Molecular Epidemiology of Rabies Viruses Circulating in Two Rabies Endemic Provinces of Laos, 2011–2012: Regional Diversity in Southeast Asia
Identifieur interne : 000546 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000545; suivant : 000547Molecular Epidemiology of Rabies Viruses Circulating in Two Rabies Endemic Provinces of Laos, 2011–2012: Regional Diversity in Southeast Asia
Auteurs : Kamruddin Ahmed [Japon] ; Phouvong Phommachanh [Laos] ; Phengphet Vorachith [Laos] ; Takashi Matsumoto [Japon] ; Pheophet Lamaningao [Japon] ; Daisuke Mori [Japon] ; Minako Takaki [Japon] ; Bounlom Douangngeun [Laos] ; Bounkhouang Khambounheuang [Laos] ; Akira Nishizono [Japon]Source :
- PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases [ 1935-2727 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Although rabies is endemic in Laos, genetic characterization of the viruses in this country is limited. There are growing concerns that development in the region may have increased transport of dog through Laos for regional dog meat consumption, and that this may cause spillover of the viruses from dogs brought here from other countries. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the current rabies situation and the genetic characteristics of rabies viruses currently circulating in Laos.
We determined the rate of rabies-positive samples by analyzing data from animal samples submitted to the Lao Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry’s National Animal Health Centre rabies laboratory from 2004 through 2011. Twenty-three rabies-positive samples were used for viral genetic characterization. Full genome sequencing was performed on two rabies viruses.
Rabies-positive samples increased substantially from 40.5% in 2004 to 60.2% in 2009 and continued at this level during the study period. More than 99% of the samples were from dogs, followed by cats and monkeys. Phylogenetic analyses showed that three rabies virus lineages belonging to the Southeast Asian cluster are currently circulating in Laos; these are closely related to viruses from Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. Lineages of the circulating Laos rabies viruses diverged from common ancestors as recently as 44.2 years and as much as 55.3 years ago, indicating periodic virus invasions.
There is an increasing trend of rabies in Laotian animals. Similar to other rabies-endemic countries, dogs are the main viral reservoir. Three viral lineages closely related to viruses from neighboring countries are currently circulating in Laos. Data provide evidence of periodic historic exchanges of the viruses with neighboring countries, but no recent invasion.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003645
PubMed: 25825907
PubMed Central: 4380407
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title>
<p>Although rabies is endemic in Laos, genetic characterization of the viruses in this country is limited. There are growing concerns that development in the region may have increased transport of dog through Laos for regional dog meat consumption, and that this may cause spillover of the viruses from dogs brought here from other countries. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the current rabies situation and the genetic characteristics of rabies viruses currently circulating in Laos.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title>
<p>We determined the rate of rabies-positive samples by analyzing data from animal samples submitted to the Lao Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry’s National Animal Health Centre rabies laboratory from 2004 through 2011. Twenty-three rabies-positive samples were used for viral genetic characterization. Full genome sequencing was performed on two rabies viruses.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title>
<p>Rabies-positive samples increased substantially from 40.5% in 2004 to 60.2% in 2009 and continued at this level during the study period. More than 99% of the samples were from dogs, followed by cats and monkeys. Phylogenetic analyses showed that three rabies virus lineages belonging to the Southeast Asian cluster are currently circulating in Laos; these are closely related to viruses from Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. Lineages of the circulating Laos rabies viruses diverged from common ancestors as recently as 44.2 years and as much as 55.3 years ago, indicating periodic virus invasions.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusion</title>
<p>There is an increasing trend of rabies in Laotian animals. Similar to other rabies-endemic countries, dogs are the main viral reservoir. Three viral lineages closely related to viruses from neighboring countries are currently circulating in Laos. Data provide evidence of periodic historic exchanges of the viruses with neighboring countries, but no recent invasion.</p>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosntds</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1935-2727</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1935-2735</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25825907</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4380407</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0003645</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PNTD-D-14-01680</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Molecular Epidemiology of Rabies Viruses Circulating in Two Rabies Endemic Provinces of Laos, 2011–2012: Regional Diversity in Southeast Asia</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Rabies Surveillance, Laos</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahmed</surname>
<given-names>Kamruddin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref rid="cor001" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Phommachanh</surname>
<given-names>Phouvong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vorachith</surname>
<given-names>Phengphet</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Matsumoto</surname>
<given-names>Takashi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lamaningao</surname>
<given-names>Pheophet</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mori</surname>
<given-names>Daisuke</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Takaki</surname>
<given-names>Minako</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Douangngeun</surname>
<given-names>Bounlom</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khambounheuang</surname>
<given-names>Bounkhouang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006"><sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nishizono</surname>
<given-names>Akira</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff001"><label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff002"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>Research Promotion Institute, Oita University, Yufu, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff003"><label>3</label>
<addr-line>National Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Vientiane capital, Laos</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff004"><label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Public Health, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff005"><label>5</label>
<addr-line>National Animal Health Center, Vientiane capital, Laos</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff006"><label>6</label>
<addr-line>Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane capital, Laos</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Rupprecht</surname>
<given-names>Charles E</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1"><addr-line>The Global Alliance for Rabies Control, UNITED STATES</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: KA PL. Performed the experiments: KA PP PV TM PL DM MT BD BK AN. Analyzed the data: KA PP PV TM PL DM MT BD BK AN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KA PP PV TM PL DM MT BD BK AN. Wrote the paper: KA PP PV TM PL DM MT BD BK AN.</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>ahmed@oita-u.ac.jp</email>
,<email>kamruddinahmet@yahoo.com</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>3</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e0003645</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Ahmed et al</copyright-holder>
<license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pntd.0003645.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title>
<p>Although rabies is endemic in Laos, genetic characterization of the viruses in this country is limited. There are growing concerns that development in the region may have increased transport of dog through Laos for regional dog meat consumption, and that this may cause spillover of the viruses from dogs brought here from other countries. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the current rabies situation and the genetic characteristics of rabies viruses currently circulating in Laos.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title>
<p>We determined the rate of rabies-positive samples by analyzing data from animal samples submitted to the Lao Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry’s National Animal Health Centre rabies laboratory from 2004 through 2011. Twenty-three rabies-positive samples were used for viral genetic characterization. Full genome sequencing was performed on two rabies viruses.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title>
<p>Rabies-positive samples increased substantially from 40.5% in 2004 to 60.2% in 2009 and continued at this level during the study period. More than 99% of the samples were from dogs, followed by cats and monkeys. Phylogenetic analyses showed that three rabies virus lineages belonging to the Southeast Asian cluster are currently circulating in Laos; these are closely related to viruses from Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. Lineages of the circulating Laos rabies viruses diverged from common ancestors as recently as 44.2 years and as much as 55.3 years ago, indicating periodic virus invasions.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusion</title>
<p>There is an increasing trend of rabies in Laotian animals. Similar to other rabies-endemic countries, dogs are the main viral reservoir. Three viral lineages closely related to viruses from neighboring countries are currently circulating in Laos. Data provide evidence of periodic historic exchanges of the viruses with neighboring countries, but no recent invasion.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="summary"><title>Author Summary</title>
<p>Laos is a land-locked rabies-endemic country in Southeast Asia that is surrounded by five rabies-endemic countries. Thus, there is increasing concern that the epidemiology of rabies in Laos is influenced by infrastructure development and economic activities, including international transport of dogs for meat consumption. Studies on the epidemiology of rabies are limited in this country. Therefore, to gain further information about the epidemiology and the genetic characteristics of circulating rabies viruses, this study was conducted using samples submitted to the rabies Lao Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry’s National Animal Health Centre rabies laboratory. Out of 18 provinces, samples were submitted mainly from the capital Vientiane and Champasak province. Data from the period 2004 through 2011 showed a gradual increase in rabies-positive samples. Dogs were the main viral reservoir, and genetic analyses of samples collected from February 2011 through March 2012 showed that three viral lineages are currently circulating in the country. These rabies viruses are related to those of neighboring countries, indicating shared ancestry but no recent viral invasion.</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group><funding-statement>This study was supported in part by a Research Fund at the Discretion of the President, Oita University; grant numbers: 610000-N5010 and 610000-N5021. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts><fig-count count="3"></fig-count>
<table-count count="4"></table-count>
<page-count count="15"></page-count>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name>
<meta-value>The nucleotide sequence data of the N gene of Lao rabies viruses appear in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank nucleotide sequence databases with the accession numbers: AB981665 (strain Lao1), AB981666 (strain Lao3), AB981667 (strain Lao5), AB981668 (strain Lao7), AB981669 (strain Lao8), AB981670 (strain Lao10), AB981671 (strain Lao11), AB981672 (strain Lao12), AB981673 (strain Lao13), AB981674 (strain Lao 17), AB981675 (strain Lao21), AB981676 (strain Lao22) and AB981677 (strain Lao23). The DNA Data Bank of Japan/European Molecular Biology Laboratory/GenBank Accession numbers of each strain described following, Lao2 and Lao4: AB981663 and AB981664.</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
<notes><title>Data Availability</title>
<p>The nucleotide sequence data of the N gene of Lao rabies viruses appear in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank nucleotide sequence databases with the accession numbers: AB981665 (strain Lao1), AB981666 (strain Lao3), AB981667 (strain Lao5), AB981668 (strain Lao7), AB981669 (strain Lao8), AB981670 (strain Lao10), AB981671 (strain Lao11), AB981672 (strain Lao12), AB981673 (strain Lao13), AB981674 (strain Lao 17), AB981675 (strain Lao21), AB981676 (strain Lao22) and AB981677 (strain Lao23). The DNA Data Bank of Japan/European Molecular Biology Laboratory/GenBank Accession numbers of each strain described following, Lao2 and Lao4: AB981663 and AB981664.</p>
</notes>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Japon</li>
<li>Laos</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree><country name="Japon"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ahmed, Kamruddin" sort="Ahmed, Kamruddin" uniqKey="Ahmed K" first="Kamruddin" last="Ahmed">Kamruddin Ahmed</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Ahmed, Kamruddin" sort="Ahmed, Kamruddin" uniqKey="Ahmed K" first="Kamruddin" last="Ahmed">Kamruddin Ahmed</name>
<name sortKey="Lamaningao, Pheophet" sort="Lamaningao, Pheophet" uniqKey="Lamaningao P" first="Pheophet" last="Lamaningao">Pheophet Lamaningao</name>
<name sortKey="Matsumoto, Takashi" sort="Matsumoto, Takashi" uniqKey="Matsumoto T" first="Takashi" last="Matsumoto">Takashi Matsumoto</name>
<name sortKey="Mori, Daisuke" sort="Mori, Daisuke" uniqKey="Mori D" first="Daisuke" last="Mori">Daisuke Mori</name>
<name sortKey="Nishizono, Akira" sort="Nishizono, Akira" uniqKey="Nishizono A" first="Akira" last="Nishizono">Akira Nishizono</name>
<name sortKey="Takaki, Minako" sort="Takaki, Minako" uniqKey="Takaki M" first="Minako" last="Takaki">Minako Takaki</name>
</country>
<country name="Laos"><noRegion><name sortKey="Phommachanh, Phouvong" sort="Phommachanh, Phouvong" uniqKey="Phommachanh P" first="Phouvong" last="Phommachanh">Phouvong Phommachanh</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Douangngeun, Bounlom" sort="Douangngeun, Bounlom" uniqKey="Douangngeun B" first="Bounlom" last="Douangngeun">Bounlom Douangngeun</name>
<name sortKey="Khambounheuang, Bounkhouang" sort="Khambounheuang, Bounkhouang" uniqKey="Khambounheuang B" first="Bounkhouang" last="Khambounheuang">Bounkhouang Khambounheuang</name>
<name sortKey="Vorachith, Phengphet" sort="Vorachith, Phengphet" uniqKey="Vorachith P" first="Phengphet" last="Vorachith">Phengphet Vorachith</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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