Population-dynamics focussed rapid rural mapping and characterisation of the peri-urban interface of Kampala, Uganda
Identifieur interne : 000356 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000355; suivant : 000357Population-dynamics focussed rapid rural mapping and characterisation of the peri-urban interface of Kampala, Uganda
Auteurs : K. Makita [Royaume-Uni] ; E. M. Fèvre [Royaume-Uni] ; C. Waiswa [Ouganda] ; M. D. C. Bronsvoort [Royaume-Uni] ; M. C. Eisler [Royaume-Uni] ; S. C. Welburn [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Land Use Policy [ 0264-8377 ] ; 2010.
Abstract
In developing countries, cities are rapidly expanding and urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) has an important role in feeding these growing urban populations; however such agriculture also carries public health risks such as zoonotic disease transmission. It is important to assess the role of UPA in food security and public health risks to make evidence-based decisions on policies. Describing and mapping the peri-urban interface (PUI) are the essential first steps for such an assessment. Kampala, the capital city of Uganda is a rapidly expanding city where the PUI has not previously been mapped or properly described. In this paper we provide a spatial representation of the entire PUI of Kampala economic zone and determine the socio-economic factors related with peri-urbanicity using a population-dynamics focussed rapid rural mapping. This fills a technical gap of rapid rural mapping and offers a simple and rapid methodology for describing the PUI which can be applied in any city in developing countries for wide range of studies.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.12.003
PubMed: 22210972
PubMed Central: 3209558
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PMC:3209558Le document en format XML
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>In developing countries, cities are rapidly expanding and urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) has an important role in feeding these growing urban populations; however such agriculture also carries public health risks such as zoonotic disease transmission. It is important to assess the role of UPA in food security and public health risks to make evidence-based decisions on policies. Describing and mapping the peri-urban interface (PUI) are the essential first steps for such an assessment. Kampala, the capital city of Uganda is a rapidly expanding city where the PUI has not previously been mapped or properly described. In this paper we provide a spatial representation of the entire PUI of Kampala economic zone and determine the socio-economic factors related with peri-urbanicity using a population-dynamics focussed rapid rural mapping. This fills a technical gap of rapid rural mapping and offers a simple and rapid methodology for describing the PUI which can be applied in any city in developing countries for wide range of studies.</p>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Land use policy</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Land use policy</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Land Use Policy</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0264-8377</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Butterworths</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22210972</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3209558</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0264-8377(09)00205-1</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.12.003</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Population-dynamics focussed rapid rural mapping and characterisation of the peri-urban interface of Kampala, Uganda</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Makita</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<email>K.Makita@cgiar.org</email>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
<xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fèvre</surname>
<given-names>E.M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">b</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Waiswa</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">c</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bronsvoort</surname>
<given-names>M.D.C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff4" ref-type="aff">d</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Eisler</surname>
<given-names>M.C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Welburn</surname>
<given-names>S.C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1"><label>a</label>
Centre for Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Summerhall, University of Edinburgh, EH9 1QH Scotland, United Kingdom</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><label>b</label>
School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, EH9 3JT Scotland, United Kingdom</aff>
<aff id="aff3"><label>c</label>
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda</aff>
<aff id="aff4"><label>d</label>
Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, EH25 9RG Scotland, United Kingdom</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>⁎</label>
Corresponding author. Present address: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Old Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.: +254 20 422 3000; fax: +254 20 422 3001. <email>K.Makita@cgiar.org</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>1</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>7</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>888</fpage>
<lpage>897</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2009</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>9</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2009</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>1</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2009</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2010 Elsevier Ltd.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Elsevier Ltd</copyright-holder>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><license-p>Open Access under <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">CC BY 3.0</ext-link>
license</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>In developing countries, cities are rapidly expanding and urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) has an important role in feeding these growing urban populations; however such agriculture also carries public health risks such as zoonotic disease transmission. It is important to assess the role of UPA in food security and public health risks to make evidence-based decisions on policies. Describing and mapping the peri-urban interface (PUI) are the essential first steps for such an assessment. Kampala, the capital city of Uganda is a rapidly expanding city where the PUI has not previously been mapped or properly described. In this paper we provide a spatial representation of the entire PUI of Kampala economic zone and determine the socio-economic factors related with peri-urbanicity using a population-dynamics focussed rapid rural mapping. This fills a technical gap of rapid rural mapping and offers a simple and rapid methodology for describing the PUI which can be applied in any city in developing countries for wide range of studies.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Peri-urban</kwd>
<kwd>Agriculture</kwd>
<kwd>Kampala</kwd>
<kwd>Uganda</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="fig1"><label>Fig. 1</label>
<caption><p>Map of Uganda showing locations of Kampala and Kamuli.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="gr1"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig2"><label>Fig. 2</label>
<caption><p>Decision tree model for urbanicity and development type classification of LC1s.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="gr2"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig3"><label>Fig. 3</label>
<caption><p>Map of urban, peri-urban and rural LC1s in Kampala economic zone and the spatial distribution of the peri-urban interface (PUI). Highlighted areas, the PUI, include LC2s classified as peri-urban during the additional studies.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="gr3"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig4"><label>Fig. 4</label>
<caption><p>Relationship between the distance from city centroid and proportion of LC1s with public facilities. The proportions of LC1s having piped water supplied and electricity declined sharply around the peri-urban interface (12.1 km, 95%CI: 10.5–13.9), especially piped water supply.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="gr4"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig5"><label>Fig. 5</label>
<caption><p>Relationship between the distance from city centroid and proportion of peri-urban LC1s with public facilities. The proportions of LC1s with any of piped water supply (slope = −0.5, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.65), electricity (slope = −0.4, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.71), and road light (slope = −0.5, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.68) did not decline significantly with increase of the distance from city centroid.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="gr5"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig6"><label>Fig. 6</label>
<caption><p>Map showing locations of palaces of Buganda Kingdom and Kampala Hill (Old Kampala). Mengo Hill is not indicated but it is located in the east of Namirembe Hill and slightly west of the Entebbe Road (gray line towards Entebbe).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="gr6"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tbl1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Definitions of levels of urbanicity and development types of LC1s.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td align="left">1. Levels of urbanicity</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"><italic>Urban</italic>
:</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Densely populated areas and the main agricultural activity is backyard farming in small plots.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"><italic>Peri</italic>
-<italic>urban</italic>
:</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Transition areas from rural to urban, the speed of population increase is high, migration is from city or town by house construction, and there is still space for crop cultivation.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"><italic>Rural</italic>
:</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Static areas before urbanisation starts, people are mostly dependent on agriculture, speed of population increase is slow and the main source of the increase is reproduction.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">2. Development types</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"><italic>City centre</italic>
: Dominated by business buildings.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"><italic>High income residential area</italic>
: Large luxurious houses with high fence.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"><italic>Slum area</italic>
: Crowded by low income residents, characterised by mud wall houses.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"><italic>Middle income residential area</italic>
: Residential area between above two types.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"><italic>Trading centre</italic>
: Trading market with shops and restaurants along a road.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"><italic>University</italic>
/<italic>institution</italic>
: whole area of the LC1 is occupied with a university, or an institution.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"><italic>Peri</italic>
-<italic>urban</italic>
: Rapid population increase due to the migration from the city or town by house construction.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"><italic>Rural</italic>
: The population change of peri-urbanisation has not started yet.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tbl2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Contents of the interviews with the village leaders.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td align="left">1. Sociological information</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> a. Total number of households, number of full-time farming households</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> b. Cost of transportation to Kampala city centre by public means</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> c. Time to nearest trading centre on foot</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> d. Provision of public facilities (electricity, piped water supply, sewage pipe, garbage collection service, road light)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> e. Recent improvement of public facilities (less than 5 years)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> f. The number of ongoing land disputes between old residents and new comer, agriculture and non-agriculture</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> g. The number of schools (public and private primary school and secondary school)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> h. Perception of pollution (no, feel, very much)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> i. Speed of population change</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> j. Direction of migration (from village or city)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">2. Agricultural information</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> a. Numbers of tomato, cooking banana, maize, rice, green vegetable farmers</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> b. Numbers of those farmers who sell to markets in Kampala</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> c. Numbers of those farmers who sell to nearby trading centre</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> d. Destination of the products</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> e. Purpose of their farming</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left"> f. Numbers of large scale crop and vegetable farmers with more than 10 acre land</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tbl3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Socio-economic factors related to urbanicity (continuous and ranked data).</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Factor</th>
<th colspan="3" align="left">Mean with 95%CI<hr></hr>
</th>
<th align="left">Test statistics</th>
<th align="left"><italic>p</italic>
-value</th>
</tr>
<tr><th></th>
<th align="left">Urban</th>
<th align="left">Peri-urban</th>
<th align="left">Rural</th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left">Number of households/km<sup>2</sup>
(log)</td>
<td align="left">3.0 ± 1.0</td>
<td align="left">2.2 ± 0.7</td>
<td align="left">1.8 ± 0.6</td>
<td align="left">UP: <italic>F</italic>
<sub>1,57</sub>
= 21.37</td>
<td align="left"><italic>p</italic>
< 0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Back-transformed: number/km<sup>2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left">1047 (96–11, 481)</td>
<td align="left">174 (39–776)</td>
<td align="left">62 (16–240)</td>
<td align="left">PR: <italic>F</italic>
<sub>1,25</sub>
= 13.56</td>
<td align="left"><italic>p</italic>
= 0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="left">
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Distance from city centroid (m, sqrt)</td>
<td align="left">80.0 ± 11.3</td>
<td align="left">110.2 ± 7.9</td>
<td align="left">130.5 ± 9.7</td>
<td align="left">UP: <italic>F</italic>
<sub>1,68</sub>
= 25.34</td>
<td align="left"><italic>p</italic>
< 0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Back-transformed: km</td>
<td align="left">6.4 (4.7–8.3)</td>
<td align="left">12.1 (10.5–13.9)</td>
<td align="left">17.0 (14.6–19.7)</td>
<td align="left">PR: <italic>F</italic>
<sub>1,26</sub>
= 19.55</td>
<td align="left"><italic>p</italic>
< 0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="left">
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Transportation cost to Kampala (log)</td>
<td align="left">6.3 ± 0.2</td>
<td align="left">6.7 ± 0.2</td>
<td align="left">7.2 ± 0.3</td>
<td align="left">UP: <italic>F</italic>
<sub>1,56</sub>
= 13.29</td>
<td align="left"><italic>p</italic>
< 0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Back-transformed: Uganda Shillings</td>
<td align="left">545 (446–665)</td>
<td align="left">812 (665–992)</td>
<td align="left">1339 (992–1808)</td>
<td align="left">PR: <italic>F</italic>
<sub>1,24</sub>
= 15.93</td>
<td align="left"><italic>p</italic>
< 0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="left">
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Time to nearest trading centre (log)</td>
<td align="left">2.2 ± 1.2</td>
<td align="left">1.8 ± 1.2</td>
<td align="left">3.4 ± 1.3</td>
<td align="left">UP:</td>
<td align="left"><italic>p</italic>
= 0.488</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Back-transformed: min</td>
<td align="left">9.2 (2.8–30.2)</td>
<td align="left">6.1 (1.8–20.7)</td>
<td align="left">28.7 (8.2–100.6)</td>
<td align="left">PR:</td>
<td align="left"><italic>p</italic>
= 0.010</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" align="left">
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Perception of pollution (rank: 0–2)<xref rid="tbl3fn1" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref>
</td>
<td align="left">1.0</td>
<td align="left">1.0</td>
<td align="left">0.0</td>
<td align="left">H<sub>2</sub>
= 15.56</td>
<td align="left"><italic>p</italic>
< 0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Land price (0.2nd power)</td>
<td align="left">61.3 ± 5.6</td>
<td align="left">49.1 ± 5.5</td>
<td align="left">44.2 ± 7.3</td>
<td align="left">UP: <italic>F</italic>
<sub>1,51</sub>
= 19.66</td>
<td align="left"><italic>p</italic>
< 0.001</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Back-transformed: million Shil/acre</td>
<td align="left">866 (536–1340)</td>
<td align="left">285 (158–485)</td>
<td align="left">169 (68–362)</td>
<td align="left">PR: <italic>F</italic>
<sub>1,22</sub>
= 2.11</td>
<td align="left"><italic>p</italic>
= 0.16</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>UP: between urban and peri-urban, PR: between peri-urban and rural, sqrt: square root.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbl3fn1"><label>a</label>
<p>Values for perception of pollution are median.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tbl4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label>
<caption><p>Socio-economic factors related to the level of urbanicity (binomial data).</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Factors</th>
<th colspan="3" align="left">Percentage with 95%CI (positive response)<hr></hr>
</th>
<th align="left">Test statistics</th>
</tr>
<tr><th></th>
<th align="left">Urban (<italic>n</italic>
= 47)</th>
<th align="left">Peri-urban (<italic>n</italic>
= 11)</th>
<th align="left">Rural (<italic>n</italic>
= 16)</th>
<th></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left">Land disputes between old resident and new comers</td>
<td align="left">23.4: 12.8–38.3 (11)</td>
<td align="left">36.4: 12.4–68.4 (4)</td>
<td align="left">12.5: 2.2–39.6 (2)</td>
<td align="left"><italic>x</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
= 2.1, df = 2, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.35</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Land disputes between agricultural and non-agricultural land use</td>
<td align="left">14.9: 6.9–28.9 (7)</td>
<td align="left">45.5: 18.1–75.4 (5)</td>
<td align="left">12.5: 2.2–39.6 (2)</td>
<td align="left"><italic>x</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
= 6.0, df = 2, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.05</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Public primary school</td>
<td align="left">36.2: 23.1–51.5 (17)</td>
<td align="left">63.6: 31.6–87.6 (7)</td>
<td align="left">50.0: 28.0–72.0 (8)</td>
<td align="left"><italic>x</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
= 3.1, df = 2, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.21</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Private primary school</td>
<td align="left">55.3: 40.2–69.5 (26)</td>
<td align="left">72.7: 39.3–92.7 (8)</td>
<td align="left">43.8: 20.8–69.4 (7)</td>
<td align="left"><italic>x</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
= 2.2, df = 2, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.33</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Public secondary school</td>
<td align="left">6.4: 1.7–18.6 (3)</td>
<td align="left">0.0: 0.0–32.1 (0)</td>
<td align="left">0.0: 0.0–24.1 (0)</td>
<td align="left">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Private secondary school</td>
<td align="left">31.9: 19.5–47.3 (15)</td>
<td align="left">54.5: 24.6–81.9 (6)</td>
<td align="left">12.5: 2.2–39.6 (2)</td>
<td align="left"><italic>x</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
= 5.4, df = 2, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.07</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Road light</td>
<td align="left">17.0: 8.1–31.3 (8)</td>
<td align="left">9.1: 0.5–42.9 (1)</td>
<td align="left">0.0: 0.0–24.1 (0)</td>
<td align="left">UP: <italic>x</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
= 0.04, df = 1, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.85</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" align="left">
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Piped water supply</td>
<td align="left">91.5: 78.7–97.2 (43)</td>
<td align="left">54.5: 24.6–81.9 (6)</td>
<td align="left">6.3: 0.3–32.3 (1)</td>
<td align="left">UP: <italic>x</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
= 6.9, df = 1, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr><td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td align="left">PR: <italic>x</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
= 5.6, df = 1, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.02</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" align="left">
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Sewage pipe</td>
<td align="left">14.9: 6.9–28.9 (7)</td>
<td align="left">0.0: 0.0–32.1 (0)</td>
<td align="left">0.0: 0.0–24.1 (0)</td>
<td align="left">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Garbage collection</td>
<td align="left">51.1: 36.3–65.7 (24)</td>
<td align="left">0.0: 0.0–32.1 (0)</td>
<td align="left">0.0: 0.0–24.1 (0)</td>
<td align="left">NA</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Provision of electricity</td>
<td align="left">100: 90.6–100 (47)</td>
<td align="left">81.8: 47.8–96.8 (9)</td>
<td align="left">25.0: 8.3–52.6 (4)</td>
<td align="left">PR: <italic>x</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
= 8.4, df = 1, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.004</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" align="left">
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">Recent improvement of public facilities</td>
<td align="left">46.8: 32.4–61.8 (22)</td>
<td align="left">72.7: 39.3–92.7 (8)</td>
<td align="left">18.8: 5.0–46.3 (3)</td>
<td align="left">UP: <italic>x</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
= 1.5, df = 1, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td align="left">PR: <italic>x</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
= 5.8, df = 1, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.02</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>UP: comparison between urban and peri-urban; PR: comparison between peri-urban and rural.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Ouganda</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
</country>
<region><li>Écosse</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Édimbourg</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université d'Édimbourg</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Écosse"><name sortKey="Makita, K" sort="Makita, K" uniqKey="Makita K" first="K." last="Makita">K. Makita</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Bronsvoort, M D C" sort="Bronsvoort, M D C" uniqKey="Bronsvoort M" first="M. D. C." last="Bronsvoort">M. D. C. Bronsvoort</name>
<name sortKey="Eisler, M C" sort="Eisler, M C" uniqKey="Eisler M" first="M. C." last="Eisler">M. C. Eisler</name>
<name sortKey="Fevre, E M" sort="Fevre, E M" uniqKey="Fevre E" first="E. M." last="Fèvre">E. M. Fèvre</name>
<name sortKey="Welburn, S C" sort="Welburn, S C" uniqKey="Welburn S" first="S. C." last="Welburn">S. C. Welburn</name>
</country>
<country name="Ouganda"><noRegion><name sortKey="Waiswa, C" sort="Waiswa, C" uniqKey="Waiswa C" first="C." last="Waiswa">C. Waiswa</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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