Analogy versus theory: A rejoinder
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Analogy versus theory: A rejoinder</title><author><name sortKey="Clarke, H B" uniqKey="Clarke H">H.B. Clarke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Departments of History and Geography, University College, Dublin, UK</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of History and Geography, University College, Dublin</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dublin</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simms, Anngret" uniqKey="Simms A">Anngret Simms</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Departments of History and Geography, University College, Dublin, UK</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of History and Geography, University College, Dublin</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dublin</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:D3A43359336B82EEC873AF0F3BDA85B791F8E4F6</idno><date when="1987">1987</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/S0305-7488(87)80006-3</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/D3A43359336B82EEC873AF0F3BDA85B791F8E4F6/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000596</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Curation">000596</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Checkpoint">002E40</idno></publicationStmt><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0305-7488</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><pii><json:string>S0305-7488(87)80006-3</json:string></pii><copyrightdate>1987</copyrightdate><author><json:item><name>H.B. Clarke</name><affiliations><json:string>Departments of History and Geography, University College, Dublin, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Anngret Simms</name><affiliations><json:string>Departments of History and Geography, University College, Dublin, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><genre></genre><serie><genre><json:string>Book</json:string></genre><language></language><title>fig. 175 (the dioceses of Chester, Hereford and Worcester)</title></serie><host><pii><json:string>S0305-7488(87)X8001-9</json:string></pii><issn><json:string>0305-7488</json:string></issn><genre></genre><language></language><title>Journal of Historical Geography</title><pubdate>198701</pubdate></host><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><title>Analogy versus theory: A rejoinder</title><pubdate>1987</pubdate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0305-7488(87)80006-3</json:string></doi><id>D3A43359336B82EEC873AF0F3BDA85B791F8E4F6</id><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/D3A43359336B82EEC873AF0F3BDA85B791F8E4F6/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/D3A43359336B82EEC873AF0F3BDA85B791F8E4F6/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/D3A43359336B82EEC873AF0F3BDA85B791F8E4F6/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/D3A43359336B82EEC873AF0F3BDA85B791F8E4F6/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader type="text"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Analogy versus theory: A rejoinder</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>Academic Press Inc. (London), Ltd., ©1987</p></availability><date>1987</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">Section title: Debate</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Analogy versus theory: A rejoinder</title><author><persName><forename type="first">H.B.</forename><surname>Clarke</surname></persName><affiliation>Departments of History and Geography, University College, Dublin, UK</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Anngret</forename><surname>Simms</surname></persName><affiliation>Departments of History and Geography, University College, Dublin, UK</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Historical Geography</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">YJHGE</title><idno type="pISSN">0305-7488</idno><idno type="PII">S0305-7488(87)X8001-9</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1987"></date><biblScope unit="vol">13</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="57">57</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="60">60</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">D3A43359336B82EEC873AF0F3BDA85B791F8E4F6</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0305-7488(87)80006-3</idno><idno type="PII">S0305-7488(87)80006-3</idno><idno type="ArticleID">87800063</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1987</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1987">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier simple-article found" wicri:toSee="Element simple-tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 5.0.1//EN//XML" URI="art501.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><simple-article version="5.0" xml:lang="en" docsubtype="dis"><item-info><jid>YJHGE</jid><aid>87800063</aid><ce:pii>S0305-7488(87)80006-3</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0305-7488(87)80006-3</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="unknown" year="1987">Academic Press Inc. (London), Ltd.</ce:copyright></item-info><simple-head><ce:dochead><ce:textfn>Debate</ce:textfn></ce:dochead><ce:title>Analogy versus theory: A rejoinder</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>H.B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Clarke</ce:surname></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Anngret</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Simms</ce:surname></ce:author><ce:affiliation id="aff1"><ce:textfn>Departments of History and Geography, University College, Dublin, UK</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation></ce:author-group></simple-head><simple-tail><ce:bibliography><ce:section-title>Notes</ce:section-title><ce:bibliography-sec><ce:bib-reference id="bib1"><ce:label>[1]</ce:label><ce:other-ref><ce:textref>H. B. Clarke and A. Simms, Towards a comparative history of urban origins, in Clarke and Simms (Eds), <ce:italic>The comparative history of urban origins in non-Roman Europe: Ireland, Wales, Denmark, Germany, Poland and Russia from the ninth to the thirteenth century</ce:italic> (Oxford 1985) 669–714.</ce:textref></ce:other-ref></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib2"><ce:label>[2]</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:comment>While there is some justification for this viewpoint, parochialism and insularity are not characteristic of a number of recent works, such as</sb:comment><sb:contribution langtype="en"><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>L.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Bieler</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Ireland, harbinger of the Middle Ages</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:comment>London</sb:comment><sb:host><sb:book><sb:date>1963</sb:date></sb:book></sb:host></sb:reference><sb:reference><sb:comment>(2 vols, Dublin)</sb:comment><sb:contribution langtype="en"><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>A.P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Smyth</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Ireland, harbinger of the Middle Ages</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Scandinavian York and Dublin: the history and archaeology of two related Viking kingdoms</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:series><sb:date>1975–9</sb:date></sb:issue></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib3"><ce:label>[3]</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution langtype="en"><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>B.J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Graham</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Anglo-Norman manorial settlement in Ireland: an assessment</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Irish Geography</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>18</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:issue-nr>7</sb:issue-nr><sb:date>1985</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>11</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>12</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib4"><ce:label>[4]</ce:label><ce:other-ref><ce:textref>Clarke and Simms, Towards a comparative history of urban origins, 670, 698, 701</ce:textref></ce:other-ref></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib5"><ce:label>[5]</ce:label><ce:other-ref><ce:textref>C. Doherty, The monastic town in early medieval Ireland, in Clarke and Simms, <ce:italic>Comparative urban origins</ce:italic>, 60–68.</ce:textref></ce:other-ref></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib6"><ce:label>[6]</ce:label><ce:other-ref><ce:textref>L. Swan, Monastic proto-towns in early medieval Ireland: the evidence of aerial photography, plan analysis and survey, in Clarke and Simms, <ce:italic>Comparative urban origins</ce:italic>, fig. 4.16. All five sites have double enclosures</ce:textref></ce:other-ref></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib7"><ce:label>[7]</ce:label><ce:other-ref><ce:textref>Indeed, it is Dr Graham who is guilty of exaggeration, as when he adverts to “the existence of at least 300 Irish boroughs, a total far in excess of that for either Wales or Scotland”: Graham, who is guilty of exaggeration, as when he adverts to “the existence of at least 300 Irish boroughs, a total far in excess of that for either Wales or Scotland”, 11. This figure represents the number of places with evidence of burgage tenure, three-quarters of which were never genuine towns: J. Bradley, Planned Anglo-Norman towns in Ireland, in Clarke and Simms, <ce:italic>Comparative urban origins</ce:italic> 425. As we have emphasized, the words “borough” and “town” should not be used as synonyms and lists of boroughs should not be equated with lists of towns: Clarke and Simms, Towards a comparative history of urban origins, 692.</ce:textref></ce:other-ref></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib8"><ce:label>[8]</ce:label><ce:other-ref><ce:textref>Clarke and Simms, Towards a comparative history of urban origins, 676.</ce:textref></ce:other-ref></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib9"><ce:label>[9]</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:comment>fig. 175 (the dioceses of Chester, Hereford and Worcester)</sb:comment><sb:contribution langtype="en"><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>P.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Byrne</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>The aristocracy in the West Midland and Welsh border regions of England in the late eleventh century</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:book-series><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>unpubl. M.A. thesis</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:series></sb:book-series><sb:date>1972</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>University College</sb:name><sb:location>Dublin</sb:location></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib10"><ce:label>[10]</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:comment>46 and fig. 12</sb:comment><sb:contribution langtype="en"><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>C.J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Bond</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>The estates of Evesham Abbey: a preliminary survey of their medieval topography</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:book-series><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Research Papers</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>4</sb:volume-nr></sb:series></sb:book-series><sb:date>1973</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>Vale of Evesham Historical Society</sb:name></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book></sb:host></sb:reference><sb:reference><sb:comment>46 and fig. 12</sb:comment><sb:contribution langtype="en"><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>C.J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Bond</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>The medieval topography of the Evesham Abbey estates: a supplements</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Research Papers</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>5</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1975</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>56</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>58</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib11"><ce:label>[11]</ce:label><ce:other-ref><ce:textref>W. D. Macray (Ed.), <ce:italic>Chronicon abbatiae de Evesham ad annum 1418</ce:italic> (London 1863) 95, 97, 100;</ce:textref></ce:other-ref><sb:reference><sb:contribution langtype="en"><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>H.B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Clarke</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>The early surveys of Evesham Abbey: an investigation into the problem of continuity in Anglo-Norman England</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:book-series><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>unpubl. Ph.D. thesis</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>67</sb:volume-nr></sb:series></sb:book-series><sb:date>1977</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>University of Birmingham</sb:name></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>199</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>202</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference><sb:reference><sb:contribution langtype="en"><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>H.B.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Clarke</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>The early surveys of Evesham Abbey: an investigation into the problem of continuity in Anglo-Norman England</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:title><sb:maintitle>unpubl. Ph.D. thesis</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:date>1977</sb:date><sb:publisher><sb:name>University of Birmingham</sb:name></sb:publisher></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>404</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>410</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib12"><ce:label>[12]</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution langtype="en"><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>R.H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hilton</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>The small town and urbanization: Evesham in the Middle Ages</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Midland History</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>7</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1982</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>1</sb:first-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib13"><ce:label>[13]</ce:label><ce:other-ref><ce:textref>Clarke and Simms, Towards a comparative history of urban origins, 678–688</ce:textref></ce:other-ref></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib14"><ce:label>[14]</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Jankuhn</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>K.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Schietzel</ce:surname></sb:editor><sb:editor><ce:given-name>H.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Reichstein</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:date>1984</sb:date></sb:edited-book></sb:host><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>Archäologische und naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an ländlichen und frühstädtischen Siedlungen im deutschen Küstengebiet</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>II</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1984</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>198</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>207</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host><sb:comment>Weinheim</sb:comment></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib15"><ce:label>[15]</ce:label><ce:other-ref><ce:textref>J. Bradley cites Dr Graham's various definitions of an Irish medieval town, all of which lead back to the chance survival of written records and to the problem of identifying “urban characteristics”. By way of contrast Bradley's own definition puts the major emphasis on functional, locational and morphological factors: Bradley, Dr Graham's various definitions of an Irish medieval town, all of which lead back to the chance survival of written records and to the problem of identifying “urban characteristics”. By way of contrast Bradley's own definition puts the major emphasis on functional, locational and morphological factors, 417–20. The methodology of the <ce:italic>Kriterienbündel</ce:italic> involves piecemeal identification of urban attributes in conditions where the archaeological and documentary sources are deficient</ce:textref></ce:other-ref></ce:bib-reference><ce:bib-reference id="bib16"><ce:label>[16]</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:comment>London</sb:comment><sb:contribution langtype="en"><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>B.J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Graham</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>The towns of medieval Ireland</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>R.A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Butlin</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:book-series><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>The development of the Irish town</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:series></sb:book-series><sb:date>1977</sb:date></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>29</sb:first-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference><sb:reference><ce:label>[17]</ce:label><sb:comment>London</sb:comment><sb:contribution langtype="en"><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:given-name>B.J.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Graham</ce:surname></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>The towns of medieval Ireland</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:comment>It is quite misleading to imply that these places were walled from the start. The oldest section of stone town wall at Dublin has been dated archaeologically to <ce:italic>c.</ce:italic> 1100</sb:comment><sb:host><sb:edited-book><sb:editors><sb:editor><ce:given-name>R.A.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Butlin</ce:surname></sb:editor></sb:editors><sb:book-series><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>The development of the Irish town</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>28</sb:volume-nr></sb:series></sb:book-series><sb:date>1977</sb:date></sb:edited-book><sb:pages><sb:first-page>29</sb:first-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference></ce:bibliography-sec></ce:bibliography></simple-tail></simple-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.5"><titleInfo lang="eng"><title>Analogy versus theory: A rejoinder</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="eng"><title></title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H.B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Clarke</namePart><affiliation>Departments of History and Geography, University College, Dublin, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Anngret</namePart><namePart type="family">Simms</namePart><affiliation>Departments of History and Geography, University College, Dublin, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1987</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1987</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><note type="content">Section title: Debate</note><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Historical Geography</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>YJHGE</title></titleInfo><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">198701</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0305-7488</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0305-7488(87)X8001-9</identifier><part><date>1987</date><detail type="volume"><number>13</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>1</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>1</start><end>112</end></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib1"><note type="reference">H. B. Clarke and A. Simms, Towards a comparative history of urban origins, in Clarke and Simms (Eds), The comparative history of urban origins in non-Roman Europe: Ireland, Wales, Denmark, Germany, Poland and Russia from the ninth to the thirteenth century (Oxford 1985) 669–714.</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib2"><titleInfo><title>Ireland, harbinger of the Middle Ages</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Bieler</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><originInfo><issuance>monographic</issuance></originInfo><note>While there is some justification for this viewpoint, parochialism and insularity are not characteristic of a number of recent works, such as</note><part><date>1963</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib2"><titleInfo><title>Ireland, harbinger of the Middle Ages</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A.P.</namePart><namePart type="family">Smyth</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><note>(2 vols, Dublin)</note><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Scandinavian York and Dublin: the history and archaeology of two related Viking kingdoms</title></titleInfo><part></part></relatedItem></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib3"><titleInfo><title>Anglo-Norman manorial settlement in Ireland: an assessment</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B.J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Graham</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Irish Geography</title></titleInfo><part><date>1985</date><detail type="volume"><number>18</number></detail><detail type="issue"><number>7</number></detail></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>11</start><end>12</end></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib4"><note type="reference">Clarke and Simms, Towards a comparative history of urban origins, 670, 698, 701</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib5"><note type="reference">C. Doherty, The monastic town in early medieval Ireland, in Clarke and Simms, Comparative urban origins, 60–68.</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib6"><note type="reference">L. Swan, Monastic proto-towns in early medieval Ireland: the evidence of aerial photography, plan analysis and survey, in Clarke and Simms, Comparative urban origins, fig. 4.16. All five sites have double enclosures</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib7"><note type="reference">Indeed, it is Dr Graham who is guilty of exaggeration, as when he adverts to “the existence of at least 300 Irish boroughs, a total far in excess of that for either Wales or Scotland”: Graham, who is guilty of exaggeration, as when he adverts to “the existence of at least 300 Irish boroughs, a total far in excess of that for either Wales or Scotland”, 11. This figure represents the number of places with evidence of burgage tenure, three-quarters of which were never genuine towns: J. Bradley, Planned Anglo-Norman towns in Ireland, in Clarke and Simms, Comparative urban origins 425. As we have emphasized, the words “borough” and “town” should not be used as synonyms and lists of boroughs should not be equated with lists of towns: Clarke and Simms, Towards a comparative history of urban origins, 692.</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib8"><note type="reference">Clarke and Simms, Towards a comparative history of urban origins, 676.</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib9"><titleInfo><title>The aristocracy in the West Midland and Welsh border regions of England in the late eleventh century</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P.</namePart><namePart type="family">Byrne</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="series"><titleInfo><title>fig. 175 (the dioceses of Chester, Hereford and Worcester)</title></titleInfo><titleInfo><title>unpubl. M.A. thesis</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><originInfo><publisher>University College</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Dublin</placeTerm></place></originInfo><part><date>1972</date></part></relatedItem><part><date>1972</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib10"><titleInfo><title>The estates of Evesham Abbey: a preliminary survey of their medieval topography</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Bond</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="series"><titleInfo><title>46 and fig. 12</title></titleInfo><titleInfo><title>Research Papers</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><originInfo><publisher>Vale of Evesham Historical Society</publisher></originInfo><part><date>1973</date><detail type="volume"><number>4</number></detail></part></relatedItem><part><date>1973</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib10"><titleInfo><title>The medieval topography of the Evesham Abbey estates: a supplements</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Bond</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><note>46 and fig. 12</note><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Research Papers</title></titleInfo><part><date>1975</date><detail type="volume"><number>5</number></detail></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>56</start><end>58</end></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib11"><titleInfo><title>The early surveys of Evesham Abbey: an investigation into the problem of continuity in Anglo-Norman England</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H.B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Clarke</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="series"><titleInfo><title>unpubl. Ph.D. thesis</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><originInfo><publisher>University of Birmingham</publisher></originInfo><part><date>1977</date><detail type="volume"><number>67</number></detail></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>199</start><end>202</end></extent></part><part><date>1977</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib11"><titleInfo><title>The early surveys of Evesham Abbey: an investigation into the problem of continuity in Anglo-Norman England</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H.B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Clarke</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>unpubl. Ph.D. thesis</title></titleInfo><genre>Book</genre><originInfo><publisher>University of Birmingham</publisher></originInfo><part><date>1977</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>404</start><end>410</end></extent></part><part><date>1977</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib12"><titleInfo><title>The small town and urbanization: Evesham in the Middle Ages</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.H.</namePart><namePart type="family">Hilton</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Midland History</title></titleInfo><part><date>1982</date><detail type="volume"><number>7</number></detail></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>1</start></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib13"><note type="reference">Clarke and Simms, Towards a comparative history of urban origins, 678–688</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib14"><titleInfo><title>Archäologische und naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen an ländlichen und frühstädtischen Siedlungen im deutschen Küstengebiet</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H.</namePart><namePart type="family">Jankuhn</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K.</namePart><namePart type="family">Schietzel</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H.</namePart><namePart type="family">Reichstein</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1984</date><detail type="volume"><number>II</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>198</start><end>207</end></extent></part><part><date>1984</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib15"><note type="reference">J. Bradley cites Dr Graham's various definitions of an Irish medieval town, all of which lead back to the chance survival of written records and to the problem of identifying “urban characteristics”. By way of contrast Bradley's own definition puts the major emphasis on functional, locational and morphological factors: Bradley, Dr Graham's various definitions of an Irish medieval town, all of which lead back to the chance survival of written records and to the problem of identifying “urban characteristics”. By way of contrast Bradley's own definition puts the major emphasis on functional, locational and morphological factors, 417–20. The methodology of the Kriterienbündel involves piecemeal identification of urban attributes in conditions where the archaeological and documentary sources are deficient</note></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib16"><titleInfo><title>The towns of medieval Ireland</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B.J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Graham</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="series"><titleInfo><title>London</title></titleInfo><titleInfo><title>The development of the Irish town</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Butlin</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1977</date></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>29</start></extent></part><part><date>1977</date></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib16"><titleInfo><title>The towns of medieval Ireland</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B.J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Graham</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><relatedItem type="series"><titleInfo><title>London</title></titleInfo><titleInfo><title>The development of the Irish town</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Butlin</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">editor</roleTerm></role></name><genre>Book</genre><part><date>1977</date><detail type="volume"><number>28</number></detail></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>29</start></extent></part><part><date>1977</date></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">D3A43359336B82EEC873AF0F3BDA85B791F8E4F6</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0305-7488(87)80006-3</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0305-7488(87)80006-3</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">87800063</identifier><part><extent unit="pages"><start>57</start><end>60</end></extent></part><recordInfo><recordOrigin>ELSEVIER</recordOrigin><recordContentSource>Academic Press Inc. 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