An egg injection method for assessing early life stage mortality of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
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Abstract
To characterize the risk that polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) pose to salmonid early life stage survival, we developed a method to expose rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs to graded doses of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB congeners, using 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) as a prototype. Rainbow trout eggs were injected 24–50 h post-fertil ization with 0.2 μl of 50 mM phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes (control) or 0.2 μl of 5–7 graded doses of TCDD incorporated into 50 mM PC liposomes. Injection volume never exceeded 0.6% egg volume. Immediately following injection, the injection site was sealed with Super glueR, resulting in 92–97% of TCDD dose retained by the egg. Following both egg injection and waterborne egg exposure. TCDD toxicity in rainbow trout was manifested by half-hatching mortality but predominantly by sac fry mortality associated with hemorrhages, pericardial edema, and yolk sac edema. TCDD LD50s, following injection and waterborne exposure of rainbow trout eggs, were 421 (331–489) and 439 (346–519) pg TCDD/g egg (LD50, 95% fiducial limits), respectively. As in rainbow trout, TCDD toxicity in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) following the same two routes of exposure was manifested by half-hatching mortality but predominantly by sac fry mortality preceded by hemorrhages and yolk sac edema. LD50s, based on the dose of TCDD in lake trout eggs, were 47 (21–65) and 65 (60–71) pg/g following injection and waterborne exposure, respectively. The egg injection method is ideal for assessing the relationship between early life stage mortality in rainbow trout and graded egg doses of individual PCDD, PCDF, or PCB congeners.
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DOI: 10.1016/0166-445X(92)90033-J
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">An egg injection method for assessing early life stage mortality of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss)</title><author><name sortKey="Walker, Mary K" uniqKey="Walker M">Mary K. Walker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wisconsin</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>Present address: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 818, National Fisheries Research Center. LaCrosse, WI 54602, U.S.A.</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Present address: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 818, National Fisheries Research Center. LaCrosse, WI 54602</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Wisconsin</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hufnagle Jr, Lawrence C" uniqKey="Hufnagle Jr L">Lawrence C. Hufnagle, Jr.</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>School of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wisconsin</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clayton, Murray K" uniqKey="Clayton M">Murray K. Clayton</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Departments of Statistics and Plant Pathology: University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Statistics and Plant Pathology: University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wisconsin</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peterson, Richard E" uniqKey="Peterson R">Richard E. Peterson</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><mods:affiliation>Correspondence to: R.E. Peterson, School of Pharmacy, 425 N. Charter St., University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A.</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Correspondence to: R.E. Peterson, School of Pharmacy, 425 N. Charter St., University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Wisconsin</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wisconsin</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>School of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wisconsin</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:ECE7E904E4C3A54ACBF5C2B75F91AD53540CE77F</idno><date when="1992">1992</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/0166-445X(92)90033-J</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/ECE7E904E4C3A54ACBF5C2B75F91AD53540CE77F/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">003496</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Curation">003496</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Checkpoint">002A28</idno></publicationStmt><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0166-445X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin</term><term>Early life stage</term><term>Microinjection</term><term>PCB</term><term>Rainbow trout</term><term>TCDD</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="eng">To characterize the risk that polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) pose to salmonid early life stage survival, we developed a method to expose rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs to graded doses of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB congeners, using 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) as a prototype. Rainbow trout eggs were injected 24–50 h post-fertil ization with 0.2 μl of 50 mM phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes (control) or 0.2 μl of 5–7 graded doses of TCDD incorporated into 50 mM PC liposomes. Injection volume never exceeded 0.6% egg volume. Immediately following injection, the injection site was sealed with Super glueR, resulting in 92–97% of TCDD dose retained by the egg. Following both egg injection and waterborne egg exposure. TCDD toxicity in rainbow trout was manifested by half-hatching mortality but predominantly by sac fry mortality associated with hemorrhages, pericardial edema, and yolk sac edema. TCDD LD50s, following injection and waterborne exposure of rainbow trout eggs, were 421 (331–489) and 439 (346–519) pg TCDD/g egg (LD50, 95% fiducial limits), respectively. As in rainbow trout, TCDD toxicity in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) following the same two routes of exposure was manifested by half-hatching mortality but predominantly by sac fry mortality preceded by hemorrhages and yolk sac edema. LD50s, based on the dose of TCDD in lake trout eggs, were 47 (21–65) and 65 (60–71) pg/g following injection and waterborne exposure, respectively. The egg injection method is ideal for assessing the relationship between early life stage mortality in rainbow trout and graded egg doses of individual PCDD, PCDF, or PCB congeners. </div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><copyrightdate>1992</copyrightdate><author><json:item><name>Mary K. Walker</name><affiliations><json:string>Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</json:string><json:string>Present address: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 818, National Fisheries Research Center. LaCrosse, WI 54602, U.S.A.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Lawrence C. Hufnagle, Jr.</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Murray K. Clayton</name><affiliations><json:string>Departments of Statistics and Plant Pathology: University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Richard E. Peterson</name><affiliations><json:string>Correspondence to: R.E. Peterson, School of Pharmacy, 425 N. Charter St., University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A.</json:string><json:string>Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</json:string><json:string>School of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang>eng</lang><value>2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin</value></json:item><json:item><lang>eng</lang><value>Microinjection</value></json:item><json:item><lang>eng</lang><value>Rainbow trout</value></json:item><json:item><lang>eng</lang><value>Early life stage</value></json:item><json:item><lang>eng</lang><value>PCB</value></json:item><json:item><lang>eng</lang><value>TCDD</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>To characterize the risk that polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) pose to salmonid early life stage survival, we developed a method to expose rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs to graded doses of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB congeners, using 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) as a prototype. Rainbow trout eggs were injected 24–50 h post-fertil ization with 0.2 μl of 50 mM phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes (control) or 0.2 μl of 5–7 graded doses of TCDD incorporated into 50 mM PC liposomes. Injection volume never exceeded 0.6% egg volume. Immediately following injection, the injection site was sealed with Super glueR, resulting in 92–97% of TCDD dose retained by the egg. Following both egg injection and waterborne egg exposure. TCDD toxicity in rainbow trout was manifested by half-hatching mortality but predominantly by sac fry mortality associated with hemorrhages, pericardial edema, and yolk sac edema. TCDD LD50s, following injection and waterborne exposure of rainbow trout eggs, were 421 (331–489) and 439 (346–519) pg TCDD/g egg (LD50, 95% fiducial limits), respectively. As in rainbow trout, TCDD toxicity in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) following the same two routes of exposure was manifested by half-hatching mortality but predominantly by sac fry mortality preceded by hemorrhages and yolk sac edema. LD50s, based on the dose of TCDD in lake trout eggs, were 47 (21–65) and 65 (60–71) pg/g following injection and waterborne exposure, respectively. The egg injection method is ideal for assessing the relationship between early life stage mortality in rainbow trout and graded egg doses of individual PCDD, PCDF, or PCB congeners.</abstract><title>An egg injection method for assessing early life stage mortality of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss)</title><pii><json:string>0166-445X(92)90033-J</json:string></pii><genre></genre><serie><genre><json:string>Book</json:string></genre><editor><json:item><name>M.A. Gallo</name></json:item><json:item><name>R.J. 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Box 818, National Fisheries Research Center. LaCrosse, WI 54602, U.S.A.</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Lawrence C.</forename><surname>Hufnagle, Jr.</surname></persName><affiliation>School of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Murray K.</forename><surname>Clayton</surname></persName><affiliation>Departments of Statistics and Plant Pathology: University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Richard E.</forename><surname>Peterson</surname></persName><note type="correspondence"><p>Correspondence to: R.E. Peterson, School of Pharmacy, 425 N. Charter St., University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A.</p></note><affiliation>Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</affiliation><affiliation>School of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Aquatic Toxicology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">AQTOX</title><idno type="pISSN">0166-445X</idno><idno type="PII">S0166-445X(00)X0140-3</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1992"></date><biblScope unit="vol">22</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="15">15</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="37">37</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">ECE7E904E4C3A54ACBF5C2B75F91AD53540CE77F</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/0166-445X(92)90033-J</idno><idno type="PII">0166-445X(92)90033-J</idno><idno type="ArticleID">90033</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1992</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>To characterize the risk that polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) pose to salmonid early life stage survival, we developed a method to expose rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs to graded doses of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB congeners, using 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) as a prototype. Rainbow trout eggs were injected 24–50 h post-fertil ization with 0.2 μl of 50 mM phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes (control) or 0.2 μl of 5–7 graded doses of TCDD incorporated into 50 mM PC liposomes. Injection volume never exceeded 0.6% egg volume. Immediately following injection, the injection site was sealed with Super glueR, resulting in 92–97% of TCDD dose retained by the egg. Following both egg injection and waterborne egg exposure. TCDD toxicity in rainbow trout was manifested by half-hatching mortality but predominantly by sac fry mortality associated with hemorrhages, pericardial edema, and yolk sac edema. TCDD LD50s, following injection and waterborne exposure of rainbow trout eggs, were 421 (331–489) and 439 (346–519) pg TCDD/g egg (LD50, 95% fiducial limits), respectively. As in rainbow trout, TCDD toxicity in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) following the same two routes of exposure was manifested by half-hatching mortality but predominantly by sac fry mortality preceded by hemorrhages and yolk sac edema. LD50s, based on the dose of TCDD in lake trout eggs, were 47 (21–65) and 65 (60–71) pg/g following injection and waterborne exposure, respectively. The egg injection method is ideal for assessing the relationship between early life stage mortality in rainbow trout and graded egg doses of individual PCDD, PCDF, or PCB congeners.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin</term></item><item><term>Microinjection</term></item><item><term>Rainbow trout</term></item><item><term>Early life stage</term></item><item><term>PCB</term></item><item><term>TCDD</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1991-07-31">Received</change><change when="1991-09-19">Registration</change><change when="1992">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier doc found" wicri:toSee="Elsevier, no converted or simple article"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" </istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 5.1.0//EN//XML" URI="art510.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article version="5.1" xml:lang="en" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>AQTOX</jid><aid>90033</aid><ce:pii>0166-445X(92)90033-J</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/0166-445X(92)90033-J</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="unknown" year="1992"></ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>An egg injection method for assessing early life stage mortality of polychlorinated dibenzo-<ce:italic>p</ce:italic>-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in rainbow trout, (<ce:italic>Oncorhynchus mykiss</ce:italic>)</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>Mary K.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Walker</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="aff1"><ce:sup>1</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="fn1"><ce:sup>*</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Lawrence C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Hufnagle</ce:surname><ce:suffix>Jr.</ce:suffix><ce:cross-ref refid="aff2"><ce:sup>2</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Murray K.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Clayton</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="aff3"><ce:sup>3</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Richard E.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Peterson</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="cor1"><ce:sup>*</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="aff1"><ce:sup>1</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="aff2"><ce:sup>2</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:affiliation id="aff1"><ce:label>1</ce:label><ce:textfn>Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="aff2"><ce:label>2</ce:label><ce:textfn>School of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="aff3"><ce:label>3</ce:label><ce:textfn>Departments of Statistics and Plant Pathology: University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="cor1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text><ce:italic>Correspondence to:</ce:italic> R.E. Peterson, School of Pharmacy, 425 N. Charter St., University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A.</ce:text></ce:correspondence><ce:footnote id="fn1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:note-para>Present address: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 818, National Fisheries Research Center. LaCrosse, WI 54602, U.S.A.</ce:note-para></ce:footnote></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="31" month="7" year="1991"></ce:date-received><ce:date-accepted day="19" month="9" year="1991"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract id="ab1" class="author" xml:lang="en"><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>To characterize the risk that polychlorinated dibenzo-<ce:italic>p</ce:italic>-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) pose to salmonid early life stage survival, we developed a method to expose rainbow trout (<ce:italic>Oncorhynchus mykiss</ce:italic>) eggs to graded doses of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB congeners, using 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-<ce:italic>p</ce:italic>-dioxin (TCDD) as a prototype. Rainbow trout eggs were injected 24–50 h post-fertil ization with 0.2 μl of 50 mM phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes (control) or 0.2 μl of 5–7 graded doses of TCDD incorporated into 50 mM PC liposomes. Injection volume never exceeded 0.6% egg volume. Immediately following injection, the injection site was sealed with Super glue<ce:sup>R</ce:sup>, resulting in 92–97% of TCDD dose retained by the egg. Following both egg injection and waterborne egg exposure. TCDD toxicity in rainbow trout was manifested by half-hatching mortality but predominantly by sac fry mortality associated with hemorrhages, pericardial edema, and yolk sac edema. TCDD LD<ce:inf>50</ce:inf>s, following injection and waterborne exposure of rainbow trout eggs, were 421 (331–489) and 439 (346–519) pg TCDD/g egg (LD<ce:inf>50</ce:inf>, 95% fiducial limits), respectively. As in rainbow trout, TCDD toxicity in lake trout (<ce:italic>Salvelinus namaycush</ce:italic>) following the same two routes of exposure was manifested by half-hatching mortality but predominantly by sac fry mortality preceded by hemorrhages and yolk sac edema. LD<ce:inf>50</ce:inf>s, based on the dose of TCDD in lake trout eggs, were 47 (21–65) and 65 (60–71) pg/g following injection and waterborne exposure, respectively. The egg injection method is ideal for assessing the relationship between early life stage mortality in rainbow trout and graded egg doses of individual PCDD, PCDF, or PCB congeners.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords class="keyword"><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-<ce:italic>p</ce:italic>-dioxin</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Microinjection</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Rainbow trout</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Early life stage</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>PCB</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>TCDD</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head><tail><ce:bibliography><ce:section-title>References</ce:section-title><ce:bibliography-sec><ce:bib-reference id="bib1"><ce:label>Abbott, 1925</ce:label><sb:reference><sb:contribution><sb:authors><sb:author><ce:surname>Abbott</ce:surname><ce:given-name>W.S.</ce:given-name></sb:author></sb:authors><sb:title><sb:maintitle>A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide</sb:maintitle></sb:title></sb:contribution><sb:host><sb:issue><sb:series><sb:title><sb:maintitle>J. 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Sci. Technol.</sb:maintitle></sb:title><sb:volume-nr>23</sb:volume-nr></sb:series><sb:date>1989</sb:date></sb:issue><sb:pages><sb:first-page>730</sb:first-page><sb:last-page>735</sb:last-page></sb:pages></sb:host></sb:reference></ce:bib-reference></ce:bibliography-sec></ce:bibliography></tail></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.5"><titleInfo lang="eng"><title>An egg injection method for assessing early life stage mortality of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss)</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="eng"><title></title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Mary K.</namePart><namePart type="family">Walker</namePart><affiliation>Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Present address: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 818, National Fisheries Research Center. LaCrosse, WI 54602, U.S.A.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Lawrence C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Hufnagle, Jr.</namePart><affiliation>School of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Murray K.</namePart><namePart type="family">Clayton</namePart><affiliation>Departments of Statistics and Plant Pathology: University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Richard E.</namePart><namePart type="family">Peterson</namePart><affiliation>Correspondence to: R.E. Peterson, School of Pharmacy, 425 N. Charter St., University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A.</affiliation><affiliation>Environmental Toxicology Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</affiliation><affiliation>School of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1992</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">1991-07-31</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">1991-09-19</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1992</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="eng">To characterize the risk that polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) pose to salmonid early life stage survival, we developed a method to expose rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs to graded doses of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB congeners, using 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) as a prototype. Rainbow trout eggs were injected 24–50 h post-fertil ization with 0.2 μl of 50 mM phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes (control) or 0.2 μl of 5–7 graded doses of TCDD incorporated into 50 mM PC liposomes. Injection volume never exceeded 0.6% egg volume. Immediately following injection, the injection site was sealed with Super glueR, resulting in 92–97% of TCDD dose retained by the egg. Following both egg injection and waterborne egg exposure. TCDD toxicity in rainbow trout was manifested by half-hatching mortality but predominantly by sac fry mortality associated with hemorrhages, pericardial edema, and yolk sac edema. TCDD LD50s, following injection and waterborne exposure of rainbow trout eggs, were 421 (331–489) and 439 (346–519) pg TCDD/g egg (LD50, 95% fiducial limits), respectively. As in rainbow trout, TCDD toxicity in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) following the same two routes of exposure was manifested by half-hatching mortality but predominantly by sac fry mortality preceded by hemorrhages and yolk sac edema. LD50s, based on the dose of TCDD in lake trout eggs, were 47 (21–65) and 65 (60–71) pg/g following injection and waterborne exposure, respectively. The egg injection method is ideal for assessing the relationship between early life stage mortality in rainbow trout and graded egg doses of individual PCDD, PCDF, or PCB congeners. </abstract><subject lang="eng"><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin</topic><topic>Microinjection</topic><topic>Rainbow trout</topic><topic>Early life stage</topic><topic>PCB</topic><topic>TCDD</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Aquatic Toxicology</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>AQTOX</title></titleInfo><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">199202</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0166-445X</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0166-445X(00)X0140-3</identifier><part><date>1992</date><detail type="volume"><number>22</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>1</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>1</start><end>79</end></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="bib1"><titleInfo><title>A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">W.S.</namePart><namePart type="family">Abbott</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><note>Abbott, 1925</note><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>J. 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Sci. Technol.</title></titleInfo><part><date>1989</date><detail type="volume"><number>23</number></detail></part></relatedItem><part><extent unit="pages"><start>730</start><end>735</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">ECE7E904E4C3A54ACBF5C2B75F91AD53540CE77F</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/0166-445X(92)90033-J</identifier><identifier type="PII">0166-445X(92)90033-J</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">90033</identifier><part><extent unit="pages"><start>15</start><end>37</end></extent></part><recordInfo><recordOrigin>ELSEVIER</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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