Comparison of Land, Water, and Energy Requirements of Lettuce Grown Using Hydroponic vs. Conventional Agricultural Methods
Identifieur interne : 000063 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000062; suivant : 000064Comparison of Land, Water, and Energy Requirements of Lettuce Grown Using Hydroponic vs. Conventional Agricultural Methods
Auteurs : Guilherme Lages Barbosa ; Francisca Daiane Almeida Gadelha ; Natalya Kublik ; Alan Proctor ; Lucas Reichelm ; Emily Weissinger ; Gregory M. Wohlleb ; Rolf U. Halden [États-Unis]Source :
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [ 1661-7827 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The land, water, and energy requirements of hydroponics were compared to those of conventional agriculture by example of lettuce production in Yuma, Arizona, USA. Data were obtained from crop budgets and governmental agricultural statistics, and contrasted with theoretical data for hydroponic lettuce production derived by using engineering equations populated with literature values. Yields of lettuce per greenhouse unit (815 m2) of 41 ± 6.1 kg/m2/y had water and energy demands of 20 ± 3.8 L/kg/y and 90,000 ± 11,000 kJ/kg/y (±standard deviation), respectively. In comparison, conventional production yielded 3.9 ± 0.21 kg/m2/y of produce, with water and energy demands of 250 ± 25 L/kg/y and 1100 ± 75 kJ/kg/y, respectively. Hydroponics offered 11 ± 1.7 times higher yields but required 82 ± 11 times more energy compared to conventionally produced lettuce. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first quantitative comparison of conventional and hydroponic produce production by example of lettuce grown in the southwestern United States. It identified energy availability as a major factor in assessing the sustainability of hydroponics, and it points to water-scarce settings offering an abundance of renewable energy (e.g., from solar, geothermal, or wind power) as particularly attractive regions for hydroponic agriculture.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120606879
PubMed: 26086708
PubMed Central: 4483736
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E-Mails:<email>glagesba@asu.edu</email> (G.L.B.);<email>falmeida@asu.edu</email> (F.D.A.G.);<email>Natalyaemmanuely.Mohrkublik@asu.edu</email> (N.K.);<email>ajprocto@asu.edu</email> (A.P.);<email>lreichel@asu.edu</email> (L.R.);<email>eweissin@asu.edu</email> (E.W.);<email>gwohlleb@asu.edu</email> (G.W.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Almeida Gadelha, Francisca Daiane" sort="Almeida Gadelha, Francisca Daiane" uniqKey="Almeida Gadelha F" first="Francisca Daiane" last="Almeida Gadelha">Francisca Daiane Almeida Gadelha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-12-06879">School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5904, USA; E-Mails:<email>glagesba@asu.edu</email> (G.L.B.);<email>falmeida@asu.edu</email> (F.D.A.G.);<email>Natalyaemmanuely.Mohrkublik@asu.edu</email> (N.K.);<email>ajprocto@asu.edu</email> (A.P.);<email>lreichel@asu.edu</email> (L.R.);<email>eweissin@asu.edu</email> (E.W.);<email>gwohlleb@asu.edu</email> (G.W.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kublik, Natalya" sort="Kublik, Natalya" uniqKey="Kublik N" first="Natalya" last="Kublik">Natalya Kublik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-12-06879">School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5904, USA; E-Mails:<email>glagesba@asu.edu</email> (G.L.B.);<email>falmeida@asu.edu</email> (F.D.A.G.);<email>Natalyaemmanuely.Mohrkublik@asu.edu</email> (N.K.);<email>ajprocto@asu.edu</email> (A.P.);<email>lreichel@asu.edu</email> (L.R.);<email>eweissin@asu.edu</email> (E.W.);<email>gwohlleb@asu.edu</email> (G.W.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Proctor, Alan" sort="Proctor, Alan" uniqKey="Proctor A" first="Alan" last="Proctor">Alan Proctor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-12-06879">School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5904, USA; E-Mails:<email>glagesba@asu.edu</email> (G.L.B.);<email>falmeida@asu.edu</email> (F.D.A.G.);<email>Natalyaemmanuely.Mohrkublik@asu.edu</email> (N.K.);<email>ajprocto@asu.edu</email> (A.P.);<email>lreichel@asu.edu</email> (L.R.);<email>eweissin@asu.edu</email> (E.W.);<email>gwohlleb@asu.edu</email> (G.W.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reichelm, Lucas" sort="Reichelm, Lucas" uniqKey="Reichelm L" first="Lucas" last="Reichelm">Lucas Reichelm</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-12-06879">School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5904, USA; E-Mails:<email>glagesba@asu.edu</email> (G.L.B.);<email>falmeida@asu.edu</email> (F.D.A.G.);<email>Natalyaemmanuely.Mohrkublik@asu.edu</email> (N.K.);<email>ajprocto@asu.edu</email> (A.P.);<email>lreichel@asu.edu</email> (L.R.);<email>eweissin@asu.edu</email> (E.W.);<email>gwohlleb@asu.edu</email> (G.W.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weissinger, Emily" sort="Weissinger, Emily" uniqKey="Weissinger E" first="Emily" last="Weissinger">Emily Weissinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-12-06879">School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5904, USA; E-Mails:<email>glagesba@asu.edu</email> (G.L.B.);<email>falmeida@asu.edu</email> (F.D.A.G.);<email>Natalyaemmanuely.Mohrkublik@asu.edu</email> (N.K.);<email>ajprocto@asu.edu</email> (A.P.);<email>lreichel@asu.edu</email> (L.R.);<email>eweissin@asu.edu</email> (E.W.);<email>gwohlleb@asu.edu</email> (G.W.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wohlleb, Gregory M" sort="Wohlleb, Gregory M" uniqKey="Wohlleb G" first="Gregory M." last="Wohlleb">Gregory M. Wohlleb</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-12-06879">School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5904, USA; E-Mails:<email>glagesba@asu.edu</email> (G.L.B.);<email>falmeida@asu.edu</email> (F.D.A.G.);<email>Natalyaemmanuely.Mohrkublik@asu.edu</email> (N.K.);<email>ajprocto@asu.edu</email> (A.P.);<email>lreichel@asu.edu</email> (L.R.);<email>eweissin@asu.edu</email> (E.W.);<email>gwohlleb@asu.edu</email> (G.W.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halden, Rolf U" sort="Halden, Rolf U" uniqKey="Halden R" first="Rolf U." last="Halden">Rolf U. Halden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-12-06879">School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5904, USA; E-Mails:<email>glagesba@asu.edu</email> (G.L.B.);<email>falmeida@asu.edu</email> (F.D.A.G.);<email>Natalyaemmanuely.Mohrkublik@asu.edu</email> (N.K.);<email>ajprocto@asu.edu</email> (A.P.);<email>lreichel@asu.edu</email> (L.R.);<email>eweissin@asu.edu</email> (E.W.);<email>gwohlleb@asu.edu</email> (G.W.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-12-06879">Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 E. Terrace Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287-5904, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 E. Terrace Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287-5904</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Arizona</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1661-7827</idno><idno type="eISSN">1660-4601</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The land, water, and energy requirements of hydroponics were compared to those of conventional agriculture by example of lettuce production in Yuma, Arizona, USA. Data were obtained from crop budgets and governmental agricultural statistics, and contrasted with theoretical data for hydroponic lettuce production derived by using engineering equations populated with literature values. Yields of lettuce per greenhouse unit (815 m<sup>2</sup>) of 41 ± 6.1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>/y had water and energy demands of 20 ± 3.8 L/kg/y and 90,000 ± 11,000 kJ/kg/y (±standard deviation), respectively. In comparison, conventional production yielded 3.9 ± 0.21 kg/m<sup>2</sup>/y of produce, with water and energy demands of 250 ± 25 L/kg/y and 1100 ± 75 kJ/kg/y, respectively. Hydroponics offered 11 ± 1.7 times higher yields but required 82 ± 11 times more energy compared to conventionally produced lettuce. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first quantitative comparison of conventional and hydroponic produce production by example of lettuce grown in the southwestern United States. It identified energy availability as a major factor in assessing the sustainability of hydroponics, and it points to water-scarce settings offering an abundance of renewable energy (e.g., from solar, geothermal, or wind power) as particularly attractive regions for hydroponic agriculture.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Killebrew, K" uniqKey="Killebrew K">K. Killebrew</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolff, H" uniqKey="Wolff H">H. Wolff</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Walls, M" uniqKey="Walls M">M. Walls</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sacks, W J" uniqKey="Sacks W">W.J. Sacks</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brechner, M" uniqKey="Brechner M">M. Brechner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Both, A J" uniqKey="Both A">A.J. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1661-7827</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1660-4601</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26086708</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4483736</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph120606879</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph-12-06879</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Comparison of Land, Water, and Energy Requirements of Lettuce Grown Using Hydroponic <italic>vs.</italic> Conventional Agricultural Methods</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lages Barbosa</surname><given-names>Guilherme</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-12-06879">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Almeida Gadelha</surname><given-names>Francisca Daiane</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-12-06879">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kublik</surname><given-names>Natalya</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-12-06879">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Proctor</surname><given-names>Alan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-12-06879">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reichelm</surname><given-names>Lucas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-12-06879">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weissinger</surname><given-names>Emily</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-12-06879">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wohlleb</surname><given-names>Gregory M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-12-06879">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Halden</surname><given-names>Rolf U.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-12-06879">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-12-06879">2</xref><xref rid="c1-ijerph-12-06879" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Bhamidiammarri</surname><given-names>Rao</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Tota-Maharaj</surname><given-names>Kiran</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijerph-12-06879"><label>1</label>School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5904, USA; E-Mails:<email>glagesba@asu.edu</email> (G.L.B.);<email>falmeida@asu.edu</email> (F.D.A.G.);<email>Natalyaemmanuely.Mohrkublik@asu.edu</email> (N.K.);<email>ajprocto@asu.edu</email> (A.P.);<email>lreichel@asu.edu</email> (L.R.);<email>eweissin@asu.edu</email> (E.W.);<email>gwohlleb@asu.edu</email> (G.W.)</aff><aff id="af2-ijerph-12-06879"><label>2</label>Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, 781 E. Terrace Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287-5904, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijerph-12-06879"><label>*</label>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: <email>halden@asu.edu</email>; Tel.: +1-480-727-0893; Fax: +1-480-965-6603.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>6</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>6</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>6879</fpage><lpage>6891</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day><month>4</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>11</day><month>6</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The land, water, and energy requirements of hydroponics were compared to those of conventional agriculture by example of lettuce production in Yuma, Arizona, USA. Data were obtained from crop budgets and governmental agricultural statistics, and contrasted with theoretical data for hydroponic lettuce production derived by using engineering equations populated with literature values. Yields of lettuce per greenhouse unit (815 m<sup>2</sup>) of 41 ± 6.1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>/y had water and energy demands of 20 ± 3.8 L/kg/y and 90,000 ± 11,000 kJ/kg/y (±standard deviation), respectively. In comparison, conventional production yielded 3.9 ± 0.21 kg/m<sup>2</sup>/y of produce, with water and energy demands of 250 ± 25 L/kg/y and 1100 ± 75 kJ/kg/y, respectively. Hydroponics offered 11 ± 1.7 times higher yields but required 82 ± 11 times more energy compared to conventionally produced lettuce. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first quantitative comparison of conventional and hydroponic produce production by example of lettuce grown in the southwestern United States. It identified energy availability as a major factor in assessing the sustainability of hydroponics, and it points to water-scarce settings offering an abundance of renewable energy (e.g., from solar, geothermal, or wind power) as particularly attractive regions for hydroponic agriculture.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>agriculture</kwd><kwd>hydroponics</kwd><kwd>sustainability</kwd><kwd>water</kwd><kwd>energy</kwd><kwd>land use</kwd><kwd>lettuce</kwd><kwd>Arizona</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Arizona</li></region></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Almeida Gadelha, Francisca Daiane" sort="Almeida Gadelha, Francisca Daiane" uniqKey="Almeida Gadelha F" first="Francisca Daiane" last="Almeida Gadelha">Francisca Daiane Almeida Gadelha</name><name sortKey="Kublik, Natalya" sort="Kublik, Natalya" uniqKey="Kublik N" first="Natalya" last="Kublik">Natalya Kublik</name><name sortKey="Lages Barbosa, Guilherme" sort="Lages Barbosa, Guilherme" uniqKey="Lages Barbosa G" first="Guilherme" last="Lages Barbosa">Guilherme Lages Barbosa</name><name sortKey="Proctor, Alan" sort="Proctor, Alan" uniqKey="Proctor A" first="Alan" last="Proctor">Alan Proctor</name><name sortKey="Reichelm, Lucas" sort="Reichelm, Lucas" uniqKey="Reichelm L" first="Lucas" last="Reichelm">Lucas Reichelm</name><name sortKey="Weissinger, Emily" sort="Weissinger, Emily" uniqKey="Weissinger E" first="Emily" last="Weissinger">Emily Weissinger</name><name sortKey="Wohlleb, Gregory M" sort="Wohlleb, Gregory M" uniqKey="Wohlleb G" first="Gregory M." last="Wohlleb">Gregory M. Wohlleb</name></noCountry><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Arizona"><name sortKey="Halden, Rolf U" sort="Halden, Rolf U" uniqKey="Halden R" first="Rolf U." last="Halden">Rolf U. Halden</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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