IUCN The World Conservation Union defines a protected area as an area of land andor sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means. The Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 describes a protected area as a geographically defined area, which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objective. Protected areasnational parks, wildlife reserves, wilderness areas, etc. are the cornerstones of national and international conservation strategies. They act as refuges for species and help maintain critical ecological processes and ecosystem services that intensely managed landscapes and seascapes cannot provide. These places provide space for natural evolution and future ecological restoration. In recent years there has been growing recognition of the benefits that protected areas provide for people genetic resources for pharmaceuticals and agriculture, traditional medicines recreational opportunities and ecotourism revenues sustainable sources of goods such as nontimber forest products and refuge for traditional and vulnerable human societies Dudley et al. 2005. A wide range of management objectives, approaches and types of governance are used within protected areas in different countries. In terms of management objectives, these range from strict protection and exclusion of humans to broadscale approaches that include cultural landscapes such as farms and managed forests. IUCNThe World Conservation Union subdivides protected areas into six categories based on management objectives Ia strict nature reservewilderness protection area Ib wilderness area IInational park IIInatural monument IVhabitatspecies management area Vprotected landscapeseascape and VImanaged resource protected area. In terms of governance types, protected areas may be managed directly by a government, comanaged with other actors such as nongovernmental organizations, or even declared and managed collectively by indigenous peoples and local communities or by the relevant individual or corporate landowner. Today, there are more than 100,000 designated protected areas in the World Database on Protected Areas covering around 11.4 per cent of Earths land surface, along with more than 1,300 marine protected areas covering less than 0.5 per cent of the oceans Dudley et all. 2005.

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Agronomie/explor/SisAgriV1/Data/Istex/Curation

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001319 | SxmlIndent | more

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Istex/Curation/biblio.hfd -nk 001319 | SxmlIndent | more

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Wicri/Agronomie
   |area=    SisAgriV1
   |flux=    Istex
   |étape=   Curation
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     ISTEX:EE8295A2F875CF611729F3E8A3C5A37CF3490765
   |texte=   Integrate Protected Areas into Broader land, Seascapes and Sectors from a Social Responsibility of the 292 Environment perspective
}}