Use of statistical and GIS techniques to assess and predict concentrations of heavy metals in soils of Lahore City, Pakistan.
Identifieur interne : 000068 ( PubMed/Curation ); précédent : 000067; suivant : 000069Use of statistical and GIS techniques to assess and predict concentrations of heavy metals in soils of Lahore City, Pakistan.
Auteurs : Nayab Alam [Pakistan] ; Sajid Rashid Ahmad [Pakistan] ; Abdul Qadir [Pakistan] ; Muhammad Imran Ashraf [Pakistan] ; Calvin Lakhan [Canada] ; V Chris Lakhan [Canada]Source :
- Environmental monitoring and assessment [ 1573-2959 ] ; 2015.
Descripteurs français
- Wicri :
- geographic : Pakistan.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , analysis : Metals, Heavy, Soil Pollutants.
- geographic : Pakistan.
- methods : Environmental Monitoring.
- statistics & numerical data : Environmental Monitoring.
- Agriculture, Cities, Forecasting, Geographic Information Systems, Industry, Spatial Analysis, Spectrophotometry, Atomic, Urbanization.
Abstract
Soils from different land use areas in Lahore City, Pakistan, were analyzed for concentrations of heavy metals-cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb). One hundred one samples were randomly collected from six land use areas categorized as park, commercial, agricultural, residential, urban, and industrial. Each sample was analyzed in the laboratory with the tri-acid digestion method. Metal concentrations in each sample were obtained with the use of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The statistical techniques of analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis were used to analyze all data. In addition, kriging, a geostatistical procedure supported by ArcGIS, was used to model and predict the spatial concentrations of the four heavy metals-Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb. The results demonstrated significant correlation among the heavy metals in the urban and industrial areas. The dendogram, and the results associated with the cluster analysis, indicated that the agricultural, commercial, and park areas had high concentrations of Cr, Ni, and Pb. High concentrations of Cd and Ni were also observed in the residential and industrial areas, respectively. The maximum concentrations of both Cd and Pb exceeded world toxic limit values. The kriging method demonstrated increasing spatial diffusion of both Cd and Pb concentrations throughout and beyond the Lahore City area.
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4855-1
PubMed: 26391490
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Lahore, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmad, Sajid Rashid" sort="Ahmad, Sajid Rashid" uniqKey="Ahmad S" first="Sajid Rashid" last="Ahmad">Sajid Rashid Ahmad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qadir, Abdul" sort="Qadir, Abdul" uniqKey="Qadir A" first="Abdul" last="Qadir">Abdul Qadir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ashraf, Muhammad Imran" sort="Ashraf, Muhammad Imran" uniqKey="Ashraf M" first="Muhammad Imran" last="Ashraf">Muhammad Imran Ashraf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lakhan, Calvin" sort="Lakhan, Calvin" uniqKey="Lakhan C" first="Calvin" last="Lakhan">Calvin Lakhan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geography, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geography, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lakhan, V Chris" sort="Lakhan, V Chris" uniqKey="Lakhan V" first="V Chris" last="Lakhan">V Chris Lakhan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada. lakan@uwindsor.ca.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Environmental monitoring and assessment</title><idno type="eISSN">1573-2959</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Agriculture</term><term>Cities</term><term>Environmental Monitoring (methods)</term><term>Environmental Monitoring (statistics & 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Atomic</term><term>Urbanization</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Pakistan</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Soils from different land use areas in Lahore City, Pakistan, were analyzed for concentrations of heavy metals-cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb). One hundred one samples were randomly collected from six land use areas categorized as park, commercial, agricultural, residential, urban, and industrial. Each sample was analyzed in the laboratory with the tri-acid digestion method. Metal concentrations in each sample were obtained with the use of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The statistical techniques of analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis were used to analyze all data. In addition, kriging, a geostatistical procedure supported by ArcGIS, was used to model and predict the spatial concentrations of the four heavy metals-Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb. The results demonstrated significant correlation among the heavy metals in the urban and industrial areas. The dendogram, and the results associated with the cluster analysis, indicated that the agricultural, commercial, and park areas had high concentrations of Cr, Ni, and Pb. High concentrations of Cd and Ni were also observed in the residential and industrial areas, respectively. The maximum concentrations of both Cd and Pb exceeded world toxic limit values. The kriging method demonstrated increasing spatial diffusion of both Cd and Pb concentrations throughout and beyond the Lahore City area.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26391490</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2015</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>25</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>05</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2015</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>25</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1573-2959</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>187</Volume><Issue>10</Issue><PubDate><Year>2015</Year><Month>Oct</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Environmental monitoring and assessment</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Environ Monit Assess</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Use of statistical and GIS techniques to assess and predict concentrations of heavy metals in soils of Lahore City, Pakistan.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>636</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1007/s10661-015-4855-1</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Soils from different land use areas in Lahore City, Pakistan, were analyzed for concentrations of heavy metals-cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb). One hundred one samples were randomly collected from six land use areas categorized as park, commercial, agricultural, residential, urban, and industrial. Each sample was analyzed in the laboratory with the tri-acid digestion method. Metal concentrations in each sample were obtained with the use of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The statistical techniques of analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis were used to analyze all data. In addition, kriging, a geostatistical procedure supported by ArcGIS, was used to model and predict the spatial concentrations of the four heavy metals-Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb. The results demonstrated significant correlation among the heavy metals in the urban and industrial areas. The dendogram, and the results associated with the cluster analysis, indicated that the agricultural, commercial, and park areas had high concentrations of Cr, Ni, and Pb. High concentrations of Cd and Ni were also observed in the residential and industrial areas, respectively. The maximum concentrations of both Cd and Pb exceeded world toxic limit values. The kriging method demonstrated increasing spatial diffusion of both Cd and Pb concentrations throughout and beyond the Lahore City area.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alam</LastName><ForeName>Nayab</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ahmad</LastName><ForeName>Sajid Rashid</ForeName><Initials>SR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Qadir</LastName><ForeName>Abdul</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ashraf</LastName><ForeName>Muhammad Imran</ForeName><Initials>MI</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lakhan</LastName><ForeName>Calvin</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geography, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lakhan</LastName><ForeName>V Chris</ForeName><Initials>VC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada. lakan@uwindsor.ca.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2015</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>22</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country><MedlineTA>Environ Monit Assess</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>8508350</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0167-6369</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D019216">Metals, Heavy</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D012989">Soil Pollutants</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000383" MajorTopicYN="N">Agriculture</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002947" MajorTopicYN="N">Cities</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004784" MajorTopicYN="N">Environmental Monitoring</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000706" MajorTopicYN="Y">statistics & numerical data</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005544" MajorTopicYN="N">Forecasting</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D040362" MajorTopicYN="N">Geographic Information Systems</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007221" MajorTopicYN="N">Industry</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019216" MajorTopicYN="N">Metals, Heavy</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="Y">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010154" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Pakistan</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012989" MajorTopicYN="N">Soil Pollutants</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="Y">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D062206" MajorTopicYN="N">Spatial Analysis</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName 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