Drivers of change in global agriculture
Identifieur interne : 000095 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000094; suivant : 000096Drivers of change in global agriculture
Auteurs : Peter Hazell ; Stanley WoodSource :
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences [ 0962-8436 ] ; 2007.
Abstract
As a result of agricultural intensification, more food is produced today than needed to feed the entire world population and at prices that have never been so low. Yet despite this success and the impact of globalization and increasing world trade in agriculture, there remain large, persistent and, in some cases, worsening spatial differences in the ability of societies to both feed themselves and protect the long-term productive capacity of their natural resources. This paper explores these differences and develops a country×farming systems typology for exploring the linkages between human needs, agriculture and the environment, and for assessing options for addressing future food security, land use and ecosystem service challenges facing different societies around the world.
Url:
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2166
PubMed: 17656343
PubMed Central: 2610166
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Drivers of change in global agriculture</title><author><name sortKey="Hazell, Peter" sort="Hazell, Peter" uniqKey="Hazell P" first="Peter" last="Hazell">Peter Hazell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College</institution><addr-line>Wye Campus, Kent TN25 5AH, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, Stanley" sort="Wood, Stanley" uniqKey="Wood S" first="Stanley" last="Wood">Stanley Wood</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>International Food Policy Research Institute</institution><addr-line>Washington, DC 20006-1002, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">17656343</idno><idno type="pmc">2610166</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610166</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2610166</idno><idno type="doi">10.1098/rstb.2007.2166</idno><date when="2007">2007</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000095</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000095</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Drivers of change in global agriculture</title><author><name sortKey="Hazell, Peter" sort="Hazell, Peter" uniqKey="Hazell P" first="Peter" last="Hazell">Peter Hazell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College</institution><addr-line>Wye Campus, Kent TN25 5AH, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, Stanley" sort="Wood, Stanley" uniqKey="Wood S" first="Stanley" last="Wood">Stanley Wood</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>International Food Policy Research Institute</institution><addr-line>Washington, DC 20006-1002, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</title><idno type="ISSN">0962-8436</idno><idno type="eISSN">1471-2970</idno><imprint><date when="2007">2007</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>As a result of agricultural intensification, more food is produced today than needed to feed the entire world population and at prices that have never been so low. Yet despite this success and the impact of globalization and increasing world trade in agriculture, there remain large, persistent and, in some cases, worsening spatial differences in the ability of societies to both feed themselves and protect the long-term productive capacity of their natural resources. This paper explores these differences and develops a country×farming systems typology for exploring the linkages between human needs, agriculture and the environment, and for assessing options for addressing future food security, land use and ecosystem service challenges facing different societies around the world.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="EN"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RSTB</journal-id><journal-title>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0962-8436</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1471-2970</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Royal Society</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">17656343</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2610166</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">rstb20072166</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1098/rstb.2007.2166</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Drivers of change in global agriculture</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hazell</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wood</surname><given-names>Stanley</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution>Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College</institution><addr-line>Wye Campus, Kent TN25 5AH, UK</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution>International Food Policy Research Institute</institution><addr-line>Washington, DC 20006-1002, USA</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>Author for correspondence (<email>p.hazell@imperial.ac.uk</email>)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>7</month><year>2007</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>12</day><month>2</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><volume>363</volume><issue>1491</issue><issue-title>Theme Issue ‘Sustainable agriculture I’ compiled by Chris Pollock, Jules Pretty, Ian Crute, Chris Leaver and Howard Dalton</issue-title><fpage>495</fpage><lpage>515</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2007 The Royal Society</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2007</copyright-year></permissions><abstract xml:lang="EN"><p>As a result of agricultural intensification, more food is produced today than needed to feed the entire world population and at prices that have never been so low. Yet despite this success and the impact of globalization and increasing world trade in agriculture, there remain large, persistent and, in some cases, worsening spatial differences in the ability of societies to both feed themselves and protect the long-term productive capacity of their natural resources. This paper explores these differences and develops a country×farming systems typology for exploring the linkages between human needs, agriculture and the environment, and for assessing options for addressing future food security, land use and ecosystem service challenges facing different societies around the world.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>sustainable development</kwd><kwd>agricultural development</kwd><kwd>world food situation</kwd><kwd>natural resource management</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-wrap><fig id="fig1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Global trends in food production and prices (index 1961–2005). Data from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib27">FAOSTAT (2006)</xref>, IMF Yearbooks and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib88">World Bank (2005)</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="rstb20072166f01"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Global trends in the intensification of crop production (index 1961–2002/2005). Adapted from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib9">Cassman & Wood (2005)</xref>, updated from FAOSTAT (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib27">2006</xref>; tractor and fertilizer data to 2002, land use to 2003, production to 2005).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="rstb20072166f02"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Index of total agricultural output <italic>per capita</italic> by region (index 1961–2005). Adapted from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib27">FAOSTAT (2006)</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="rstb20072166f03"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Global trends in cereal yield by region (1961–2005). Adapted from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib27">FAOSTAT (2006)</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="rstb20072166f04"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tbl1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Trends in population, cropland and major commodity production (1963–2002). (Source: authors from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib27">FAOSTAT (2006)</xref>. Perm, permanent.)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" colspan="1" align="left" rowspan="1">growth(%)</th><th valign="bottom" colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1">annual growth rates (% per yr)</th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th><th valign="bottom" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1963</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2002</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1963–2002</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1963–1976</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1976–1989</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1989–2002</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7" rowspan="1"><italic>population (thousands)</italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">total</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 203 500</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 224 978</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.3</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.01</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.73</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.42</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">urban</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 092 165</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 979 757</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">172.8</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.75</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.74</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.30</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">rural</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 111 338</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 245 232</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.7</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.60</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" rowspan="1"><italic>cropland (1000 ha)</italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">arable and perm cropland</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 368 097</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 534 466</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.2</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> arable land</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 288 097</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 404 052</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.39</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> perm crops</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">76 624</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">130 257</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.6</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.32</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.26</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">irrigated cropland</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">144 501</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">276 719</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.5</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.28</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.52</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">perm pasture</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 160 724</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 485 339</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.3</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" rowspan="1"><italic>production (1000 Mt)</italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">cereals</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 898 917</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 057 886</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">113.7</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.14</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.85</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">oil crops</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 917</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">228 180</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">308.1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.06</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.28</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.90</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">fruits and vegetables</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">820 825</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 557 890</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">214.1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.45</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.88</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.98</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">poultry meat</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 507</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">149 225</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">665.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.84</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.02</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.27</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">milk</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">688 591</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 203 481</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.8</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.64</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">pig meat</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 035</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">190 789</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">240.5</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.27</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.80</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.59</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">bovine meat</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 961</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">121 842</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.5</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.86</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.12</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Summary of global, country and local scale drivers of agricultural change. Source: authors (Importance: 0, very low; +, low–medium; ++, high. Trend: −−, strongly declining/negative; −, declining/negative; 0, stable; +, increasing/positive; ++, strongly increasing/positive; ‘/’ indicates a range (reflecting both an observed range but also uncertainty). S&T, science and technology; LDC, less-developed country; R&D, research and development.)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">drivers</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">importance</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">trend</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">remarks</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><italic>global-scale drivers</italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">international trade and globalization of markets</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">greater role of trade; vertical integration and market power; higher quality foods</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">world prices for agricultural products</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−−/0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">long-term decline in prices; benefits consumers; squeezes small farmers</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">OECD agricultural support</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/−</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">over supply, further reduces prices; limits markets for LDC farmers</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">climate change: variability/extremes and trends</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−/+</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">increasing variability/unpredictability; greater negative impacts in tropics</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">high energy prices</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">increase food costs, promote bio-fuel crops (perhaps increasing food price further)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">globalization and privatization of agricultural science</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">increasing private sector role and IP for new science (e.g. biotechnology)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><italic>country-scale drivers</italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>per capita</italic> income growth</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−/++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">driver of expansion of food demand, investment assets (including human capital)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">urbanization</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">alters food demand (more processed, fast food, oils, sugars and less home cooking)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">commercializing/shortening market chains</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">greater consolidation; supermarkets; stricter price, volume, quality and timing norms</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">shifts in public policy: (i) agricultural support</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">LDC removal of state support (liberalization); hurt marginal/remote farmers</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(ii) investments in agricultural S&T, extension, credit</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−/+</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">public retreat from funding R&D, extension and other service provision</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">security: financial/business and conflict/crisis</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−/+</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">climate for business and household investment; migration/re-settlement pressures</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">increasing water scarcities</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">water shortages within river basins and depleted groundwater and aquifers will curtail irrigated agriculture in many countries if not addressed soon</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><italic>local-scale drivers</italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">poverty</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−/+</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">aggregate declining; but growing in some LDC's; forces short-term perspectives</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">population pressure and demographic structure</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−/++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">growth negative/declining in many rich countries; positive/declining many LDCs</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">health (food production and consumption related)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−/+</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">malnourishment, obesity, HIV/AIDS, malaria; zoonoses; pesticide exposure, etc.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">technology design</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−/+</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">fitness for purpose (productivity, sustainability, profitability) often poor</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">property rights</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−/+</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">absent/adverse property rights promote resource exploitation and underinvestment</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">condition and capacity of natural resources (on-site)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−−/+</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">on-site/off-site impact of residues greater in high-input systems</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(externalities)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">−−/0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">externalities from resource degradation and agricultural expansion in low-input systems</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">infrastructure and market access</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">improves access to services, inputs, technologies as well as to output markets</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">non-farm opportunities</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">++</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/+</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">investment source; enable part-time farming and exit from agriculture</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Development indicators by country income group.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">indicator</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">units</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">average 2000–2002</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">growth 1961–2002 (% per yr)</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">growth 1992–2002 (% per yr)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><italic>high-income countries (HICs)</italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GDP <italic>per capita</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US$(2000)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 086</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.84</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.47</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agricultural GDP in total GDP</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.08</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.95</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">total population</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">943 571</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">rural population</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">211 445</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.41</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.44</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">urban population</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">732 127</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.24</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agricultural population</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">34 191</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.28</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.74</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agricultural labour force</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 939</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.83</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.43</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">arable and permanent cropland</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000 ha</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">371 738</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.25</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">irrigated land</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000 ha</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">43 366</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.23</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N fertilizer per ha cropland</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">kg ha<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.30</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">average cereal yield</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">kg ha<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4802</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.79</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.31</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><italic>middle-income countries (MICs)</italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GDP <italic>per capita</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US$(2000)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1763</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.09</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.71</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agricultural GDP in total GDP</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.4</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.82</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.24</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">total population</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 978 142</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.17</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">rural population</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 442 105</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.08</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.18</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">urban population</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 536 038</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.98</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.46</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agricultural population</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 274 616</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.17</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agricultural labour force</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">710 147</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.40</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">arable and permanent cropland</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000 ha</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">741 755</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.76</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.23</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">irrigated land</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000 ha</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">130 393</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N fertilizer per ha cropland</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">kg ha<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.31</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.70</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">average cereal yield</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">kg ha<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3162</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.21</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.68</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><italic>low-income countries (LICs</italic>)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GDP <italic>per capita</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">US$(2000)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">412</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.70</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.62</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agricultural GDP in total GDP</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.2</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.45</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.78</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">total population</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 234 481</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.49</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.25</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">rural population</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 575 585</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.49</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.25</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">urban population</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">658 896</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.04</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.42</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agricultural population</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 271 802</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.75</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.43</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agricultural labour force</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">598 323</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">arable and permanent cropland</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000 ha</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">417 953</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">irrigated land</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000 ha</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">102 145</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.30</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.36</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N fertilizer per ha cropland</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">kg ha<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.95</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.15</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">average cereal yield</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">kg ha<sup>−1</sup></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2029</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.96</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.52</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Agricultural domain rural populations (millions of people). Source: authors calculations based on rural populations from the Global Rural/Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib10">CIESIN 2006</xref>). (<sup>*</sup>Other includes extensive grazing lands that fall outside of the global extent of agriculture as defined based on satellite and climate data and areas where satellite and climate data are not available (e.g. islands, some coastal areas).)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">agricultural productivity group</th><th valign="bottom" colspan="6" align="left" rowspan="1">income group</th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OECD/high</th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">middle</th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">low</th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">irrigated agriculture</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.7</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.1%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">534.1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.8%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">649.1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.2%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1208.4</td></tr><tr><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.2%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.2%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.3%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">High-potential rainfed agriculture</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.4</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.4%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">373.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.1%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">351.4</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">793.6</td></tr><tr><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.7%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.1%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">low-potential rainfed agriculture</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.4%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">470.7</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.2%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">404.4</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.8%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">926.8</td></tr><tr><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.1%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.8%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.6%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">total (agriculture)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">144.1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1377.8</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1404.9</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2928.8</td></tr><tr><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.9%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">other<sup>*</sup></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">333.0</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">total</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3261.8</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl5" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Agricultural domain areas (1000 km<sup>2</sup>). Source: authors.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">agricultural productivity group</th><th valign="bottom" colspan="6" align="left" rowspan="1">income group</th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OECD/high</th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">middle</th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">low</th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">irrigated agriculture</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1307</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3284</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2193</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">6783</td></tr><tr><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.2%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.6%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.3%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.7%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.3%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">high-potential rainfed agriculture</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4236</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 884</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">6788</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 908</td></tr><tr><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.4%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.1%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.1%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.7%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.3%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.2%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.8%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">low-potential rainfed agriculture</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7254</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 068</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">9786</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 107</td></tr><tr><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.7%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.7%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.9%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.1%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.9%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">total</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 796</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">34 235</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 767</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">65 798</td></tr><tr><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.4%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.5%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0%</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl6" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Estimated value of crop and livestock production by agricultural domain (US$ million), 2003–2005. Source: authors. (Value of production is computed from the average annual production of FAO crop and livestock commodities/products for the period 2003–2005 and international prices for the period 1989/91—the most recent time for which a full set of compatible prices for all commodities was available. <sup>*</sup>Other includes extensive grazing lands that fall outside of the global extent of agriculture as defined using satellite and climate data as well as areas where satellite and climate data are not available (e.g. islands, some coastal areas). Afghanistan, Iraq and Somalia are not included due to lack of data for 2003–2005.)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">agricultural productivity group</th><th valign="bottom" colspan="6" align="left" rowspan="1">income group</th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">total</th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OECD/high</th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">middle</th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">low</th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">irrigated agriculture (IA)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 834</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.9%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">270 429</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.1%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">142 895</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.9%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">497 158</td></tr><tr><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.4%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.2%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.6%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">high-potential rainfed agriculture (HPRA)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">179 050</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.7%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">243 446</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.5%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 489</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.9%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">477 986</td></tr><tr><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.8%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.4%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.2%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">low-potential rainfed agriculture (LPRA)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">120 221</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.4%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">235 078</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.4%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">66 895</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.2%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">422 195</td></tr><tr><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.6%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.8%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.2%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">total (agriculture)</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">383 104</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">748 954</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">265 279</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1397 339</td></tr><tr><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.4%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.6%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.0%</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0%</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">other<sup>*</sup></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">127 711</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">total</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1525 050</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl7" position="float"><label>Table 7</label><caption><p>Estimated value of agricultural production <italic>per capita</italic> of rural population and per unit of agricultural land, by agricultural domain (US$ per person and US$ per 1000 km<sup>2</sup>), early 2000s. Source: derived from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib4 bib5 bib6">tables 4–6</xref>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">agricultural productivity class</th><th valign="bottom" colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1">income group</th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">average</th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OECD/high</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">middle</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">low</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><italic>labour productivity</italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">irrigated agriculture</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3393</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">506</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">220</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">411</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">high-potential rainfed agriculture</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2618</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">653</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">158</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">602</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">low-potential rainfed agriculture</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2356</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">499</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">165</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">456</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">all systems</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2658</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">544</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">189</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">477</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><italic>land productivity</italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">irrigated agriculture</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.3</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.2</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">high-potential rainfed agriculture</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.3</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.5</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.2</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.8</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">low-potential rainfed agriculture</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.6</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.3</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.8</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.7</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">all systems</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.9</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.9</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.2</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl8" position="float"><label>Table 8</label><caption><p>Population density by agricultural domain (rural persons per 1000 km<sup>2</sup> of agricultural land). Source: authors.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">agricultural productivity group</th><th valign="bottom" colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1">income group</th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OECD/high</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">middle</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">low</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">irrigated agriculture</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 910</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">162 639</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">296 020</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">high-potential rainfed agriculture</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 146</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 389</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">51 771</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">low-potential rainfed agriculture</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7036</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 684</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 326</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl9" position="float"><label>Table 9</label><caption><p>Percent of agricultural extent area free of soil constraints. Source: authors.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">agricultural productivity group</th><th valign="bottom" colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1">income group</th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">total</th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OECD/high</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">upper-middle</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">low</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">irrigated</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.6</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.2</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">good rainfed</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.9</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.6</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.3</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">less-favoured rainfed</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.4</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.4</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">agricultural extent total</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.8</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.5</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.9</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">non-agricultural</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">total</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.7</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-wrap></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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