Town founding in seventeenth-century North America: Jamestown in Virginia
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Jamestown in Virginia provides a case study of one facet of the geography of England's overseas expansion in the seventeenth century. Recent discussions of not only Jamestown but all early North American settlements have laid stress on two points. The first towns were founded as entrepôts for international trade in raw materials and were located at central points on colonial coastlines to exert monopoly control over trade. But Jamestown fulfilled neither of these objectives. It was conceived by its promoters, at least initially, as a trading station similar, in many ways, to the Kontors of the Hansa towns and the fondachi of Italian city states. In English institutional terms Jamestown was to be a staple. Its location was off-centre with respect to pre-settlement boundary lines. Its founding was influenced partly by perceptions of the Chesapeake and partly by rivalries in the imperial contest for North America. Jamestown's settlers also had a comprehensive list of town site criteria that included references to trade routes, to site defensibility, and to the physical environment. Although not a prototype for later colonization of the Atlantic Seaboard, Jamestown represented the first settlement form.
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DOI: 10.1016/0305-7488(82)90241-9
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>Town founding in seventeenth-century North America: Jamestown in Virginia</title><author><name sortKey="O Mara, James" uniqKey="O Mara J">James O'Mara</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Geography, Ryerson Polytechnic Institute Canada</mods:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Ryerson Polytechnic Institute Canada</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:92D73E282B2B2F7493B1D44346255E897661AC18</idno><date when="1982">1982</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/0305-7488(82)90241-9</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/92D73E282B2B2F7493B1D44346255E897661AC18/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000534</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Curation">000534</idno></publicationStmt><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0305-7488</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="eng">Jamestown in Virginia provides a case study of one facet of the geography of England's overseas expansion in the seventeenth century. Recent discussions of not only Jamestown but all early North American settlements have laid stress on two points. The first towns were founded as entrepôts for international trade in raw materials and were located at central points on colonial coastlines to exert monopoly control over trade. But Jamestown fulfilled neither of these objectives. It was conceived by its promoters, at least initially, as a trading station similar, in many ways, to the Kontors of the Hansa towns and the fondachi of Italian city states. In English institutional terms Jamestown was to be a staple. Its location was off-centre with respect to pre-settlement boundary lines. Its founding was influenced partly by perceptions of the Chesapeake and partly by rivalries in the imperial contest for North America. Jamestown's settlers also had a comprehensive list of town site criteria that included references to trade routes, to site defensibility, and to the physical environment. Although not a prototype for later colonization of the Atlantic Seaboard, Jamestown represented the first settlement form. </div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><copyrightdate>1982</copyrightdate><author><json:item><name>James O'Mara</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Geography, Ryerson Polytechnic Institute Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><language></language><abstract>Jamestown in Virginia provides a case study of one facet of the geography of England's overseas expansion in the seventeenth century. Recent discussions of not only Jamestown but all early North American settlements have laid stress on two points. The first towns were founded as entrepôts for international trade in raw materials and were located at central points on colonial coastlines to exert monopoly control over trade. But Jamestown fulfilled neither of these objectives. It was conceived by its promoters, at least initially, as a trading station similar, in many ways, to the Kontors of the Hansa towns and the fondachi of Italian city states. In English institutional terms Jamestown was to be a staple. Its location was off-centre with respect to pre-settlement boundary lines. Its founding was influenced partly by perceptions of the Chesapeake and partly by rivalries in the imperial contest for North America. Jamestown's settlers also had a comprehensive list of town site criteria that included references to trade routes, to site defensibility, and to the physical environment. Although not a prototype for later colonization of the Atlantic Seaboard, Jamestown represented the first settlement form.</abstract><title>Town founding in seventeenth-century North America: Jamestown in Virginia</title><pii><json:string>0305-7488(82)90241-9</json:string></pii><genre></genre><serie><genre><json:string>Book</json:string></genre><language></language><title>For a detailed discussion, see</title></serie><host><pii><json:string>S0305-7488(00)X0073-4</json:string></pii><issn><json:string>0305-7488</json:string></issn><genre></genre><language></language><title>Journal of Historical Geography</title><pubdate>198201</pubdate></host><pubdate>1982</pubdate><doi><json:string>10.1016/0305-7488(82)90241-9</json:string></doi><id>92D73E282B2B2F7493B1D44346255E897661AC18</id><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/92D73E282B2B2F7493B1D44346255E897661AC18/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/92D73E282B2B2F7493B1D44346255E897661AC18/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/92D73E282B2B2F7493B1D44346255E897661AC18/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/92D73E282B2B2F7493B1D44346255E897661AC18/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader type="text"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="alt" xml:lang="">Town founding in seventeenth-century North America: Jamestown in Virginia</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date>1982</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="">Town founding in seventeenth-century North America: Jamestown in Virginia</title><author><persName><forename type="first">James</forename><surname>O'Mara</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Geography, Ryerson Polytechnic Institute Canada</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Historical Geography</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">YJHGE</title><idno type="pISSN">0305-7488</idno><idno type="PII">S0305-7488(00)X0073-4</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1982"></date><biblScope unit="vol">8</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="1">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="11">11</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">92D73E282B2B2F7493B1D44346255E897661AC18</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/0305-7488(82)90241-9</idno><idno type="PII">0305-7488(82)90241-9</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1982</date></creation><langUsage><language ident=""></language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Jamestown in Virginia provides a case study of one facet of the geography of England's overseas expansion in the seventeenth century. Recent discussions of not only Jamestown but all early North American settlements have laid stress on two points. The first towns were founded as entrepôts for international trade in raw materials and were located at central points on colonial coastlines to exert monopoly control over trade. But Jamestown fulfilled neither of these objectives. It was conceived by its promoters, at least initially, as a trading station similar, in many ways, to the Kontors of the Hansa towns and the fondachi of Italian city states. In English institutional terms Jamestown was to be a staple. Its location was off-centre with respect to pre-settlement boundary lines. Its founding was influenced partly by perceptions of the Chesapeake and partly by rivalries in the imperial contest for North America. Jamestown's settlers also had a comprehensive list of town site criteria that included references to trade routes, to site defensibility, and to the physical environment. Although not a prototype for later colonization of the Atlantic Seaboard, Jamestown represented the first settlement form.</p></abstract></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1982">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier converted-article found"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>YJHGE</jid><aid>82902419</aid><ce:pii>0305-7488(82)90241-9</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/0305-7488(82)90241-9</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="unknown" year="1982"></ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>Town founding in seventeenth-century North America: Jamestown in Virginia</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>James</ce:given-name><ce:surname>O'Mara</ce:surname></ce:author><ce:affiliation><ce:textfn>Department of Geography, Ryerson Polytechnic Institute Canada</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation></ce:author-group><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>Jamestown in Virginia provides a case study of one facet of the geography of England's overseas expansion in the seventeenth century. Recent discussions of not only Jamestown but all early North American settlements have laid stress on two points. The first towns were founded as entrepôts for international trade in raw materials and were located at central points on colonial coastlines to exert monopoly control over trade. But Jamestown fulfilled neither of these objectives. It was conceived by its promoters, at least initially, as a trading station similar, in many ways, to the <ce:italic>Kontors</ce:italic> of the Hansa towns and the <ce:italic>fondachi</ce:italic> of Italian city states. In English institutional terms Jamestown was to be a staple. Its location was off-centre with respect to pre-settlement boundary lines. Its founding was influenced partly by perceptions of the Chesapeake and partly by rivalries in the imperial contest for North America. Jamestown's settlers also had a comprehensive list of town site criteria that included references to trade routes, to site defensibility, and to the physical environment. Although not a prototype for later colonization of the Atlantic Seaboard, Jamestown represented the first settlement form.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.5"><titleInfo><title>Town founding in seventeenth-century North America: Jamestown in Virginia</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative"><title>Town founding in seventeenth-century North America: Jamestown in Virginia</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">James</namePart><namePart type="family">O'Mara</namePart><affiliation>Department of Geography, Ryerson Polytechnic Institute Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1982</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1982</copyrightDate></originInfo><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="eng">Jamestown in Virginia provides a case study of one facet of the geography of England's overseas expansion in the seventeenth century. Recent discussions of not only Jamestown but all early North American settlements have laid stress on two points. The first towns were founded as entrepôts for international trade in raw materials and were located at central points on colonial coastlines to exert monopoly control over trade. But Jamestown fulfilled neither of these objectives. It was conceived by its promoters, at least initially, as a trading station similar, in many ways, to the Kontors of the Hansa towns and the fondachi of Italian city states. In English institutional terms Jamestown was to be a staple. Its location was off-centre with respect to pre-settlement boundary lines. Its founding was influenced partly by perceptions of the Chesapeake and partly by rivalries in the imperial contest for North America. Jamestown's settlers also had a comprehensive list of town site criteria that included references to trade routes, to site defensibility, and to the physical environment. Although not a prototype for later colonization of the Atlantic Seaboard, Jamestown represented the first settlement form. </abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Historical Geography</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>YJHGE</title></titleInfo><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">198201</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0305-7488</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0305-7488(00)X0073-4</identifier><part><date>1982</date><detail type="volume"><number>8</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>1</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>1</start><end>114</end></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB1"><titleInfo><title>The expansion of Elizabethan England</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A.L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Rowse</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><note>A classic study about the beginnings of expansion is</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB1"><titleInfo><title>The expansion of Europe in the eighteenth century: overseas rivalry, discovery, and exploitation</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Williams</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><originInfo><issuance>monographic</issuance></originInfo><note>New York</note><part><date>1966</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB1"><titleInfo><title>The North Atlantic world in the seventeenth century</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Davies</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><originInfo><issuance>monographic</issuance></originInfo><note>Minneapolis</note><part><date>1974</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB2"><titleInfo><title>The European discovery of America: the northern voyages, A.D. 500–1600</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S.E.</namePart><namePart type="family">Morison</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>New York</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1971</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>617</start><end>684</end></extent></part><part><date>1971</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB2"><titleInfo><title>England and the discovery of America, 1481–1620</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Quinn</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><originInfo><issuance>monographic</issuance></originInfo><note>New York</note><part><date>1974</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB3"><titleInfo><title>Eighteenth century Newfoundland: a geographer's perspective</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Head</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Other studies of the period include</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1976</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>30</start><end>51</end></extent></part><part><date>1976</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB3"><titleInfo><title>Sixteenth century North America: the land and people as seen by Europeans</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.O.</namePart><namePart type="family">Sauer</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Berkeley</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1971</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>231</start><end>265</end></extent></part><part><date>1971</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB3"><titleInfo><title>Colonial New England: a historical geography</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.R.</namePart><namePart type="family">McManis</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>New York</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1975</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>24</start><end>39</end></extent></part><part><date>1975</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB4"><titleInfo><title>Environment, disease and mortality in early Virginia</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Earle</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><note>Other studies are mentioned below, but the most recent are</note><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Historical Geography</title></titleInfo><part><date>1979</date><detail type="volume"><number>5</number></detail></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>365</start><end>390</end></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB4"><titleInfo><title>The Chesapeake in the seventeenth century: essays on Anglo-American society</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T.W.</namePart><namePart type="family">Tate</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Ammerman</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Chapel Hill</title></titleInfo></relatedItem><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1979</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB4"><titleInfo><title>Jamestown, 1544–1699</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Bridenbaugh</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><note>New York</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB5"><titleInfo><title>The merchant's world: the geography of wholesaling</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.E.</namePart><namePart type="family">Vance, Jr.</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><originInfo><issuance>monographic</issuance></originInfo><note>Englewood Cliffs</note><part><date>1970</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB5"><titleInfo><title>The first English towns of North America</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Earle</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><note>E. Isaac's 1958 study can also be mentioned here. It is not considered in this essay because Isaac's goal was to demonstrate historical geography's perspective on early settlement. And despite the title of the article, the actual settlement of Jamestown was only a small part of the discussion. See</note><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Geographical Review</title></titleInfo><part><date>1977</date><detail type="volume"><number>67</number></detail></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>34</start><end>50</end></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB5"><titleInfo><title>Jamestown and the mid-Atlantic coast: a geographic reconsideration</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E.</namePart><namePart type="family">Isaac</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Geography</title></titleInfo><part><date>1958</date><detail type="volume"><number>57</number></detail></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>17</start><end>29</end></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB6"><titleInfo><title>O strange new world: American culture: the formative years</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H.M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Jones</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>New York</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1964</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>163</start><end>186</end></extent></part><part><date>1964</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB6"><titleInfo><title>Vexed and troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Bridenbaugh</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>New York</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1968</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>394</start><end>414</end></extent></part><part><date>1968</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB7"><titleInfo><title>Notes framed by M. Richard Hakluyt of the middle Temple …</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Hakluyt</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="series"><titleInfo><title>For a detailed discussion, see</title></titleInfo><titleInfo><title>The principall navigations of the English nation</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1907</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>165</start><end>170</end></extent></part><part><date>1907</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB8"><titleInfo><title>The early chartered companies, A.D. 1296–1858</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Cawston</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A.H.</namePart><namePart type="family">Keane</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><originInfo><issuance>monographic</issuance></originInfo><note>New York 1968</note><part><date>1896</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB8"><titleInfo><title>The commercial revolution of the middle ages, 950–1350</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.S.</namePart><namePart type="family">Lopez</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><originInfo><issuance>monographic</issuance></originInfo><note>Englewood Cliffs</note><part><date>1971</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB9"><titleInfo><title>The three charters of the Virginia company of London. With seven related documents; 1606–1621</title></titleInfo><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>A full description of the grant is included in the text of the First Charter, 1606</title></titleInfo></relatedItem><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1957</date><extent unit="pages"><start>2</start><end>7</end></extent></part><part><date>1957</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB10"><titleInfo><title>The three charters of the Virginia company of London. With seven related documents; 1606–1621</title></titleInfo><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Williamsburg</title></titleInfo></relatedItem><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1957</date><extent unit="pages"><start>4</start></extent></part><part><date>1957</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB11"><titleInfo><title>A map of Virginia</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Captain John</namePart><namePart type="family">Smith</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name><etal>et al.</etal></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Oxford</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1612</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>3</start></extent></part><part><date>1612</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB12"><titleInfo><title>Ralph Lane's discourse on the first colony, 1586</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Lane</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The Roanoke voyages, 1584–1590</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Quinn</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1955</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>257</start><end>258</end></extent></part><part><date>1955</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB13"><titleInfo><title>Letters patent to Sir Thomas Gates and others, 10th April 1606</title></titleInfo><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Jamestown voyages under the first charter, 1606–1609</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P.L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Barbour</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1969</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>24</start><end>34</end></extent></part><part><date>1969</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB14"><titleInfo><title>Ralph Lane's discourse on the first colony, 1586</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Lane</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The Roanoke voyages, 1584–1590</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Quinn</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1955</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>262</start><end>274</end></extent></part><part><date>1955</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB15"><note type="reference">T. Hariot, A briefe and true report, vol. 1, pp. 382–383 of D. B. Quinn (Ed.), Roanoke voyages. What impressed Hariot most about Virginia was that it was located in latitudes that were temperate and not tropical. Hariot also associated these latitudes with the most prosperous countries around the world</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB16"><titleInfo><title>Roanoke voyages</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Hakluyt</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Quinn</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>vol. 1</title></titleInfo></relatedItem><genre>Book</genre><part><extent unit="pages"><start>493</start><end>494</end></extent></part><part><date>30th December 1586</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB18"><titleInfo><title>Instructions given by way of advice</title></titleInfo><relatedItem type="series"><titleInfo><title>vol. 1</title></titleInfo></relatedItem><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1606</date><extent unit="pages"><start>49</start><end>53</end></extent></part><part><date>1606</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB19"><titleInfo><title>England's quest for eastern trade</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Sir William</namePart><namePart type="family">Foster</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>London</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1966</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>17</start><end>19</end></extent></part><part><date>1966</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB19"><titleInfo><title>The early history of the Russia company, 1553–1603</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T.S.</namePart><namePart type="family">Willan</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Manchester</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1966</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>1</start><end>16</end></extent></part><part><date>1966</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB20"><titleInfo><title>Letter of Gonzalo Mendez de Canzo to Philip III</title></titleInfo><relatedItem type="series"><titleInfo><title>See</title></titleInfo></relatedItem><genre>Book</genre><part><extent unit="pages"><start>828</start></extent></part><part><date>18/28th February 1600</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB20"><titleInfo><title>Letter of Don Pedro de Zuniga to Philip III</title></titleInfo><relatedItem type="series"><titleInfo><title>Jamestown voyages</title></titleInfo></relatedItem><genre>Book</genre><part><extent unit="pages"><start>115</start><end>116</end></extent></part><part><date>22nd September 1607</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB21"><titleInfo><title>History of the Virginia company of London, with letters to and from the first colony never before printed</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E.D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Neill</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Albany</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1869</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>10</start></extent></part><part><date>1869</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB22"><titleInfo><title>Notes framed by M. Richard Hakluyt of the middle Temple …</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Hakluyt</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="series"><titleInfo><title>This instruction was probably taken from advice Richard Hakluyt had given to Martin Frobisher in 1578. Hakluyt had suggested a river location for the first twon, at a prominent point or on an island in the mouth of the stream. See</title></titleInfo><titleInfo><title>The principall navigations of the English nation</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1907</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>165</start></extent></part><part><date>1907</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB23"><titleInfo><title>Instructions given by way of advice</title></titleInfo><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Jamestown voyages</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P.L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Barbour</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1606</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>50</start></extent></part><part><date>1606</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB24"><note type="reference">Ibid</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB25"><titleInfo><title>Instructions, orders and constitucons to Sir Thomas Gates Knight, Governor of Virginia</title></titleInfo><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The records of the Virginia company of London</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S.M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kingsbury</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre>Book</genre><part></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>12</start><end>29</end></extent></part><part><date>1906–1935</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB26"><note type="reference">Ibid</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB27"><titleInfo><title>Divers voyages touching the discovery of America and the islands adjacent unto the same…</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Hakluyt</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>London</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1582</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>41</start><end>50</end></extent></part><part><date>1582</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB28"><note type="reference">See, A justification for planting Virginia, vol. 3, pp. 1–4 of S. M. Kingsbury (Ed.), Virginia company records</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB29"><titleInfo><title>Letter of Father Pierre Biard, 1614</title></titleInfo><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Narratives of early Virginia, 1606–1625: original narratives of early American history</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L.G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Tyler</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1946</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>228</start><end>234</end></extent></part><part><date>1946</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB30"><note type="reference">Introduction, vol. 1, of Virginia company records</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB31"><titleInfo><title>Letter of Don Pedro de Zuniga to Philip III</title></titleInfo><relatedItem type="series"><titleInfo><title>One observer to comment on England's motives was Don Pedro de Zuniga. During October 1607, he wrote to Philip III that: “It is thoroughly evident that it is not their desire to people [the land], but rather to practice piracy, for they take no women—only men”</title></titleInfo></relatedItem><genre>Book</genre><part><extent unit="pages"><start>123</start></extent></part><part><date>5th October 1607</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB32"><titleInfo><title>European colonial experience. A plea for comparative studies</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Jensen</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Reynolds</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Studi in onore di Gino Luzzatto</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1950</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>75</start><end>90</end></extent></part><part><date>1950</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB32"><titleInfo><title>Medieval trade in the Mediterranean world: illustrative documents</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.S.</namePart><namePart type="family">Lopez</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">I.W.</namePart><namePart type="family">Raymond</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>New York</title></titleInfo></relatedItem><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1955</date><extent unit="pages"><start>51</start><end>85</end></extent></part><part><date>1955</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB32"><titleInfo><title>The beginnings of English overseas enterprises: a prelude to empire</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.P.</namePart><namePart type="family">Lucas</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><note>Oxford</note><part><date>1917</date><extent unit="pages"><start>20</start><end>26</end></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB32"><titleInfo><title>O strange new world: American culture: the formative years</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H.M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Jones</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>New York</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1964</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>164</start><end>170</end></extent></part><part><date>1964</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB33"><titleInfo><title>Ireland and sixteenth-century European expansion</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Quinn</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><note>Some scholars have also suggested that England's experience in Ireland was beneficial to North American colonial organizers. The advocates of this point of view note the obvious overlap of personalities involved in the conquest of Ireland and the colonization of Virginia. Names like Gilbert, Raleigh, Drake, Gorges, Southampton, Lane, De La Warr, Popham, and Carew figured in both places. There were, however, important differences. England's occupation of Ireland was military and the chosen settlement form, the plantation, was a stronghold for soldiers and was meant to be used to control the Irish. The experience in Ireland may have affected some attitudes, especially those involving indigenous peoples, but it is unlikely that it provided a settlement model. For a discussion of this and other matters</note><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Historical Studies</title></titleInfo><part><date>1958</date><detail type="volume"><number>1</number></detail></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>20</start><end>33</end></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB33"><titleInfo><title>The ideology of English colonization: from Ireland to America</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">N.P.</namePart><namePart type="family">Canny</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><note>3rd series</note><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>William and Mary Quarterly</title></titleInfo><part><date>1973</date><detail type="volume"><number>30</number></detail></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>575</start><end>598</end></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB34"><titleInfo><title>The Germans in England, 1066–1598</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">I.D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Colvin</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><note>Port Washington 1971</note><part><date>1915</date><extent unit="pages"><start>1</start><end>50</end></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB34"><titleInfo><title>A treatise of commerce</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Wheeler</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>London</title></titleInfo></relatedItem><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1601</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB36"><titleInfo><title>Notes framed by M. Richard Hakluyt of the middle Temple …</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Hakluyt</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="series"><titleInfo><title>For a detailed discussion, see</title></titleInfo><titleInfo><title>The principall navigations of the English nation</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1907</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>166</start></extent></part><part><date>1907</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB37"><note type="reference">Ibid</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB38"><titleInfo><title>A true relation of such occurrences and accidintes of noate as hath hapned in Virginia</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Captain John</namePart><namePart type="family">Smith</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Jamestown voyages</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P.L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Barbour</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1608</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>170</start></extent></part><part><date>1608</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB39"><note type="reference">Newport to Salisbury, vol. 1, p. 76 of P. L. Barbour (Ed.), Jamestown voyages</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB40"><note type="reference">Smith, A true relation 170</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB41"><titleInfo><title>History of the Virginia company of London, with letters to and from the first colony never before printed</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E.D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Neill</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Albany</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1869</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>337</start></extent></part><part><date>1869</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB42"><titleInfo><title>George Percy's discourse</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Percy</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Jamestown voyages</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P.L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Barbour</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1608</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>138</start></extent></part><part><date>1608</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB43"><titleInfo><title>Of agues and fevers: malaria in the early Chesapeake</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Rutman</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A.H.</namePart><namePart type="family">Rutman</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><note>See, Earle, Environment and disease 90; and Bridenbaugh, Jamestown 128. In his article Earle argues that Jamestown's location in the salt water—freshwater transition zone made typhoid fever, dysentry, and salt poisoning endemic to the site. Bridenbaugh refers to the swamps surrounding Jamestown and the absence of abundant fresh water supplies. And there is an equally plausible discussion of the effects of malaria in</note><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>William and Mary Quarterly</title></titleInfo><part><date>1976</date><detail type="volume"><number>33</number></detail></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>31</start><end>60</end></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB44"><titleInfo><title>The history of the first discovery and settlement of Virginia</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">W.</namePart><namePart type="family">Stith</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Williamsburg</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1747</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>35</start><end>39</end></extent></part><part><date>1747</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="BIB44"><titleInfo><title>The history and present state of Virginia</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Beverley</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>London</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1722</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>28</start><end>29</end></extent></part><part><date>1722</date></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">92D73E282B2B2F7493B1D44346255E897661AC18</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/0305-7488(82)90241-9</identifier><identifier type="PII">0305-7488(82)90241-9</identifier><part><extent unit="pages"><start>1</start><end>11</end></extent></part><recordInfo><recordOrigin>ELSEVIER</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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