risen substantially in the past 2 decades. We examined the interruption of haul‐out bouts of harbor seals due to approaching cruise ships in Disenchantment Bay, Alaska. We conducted observations from cruise ships and focused on disturbance of seals as evidenced by seals flushing into the water from the floating ice on which they rested. We investigated rate of flushing in relation to vessel distance, approach angle, group size, and seal type (mother, pup, or other). Using a survival‐regression analysis, we found that the risk of disturbing harbor seals increased when ships approached within 500 m; seals approached as close as 100 m were 25 times more likely to enter the water than seals 500 m from a ship. Seals were 4 times more prone to enter the water when ships were approaching directly rather than passing abeam. Seals responded similarly regardless of group size or seal type. Energetic models indicated a potential to disrupt energy balance and cause thermal stress in disturbed pups if they spent >50% of their time in ice‐chilled water. Studies at non‐glacial sites suggest that pups spend 40–70% of their time in the water. Voluntary guidelines for approaching seals in Alaska recommend that cruise ships approach ≥91 m (100 yards), a distance at which we show 90% of seals would flush into the water. Our findings indicate a need to develop regulations to maintain a 500‐m separation between cruise ships and seals in all Alaskan glacial fjords.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01239.x
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>Reaction of Harbor Seals to Cruise Ships</title><author><name sortKey="Jansen, John K" uniqKey="Jansen J">JOHN K. JANSEN</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</mods:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="no comma">Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boveng, Peter L" uniqKey="Boveng P">PETER L. BOVENG</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</mods:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="no comma">Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dahle, Shawn P" uniqKey="Dahle S">SHAWN P. DAHLE</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</mods:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="no comma">Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bengtson, John L" uniqKey="Bengtson J">JOHN L. BENGTSON</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</mods:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="no comma">Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:E924949754F5D1FAF1487D30CF4510CB6C5F262D</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="doi">10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01239.x</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/E924949754F5D1FAF1487D30CF4510CB6C5F262D/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000C85</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Curation">000C85</idno></publicationStmt><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0022-541X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Alaska</term><term>Cruise ships</term><term>Disturbance</term><term>Energetics</term><term>Harbor seal</term><term>Haul‐out behavior</term><term>Phoca vitulina</term><term>Predation</term><term>Survival analysis</term><term>Thermoregulation</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="eng">Abstract: The largest aggregations of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in Alaska, USA, haul out on floating ice in tidewater glacial fjords. Seals use these fjords in peak numbers during the critical periods of pupping, breeding, and molting when visits by tour ships also peak. Documented and suspected declines of harbor seals in fjords with rising vessel traffic underscore the need to better understand possible impacts, particularly in areas where ship visits have risen substantially in the past 2 decades. We examined the interruption of haul‐out bouts of harbor seals due to approaching cruise ships in Disenchantment Bay, Alaska. We conducted observations from cruise ships and focused on disturbance of seals as evidenced by seals flushing into the water from the floating ice on which they rested. We investigated rate of flushing in relation to vessel distance, approach angle, group size, and seal type (mother, pup, or other). Using a survival‐regression analysis, we found that the risk of disturbing harbor seals increased when ships approached within 500 m; seals approached as close as 100 m were 25 times more likely to enter the water than seals 500 m from a ship. Seals were 4 times more prone to enter the water when ships were approaching directly rather than passing abeam. Seals responded similarly regardless of group size or seal type. Energetic models indicated a potential to disrupt energy balance and cause thermal stress in disturbed pups if they spent >50% of their time in ice‐chilled water. Studies at non‐glacial sites suggest that pups spend 40–70% of their time in the water. Voluntary guidelines for approaching seals in Alaska recommend that cruise ships approach ≥91 m (100 yards), a distance at which we show 90% of seals would flush into the water. Our findings indicate a need to develop regulations to maintain a 500‐m separation between cruise ships and seals in all Alaskan glacial fjords.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><copyrightdate>2010</copyrightdate><author><json:item><name>JOHN K. JANSEN</name><affiliations><json:string>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</json:string><json:string>Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>PETER L. BOVENG</name><affiliations><json:string>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</json:string><json:string>Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>SHAWN P. 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BENGTSON</name><affiliations><json:string>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</json:string><json:string>Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang>eng</lang><value>Alaska</value></json:item><json:item><lang>eng</lang><value>cruise ships</value></json:item><json:item><lang>eng</lang><value>disturbance</value></json:item><json:item><lang>eng</lang><value>energetics</value></json:item><json:item><lang>eng</lang><value>harbor seal</value></json:item><json:item><lang>eng</lang><value>haul‐out behavior</value></json:item><json:item><lang>eng</lang><value>Phoca vitulina</value></json:item><json:item><lang>eng</lang><value>predation</value></json:item><json:item><lang>eng</lang><value>survival analysis</value></json:item><json:item><lang>eng</lang><value>thermoregulation</value></json:item></subject><genre><json:string>Serial article</json:string></genre><host><genre></genre><language></language><issn><json:string>0022-541X</json:string></issn><title>The Journal of Wildlife Management</title><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)1937-2817</json:string></doi></host><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>Abstract: The largest aggregations of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in Alaska, USA, haul out on floating ice in tidewater glacial fjords. Seals use these fjords in peak numbers during the critical periods of pupping, breeding, and molting when visits by tour ships also peak. Documented and suspected declines of harbor seals in fjords with rising vessel traffic underscore the need to better understand possible impacts, particularly in areas where ship visits have risen substantially in the past 2 decades. We examined the interruption of haul‐out bouts of harbor seals due to approaching cruise ships in Disenchantment Bay, Alaska. We conducted observations from cruise ships and focused on disturbance of seals as evidenced by seals flushing into the water from the floating ice on which they rested. We investigated rate of flushing in relation to vessel distance, approach angle, group size, and seal type (mother, pup, or other). Using a survival‐regression analysis, we found that the risk of disturbing harbor seals increased when ships approached within 500 m; seals approached as close as 100 m were 25 times more likely to enter the water than seals 500 m from a ship. Seals were 4 times more prone to enter the water when ships were approaching directly rather than passing abeam. Seals responded similarly regardless of group size or seal type. Energetic models indicated a potential to disrupt energy balance and cause thermal stress in disturbed pups if they spent >50% of their time in ice‐chilled water. Studies at non‐glacial sites suggest that pups spend 40–70% of their time in the water. Voluntary guidelines for approaching seals in Alaska recommend that cruise ships approach ≥91 m (100 yards), a distance at which we show 90% of seals would flush into the water. Our findings indicate a need to develop regulations to maintain a 500‐m separation between cruise ships and seals in all Alaskan glacial fjords.</abstract><title>Reaction of Harbor Seals to Cruise Ships</title><pubdate>2010-08</pubdate><doi><json:string>10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01239.x</json:string></doi><id>E924949754F5D1FAF1487D30CF4510CB6C5F262D</id><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/E924949754F5D1FAF1487D30CF4510CB6C5F262D/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/E924949754F5D1FAF1487D30CF4510CB6C5F262D/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/E924949754F5D1FAF1487D30CF4510CB6C5F262D/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/E924949754F5D1FAF1487D30CF4510CB6C5F262D/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader type="text"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="alt" xml:lang="">Reaction of Harbor Seals to Cruise Ships</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><availability><p>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</p></availability><date>2010-12-13</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="">Reaction of Harbor Seals to Cruise Ships</title><author><persName><forename type="first">JOHN K.</forename><surname>JANSEN</surname></persName><affiliation>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</affiliation><note type="correspondence"><p>Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</p></note></author><author><persName><forename type="first">PETER L.</forename><surname>BOVENG</surname></persName><affiliation>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</affiliation><note type="correspondence"><p>Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</p></note></author><author><persName><forename type="first">SHAWN P.</forename><surname>DAHLE</surname></persName><affiliation>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</affiliation><note type="correspondence"><p>Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</p></note></author><author><persName><forename type="first">JOHN L.</forename><surname>BENGTSON</surname></persName><affiliation>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</affiliation><note type="correspondence"><p>Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</p></note></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">The Journal of Wildlife Management</title><idno type="pISSN">0022-541X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1937-2817</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1937-2817</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2010-08"></date><biblScope unit="vol">74</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">6</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="1186">1186</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="1194">1194</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">E924949754F5D1FAF1487D30CF4510CB6C5F262D</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01239.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">JWMG1239</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2010-12-13</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Abstract: The largest aggregations of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in Alaska, USA, haul out on floating ice in tidewater glacial fjords. Seals use these fjords in peak numbers during the critical periods of pupping, breeding, and molting when visits by tour ships also peak. Documented and suspected declines of harbor seals in fjords with rising vessel traffic underscore the need to better understand possible impacts, particularly in areas where ship visits have risen substantially in the past 2 decades. We examined the interruption of haul‐out bouts of harbor seals due to approaching cruise ships in Disenchantment Bay, Alaska. We conducted observations from cruise ships and focused on disturbance of seals as evidenced by seals flushing into the water from the floating ice on which they rested. We investigated rate of flushing in relation to vessel distance, approach angle, group size, and seal type (mother, pup, or other). Using a survival‐regression analysis, we found that the risk of disturbing harbor seals increased when ships approached within 500 m; seals approached as close as 100 m were 25 times more likely to enter the water than seals 500 m from a ship. Seals were 4 times more prone to enter the water when ships were approaching directly rather than passing abeam. Seals responded similarly regardless of group size or seal type. Energetic models indicated a potential to disrupt energy balance and cause thermal stress in disturbed pups if they spent >50% of their time in ice‐chilled water. Studies at non‐glacial sites suggest that pups spend 40–70% of their time in the water. Voluntary guidelines for approaching seals in Alaska recommend that cruise ships approach ≥91 m (100 yards), a distance at which we show 90% of seals would flush into the water. Our findings indicate a need to develop regulations to maintain a 500‐m separation between cruise ships and seals in all Alaskan glacial fjords.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Alaska</term></item><item><term>cruise ships</term></item><item><term>disturbance</term></item><item><term>energetics</term></item><item><term>harbor seal</term></item><item><term>haul‐out behavior</term></item><item><term>Phoca vitulina</term></item><item><term>predation</term></item><item><term>survival analysis</term></item><item><term>thermoregulation</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2010-12-13">Created</change><change when="2010-08">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley component found"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" 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number="1194">1194</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo><i>E‐mail: </i><email>john.jansen@noaa.gov</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:JWMG.JWMG1239.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="referenceTotal" number="53"></count><count type="linksCrossRef" number="5"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Reaction of Harbor Seals to Cruise Ships</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>JOHN K.</givenNames><familyName>JANSEN</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>PETER L.</givenNames><familyName>BOVENG</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#a3"><personName><givenNames>SHAWN P.</givenNames><familyName>DAHLE</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr4" affiliationRef="#a4"><personName><givenNames>JOHN L.</givenNames><familyName>BENGTSON</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a2" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a3" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a4" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">Alaska</keyword><keyword xml:id="k2">cruise ships</keyword><keyword xml:id="k3">disturbance</keyword><keyword xml:id="k4">energetics</keyword><keyword xml:id="k5">harbor seal</keyword><keyword xml:id="k6">haul‐out behavior</keyword><keyword xml:id="k7"><i>Phoca vitulina</i></keyword><keyword xml:id="k8">predation</keyword><keyword xml:id="k9">survival analysis</keyword><keyword xml:id="k10">thermoregulation</keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><p><b>Abstract:</b> The largest aggregations of harbor seals (<i>Phoca vitulina</i>) in Alaska, USA, haul out on floating ice in tidewater glacial fjords. Seals use these fjords in peak numbers during the critical periods of pupping, breeding, and molting when visits by tour ships also peak. Documented and suspected declines of harbor seals in fjords with rising vessel traffic underscore the need to better understand possible impacts, particularly in areas where ship visits have risen substantially in the past 2 decades. We examined the interruption of haul‐out bouts of harbor seals due to approaching cruise ships in Disenchantment Bay, Alaska. We conducted observations from cruise ships and focused on disturbance of seals as evidenced by seals flushing into the water from the floating ice on which they rested. We investigated rate of flushing in relation to vessel distance, approach angle, group size, and seal type (mother, pup, or other). Using a survival‐regression analysis, we found that the risk of disturbing harbor seals increased when ships approached within 500 m; seals approached as close as 100 m were 25 times more likely to enter the water than seals 500 m from a ship. Seals were 4 times more prone to enter the water when ships were approaching directly rather than passing abeam. Seals responded similarly regardless of group size or seal type. Energetic models indicated a potential to disrupt energy balance and cause thermal stress in disturbed pups if they spent >50% of their time in ice‐chilled water. Studies at non‐glacial sites suggest that pups spend 40–70% of their time in the water. Voluntary guidelines for approaching seals in Alaska recommend that cruise ships approach ≥91 m (100 yards), a distance at which we show 90% of seals would flush into the water. Our findings indicate a need to develop regulations to maintain a 500‐m separation between cruise ships and seals in all Alaskan glacial fjords.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.5"><titleInfo><title>Reaction of Harbor Seals to Cruise Ships</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative"><title>Reaction of Harbor Seals to Cruise Ships</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JOHN K.</namePart><namePart type="family">JANSEN</namePart><affiliation>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">PETER L.</namePart><namePart type="family">BOVENG</namePart><affiliation>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">SHAWN P.</namePart><namePart type="family">DAHLE</namePart><affiliation>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JOHN L.</namePart><namePart type="family">BENGTSON</namePart><affiliation>National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Correspondence: E‐mail: john.jansen@noaa.gov</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre>Serial article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm></place><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2010-12-13</dateCreated><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2010-08</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2010</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="eng">Abstract: The largest aggregations of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in Alaska, USA, haul out on floating ice in tidewater glacial fjords. Seals use these fjords in peak numbers during the critical periods of pupping, breeding, and molting when visits by tour ships also peak. Documented and suspected declines of harbor seals in fjords with rising vessel traffic underscore the need to better understand possible impacts, particularly in areas where ship visits have risen substantially in the past 2 decades. We examined the interruption of haul‐out bouts of harbor seals due to approaching cruise ships in Disenchantment Bay, Alaska. We conducted observations from cruise ships and focused on disturbance of seals as evidenced by seals flushing into the water from the floating ice on which they rested. We investigated rate of flushing in relation to vessel distance, approach angle, group size, and seal type (mother, pup, or other). Using a survival‐regression analysis, we found that the risk of disturbing harbor seals increased when ships approached within 500 m; seals approached as close as 100 m were 25 times more likely to enter the water than seals 500 m from a ship. Seals were 4 times more prone to enter the water when ships were approaching directly rather than passing abeam. Seals responded similarly regardless of group size or seal type. Energetic models indicated a potential to disrupt energy balance and cause thermal stress in disturbed pups if they spent >50% of their time in ice‐chilled water. Studies at non‐glacial sites suggest that pups spend 40–70% of their time in the water. Voluntary guidelines for approaching seals in Alaska recommend that cruise ships approach ≥91 m (100 yards), a distance at which we show 90% of seals would flush into the water. Our findings indicate a need to develop regulations to maintain a 500‐m separation between cruise ships and seals in all Alaskan glacial fjords.</abstract><subject lang="eng"><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Alaska</topic><topic>cruise ships</topic><topic>disturbance</topic><topic>energetics</topic><topic>harbor seal</topic><topic>haul‐out behavior</topic><topic>Phoca vitulina</topic><topic>predation</topic><topic>survival analysis</topic><topic>thermoregulation</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The Journal of Wildlife Management</title></titleInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0022-541X</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1937-2817</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1937-2817</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">JWMG</identifier><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>74</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>6</number></detail></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">E924949754F5D1FAF1487D30CF4510CB6C5F262D</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01239.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">JWMG1239</identifier><part><extent unit="pages"><start>1186</start><end>1194</end><total>9</total></extent><extent unit="references"><total>53</total></extent></part><recordInfo><recordOrigin>WILEY</recordOrigin><recordContentSource>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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