Comparative Assessment of Soil Contamination by Lead and Heavy Metals in Riparian and Agricultural Areas (Southern Québec, Canada)
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Auteurs : Diane Saint-Laurent [Canada] ; Marlies H Hni ; Julien St-Laurent ; Francis BarilSource :
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [ 1661-7827 ] ; 2010.
Abstract
Soils contaminated with hydrocarbons (C10–C50), PAHS, lead and other heavy metals were recently found in the banks of two major rivers in southern Québec. Alluvial soils are contaminated over a distance of 100 kilometers. Eight sampling sites, including some located in agriculture areas (farm woodlots) have been selected to compare air pollution (aerosol fallout and rainout) and river pollution values. The concentrations detected in soil profiles for As, Cd and Pb vary between 3.01 to 37.88 mg kg−1 (As), 0.11 to 0.81 mg kg−1 (Cd) 12.32 to 149.13 mg kg−1 (Pb). These metallic elements are considered highly toxic and can harm wildlife and human health at high levels. The maximum concentration of Pb (149.13 mg kg−1) in soils of the riparian zone is twelve times higher than the average Pb concentration found in a natural state evaluated at 15.3 mg kg−1 (SD 17.5). Pb concentrations in soils of agricultural areas (woodland control sites) range between 12 and 22 mg kg−1, and given that these values are recorded in surrounding cultivated land, the issue of the quality of agricultural products (crops and forage) to feed livestock or destined for human consumption must be further addressed in detail.
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DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7083100
PubMed: 20948950
PubMed Central: 2954571
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Comparative Assessment of Soil Contamination by Lead and Heavy Metals in Riparian and Agricultural Areas (Southern Québec, Canada)</title><author><name sortKey="Saint Laurent, Diane" sort="Saint Laurent, Diane" uniqKey="Saint Laurent D" first="Diane" last="Saint-Laurent">Diane Saint-Laurent</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-07-03100"> Géographie et Laboratoire de recherche en géomorphologie fluviale et sols, UQTR, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QCG9A 5H7, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea> Géographie et Laboratoire de recherche en géomorphologie fluviale et sols, UQTR, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QCG9A 5H7</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="H Hni, Marlies" sort="H Hni, Marlies" uniqKey="H Hni M" first="Marlies" last="H Hni">Marlies H Hni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-07-03100"> UQTR, Département de Chimie et Biologie, Sciences de l’Environnement, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; E-Mails:<email>Marlies.hähni@uqtr.ca</email> (M.H.);<email>francis.baril@uqtr.ca</email>(F.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="St Laurent, Julien" sort="St Laurent, Julien" uniqKey="St Laurent J" first="Julien" last="St-Laurent">Julien St-Laurent</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-07-03100"> Environnement et Développement durable, Ville de Trois-Rivières, C.P. 368, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H3, Canada; E-Mail:<email>julien.st-laurent@V3r.net</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baril, Francis" sort="Baril, Francis" uniqKey="Baril F" first="Francis" last="Baril">Francis Baril</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-07-03100"> UQTR, Département de Chimie et Biologie, Sciences de l’Environnement, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; E-Mails:<email>Marlies.hähni@uqtr.ca</email> (M.H.);<email>francis.baril@uqtr.ca</email>(F.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">20948950</idno><idno type="pmc">2954571</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2954571</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2954571</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/ijerph7083100</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000154</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000154</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000154</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000154</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Comparative Assessment of Soil Contamination by Lead and Heavy Metals in Riparian and Agricultural Areas (Southern Québec, Canada)</title><author><name sortKey="Saint Laurent, Diane" sort="Saint Laurent, Diane" uniqKey="Saint Laurent D" first="Diane" last="Saint-Laurent">Diane Saint-Laurent</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-07-03100"> Géographie et Laboratoire de recherche en géomorphologie fluviale et sols, UQTR, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QCG9A 5H7, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea> Géographie et Laboratoire de recherche en géomorphologie fluviale et sols, UQTR, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QCG9A 5H7</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="H Hni, Marlies" sort="H Hni, Marlies" uniqKey="H Hni M" first="Marlies" last="H Hni">Marlies H Hni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-07-03100"> UQTR, Département de Chimie et Biologie, Sciences de l’Environnement, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; E-Mails:<email>Marlies.hähni@uqtr.ca</email> (M.H.);<email>francis.baril@uqtr.ca</email>(F.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="St Laurent, Julien" sort="St Laurent, Julien" uniqKey="St Laurent J" first="Julien" last="St-Laurent">Julien St-Laurent</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-07-03100"> Environnement et Développement durable, Ville de Trois-Rivières, C.P. 368, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H3, Canada; E-Mail:<email>julien.st-laurent@V3r.net</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baril, Francis" sort="Baril, Francis" uniqKey="Baril F" first="Francis" last="Baril">Francis Baril</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-07-03100"> UQTR, Département de Chimie et Biologie, Sciences de l’Environnement, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; E-Mails:<email>Marlies.hähni@uqtr.ca</email> (M.H.);<email>francis.baril@uqtr.ca</email>(F.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1661-7827</idno><idno type="eISSN">1660-4601</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Soils contaminated with hydrocarbons (C<sub>10</sub>–C<sub>50</sub>), PAHS, lead and other heavy metals were recently found in the banks of two major rivers in southern Québec. Alluvial soils are contaminated over a distance of 100 kilometers. Eight sampling sites, including some located in agriculture areas (farm woodlots) have been selected to compare air pollution (aerosol fallout and rainout) and river pollution values. The concentrations detected in soil profiles for As, Cd and Pb vary between 3.01 to 37.88 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (As), 0.11 to 0.81 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (Cd) 12.32 to 149.13 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (Pb). These metallic elements are considered highly toxic and can harm wildlife and human health at high levels. The maximum concentration of Pb (149.13 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) in soils of the riparian zone is twelve times higher than the average Pb concentration found in a natural state evaluated at 15.3 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (SD 17.5). Pb concentrations in soils of agricultural areas (woodland control sites) range between 12 and 22 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, and given that these values are recorded in surrounding cultivated land, the issue of the quality of agricultural products (crops and forage) to feed livestock or destined for human consumption must be further addressed in detail.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Deniseger, J" uniqKey="Deniseger J">J Deniseger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kwong, Ytj" uniqKey="Kwong Y">YTJ Kwong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martin, Cw" uniqKey="Martin C">CW Martin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lim, M" uniqKey="Lim M">M Lim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Gc" uniqKey="Han G">GC Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahn, Jw" uniqKey="Ahn J">JW Ahn</name></author><author><name sortKey="You, 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">101238455</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1661-7827</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1660-4601</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">20948950</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2954571</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph7083100</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph-07-03100</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Comparative Assessment of Soil Contamination by Lead and Heavy Metals in Riparian and Agricultural Areas (Southern Québec, Canada)</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Saint-Laurent</surname><given-names>Diane</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-07-03100">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ijerph-07-03100">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hähni</surname><given-names>Marlies</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-07-03100">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>St-Laurent</surname><given-names>Julien</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijerph-07-03100">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baril</surname><given-names>Francis</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-07-03100">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijerph-07-03100"><label>1</label> Géographie et Laboratoire de recherche en géomorphologie fluviale et sols, UQTR, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QCG9A 5H7, Canada</aff><aff id="af2-ijerph-07-03100"><label>2</label> UQTR, Département de Chimie et Biologie, Sciences de l’Environnement, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; E-Mails:<email>Marlies.hähni@uqtr.ca</email> (M.H.);<email>francis.baril@uqtr.ca</email>(F.B.)</aff><aff id="af3-ijerph-07-03100"><label>3</label> Environnement et Développement durable, Ville de Trois-Rivières, C.P. 368, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H3, Canada; E-Mail:<email>julien.st-laurent@V3r.net</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijerph-07-03100"><label>*</label>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: <email>diane.saint-laurent@uqtr.ca</email>; Tel.: +1-819-376-5011 (ext. 3674); Fax: +1-819-376-5210.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>8</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>5</day><month>8</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>3100</fpage><lpage>3114</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>22</day><month>6</month><year>2010</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>29</day><month>7</month><year>2010</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>2</day><month>8</month><year>2010</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2010 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2010</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0"><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Soils contaminated with hydrocarbons (C<sub>10</sub>–C<sub>50</sub>), PAHS, lead and other heavy metals were recently found in the banks of two major rivers in southern Québec. Alluvial soils are contaminated over a distance of 100 kilometers. Eight sampling sites, including some located in agriculture areas (farm woodlots) have been selected to compare air pollution (aerosol fallout and rainout) and river pollution values. The concentrations detected in soil profiles for As, Cd and Pb vary between 3.01 to 37.88 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (As), 0.11 to 0.81 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (Cd) 12.32 to 149.13 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (Pb). These metallic elements are considered highly toxic and can harm wildlife and human health at high levels. The maximum concentration of Pb (149.13 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) in soils of the riparian zone is twelve times higher than the average Pb concentration found in a natural state evaluated at 15.3 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (SD 17.5). Pb concentrations in soils of agricultural areas (woodland control sites) range between 12 and 22 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, and given that these values are recorded in surrounding cultivated land, the issue of the quality of agricultural products (crops and forage) to feed livestock or destined for human consumption must be further addressed in detail.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>contamined soils</kwd><kwd>riparian and agricultural zones</kwd><kwd>abandoned mines</kwd><kwd>hydrocarbons-layer</kwd><kwd>lead and heavy metals</kwd><kwd>wildlife and human health</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-ijerph-07-03100" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Location of sampling sites of alluvial soils (riparian area) and soils in agricultural areas (woodlots). Some sites are located in the St. Lawrence Lowlands and others in the Appalachian region.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijerph-07-03100f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-ijerph-07-03100" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p>(a) View from the landfill of the former Eustis mine. The site serves as a pulp and paper waste disposal and storage site. (b) High concentrations of residual iron and other tailings on a riverbank of Massawippi River near Eustis mine, Southern Québec (Photos by D. Saint-Laurent, 2005).</p><p>(a) Former Eustis mine (b) Bank (left) of Massawippi River</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijerph-07-03100f2"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-ijerph-07-03100" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>Means, medians, standard deviations and ranges for the properties of the soil samples.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Range</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(n = 74) pH CaCl<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.15</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.31</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.45–7.09</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Organic C (% dry soil)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.37</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05–1.56</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Texture analysis (SCWG) (n = 27)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diameter (mm)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sand (2.0–0.10) (%)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.8</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.6</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.1</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.6–94.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Silt (0.10–0.05) (%)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.2</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.2</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.6</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3–52.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clay (≤0.002 (%)</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.1</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.3</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.2</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4–25.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="bottom" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="bottom" colspan="5" rowspan="1"> Eolian deposits (≥90% of sand)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-ijerph-07-03100" position="float"><label>Table 2.</label><caption><p>General geochemical characteristics of the soil samples collected in some sectors (RIC, STE, WIN, MAS, WEN, CLO). The total concentrations of various metals were determined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unit (mg kg<sup>−1</sup>)</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Max. values</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Min. values</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25th percentile</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75th percentile</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>38</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.59</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.21</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.32</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al*</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,000</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 600</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 640</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,250</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,300</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 025</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>120</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>149</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.46</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1,500</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">146.8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111.0</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ijerph-07-03100"><p>The values of Al were calculated on 12 soil samples. The values in bold exceed level A of the MDDEP’s generic criteria of contaminated soils [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18-ijerph-07-03100">18</xref>].</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-ijerph-07-03100" position="float"><label>Table 3.</label><caption><p>Concentration of heavy metals for different soil samples collected in riparian areas (Ulverton, Richmond, Windsor and Massawippi areas). The total concentrations of the various metals were determined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unit (mg kg <sup>−1</sup>) Area/Site</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Richmond (RIC)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ulverton (ULV)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">STO-1-3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,600</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">STO-10-6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">440</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RIC-2-8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,800</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RIC-3-8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,000</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RIC-9-8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,100</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">STE-8-6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,200</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">130</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">STO-13-6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">STO-15-6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">130</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,500</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Windsor (WIN)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WIN-2-8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,400</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WIN-3-8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,000</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">STE-1-3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">STE-10-6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Massawippi (MAS)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MAS-13-3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,200</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MAS-13-8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,300</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A level<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijerph-07-03100">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B level</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C level</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">800</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,000</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,500</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn2-ijerph-07-03100"><label>*</label><p>Generic criteria (A, B and C levels) used for classification of contaminated soils [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18-ijerph-07-03100">18</xref>]; ND : Not Detected.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-ijerph-07-03100" position="float"><label>Table 4.</label><caption><p>Concentration of heavy metals in riparian and agricultural zones. The data represent the values obtained for soil samples (<italic>n</italic> = 18) collected in the subsurface horizons (0–20 cm).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1">Riparian zone (RIC-1, RIC-2, RIC-9,WIN-2, WIN-3, MAS-1, MAS-6)</th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1">Agricultural zone (Farm woodlots) (WEN-1, CLO-1, SNI-1)</th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Max.</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Min.</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Max.</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Min.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unit (mg kg<sup>−1</sup>)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.82</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,266</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,100</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,000</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,800</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,000</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,600</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.97</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" valign="top" 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