NOPEX—a northern hemisphere climate processes land surface experiment
Identifieur interne : 000E77 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000E76; suivant : 000E78NOPEX—a northern hemisphere climate processes land surface experiment
Auteurs : Sven Halldin ; Lars Gottschalk ; Adriaan A. Van De Griend ; Sven-Erik Gryning ; Martti Heikinheimo ; Ulf Högström ; Anne Jochum ; Lars-Christer LundinSource :
- Journal of Hydrology [ 0022-1694 ] ; 1998.
Abstract
The interface between land surfaces and the atmosphere is a key area in climate research, where lack of basic knowledge prevents us from reducing the considerable uncertainties about predicted changes. Boreal forests play an important, but not well known, role in the global hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. NOPEX (a NOrthern hemisphere climate Processes land surface EXperiment) is devoted to the study of land surface–atmosphere interaction in a northern European forest-dominated landscape. The main NOPEX region represents the southern edge of the boreal zone. It consists of a highly heterogeneous landscape, with forests, mires, agricultural land and lakes. A second study site, in northern Finland, representing the northern edge of the boreal zone, will be introduced into NOPEX in connection with its coming winter-time field activities. Field activities, dominating the initial phase of NOPEX, are conceived to strike a balance between the need to cover multi-annual observations and the resources required to carry out measurements covering all relevant spatial scales. The long-term data collection activities, the Continuous Climate Monitoring (CCM), form the backbone of the field programme. A suite of Concentrated Field Efforts (CFEs) covering periods of summer, spring and winter brings together scientists from more then 20 countries during month-long campaigns. CFEs have been carried out in May–June 1994 and April–July 1995. A third, winter-time CFE is planned for 1998–99. The System for Information in NOPEX (SINOP) is the database which forms a backbone for modelling and analysis work, dominating the second stage of NOPEX. A series of PhD courses are run in parallell to the research activities. Analysis and modelling are done in four interacting areas, including local-scale processes, meso-scale surface–atmosphere coupling and remote sensing techniques. The fourth area, regionalization methods, aims at bringing the previous three together in order to provide improved parameterization schemes for exchange of energy, momentum, water and CO2 between land and atmosphere in hydrological and meteorological models from the meso to the global scale.
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DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00208-X
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Box 1022, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van De Griend, Adriaan A" sort="Van De Griend, Adriaan A" uniqKey="Van De Griend A" first="Adriaan A" last="Van De Griend">Adriaan A. Van De Griend</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gryning, Sven Erik" sort="Gryning, Sven Erik" uniqKey="Gryning S" first="Sven-Erik" last="Gryning">Sven-Erik Gryning</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Meteorology and Wind Energy, Risø National Laboratory, P.O. Box 49, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heikinheimo, Martti" sort="Heikinheimo, Martti" uniqKey="Heikinheimo M" first="Martti" last="Heikinheimo">Martti Heikinheimo</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Climatology Division, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hogstrom, Ulf" sort="Hogstrom, Ulf" uniqKey="Hogstrom U" first="Ulf" last="Högström">Ulf Högström</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Meteorology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jochum, Anne" sort="Jochum, Anne" uniqKey="Jochum A" first="Anne" last="Jochum">Anne Jochum</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute for Atmospheric Physics, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 82230 Weßling, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lundin, Lars Christer" sort="Lundin, Lars Christer" uniqKey="Lundin L" first="Lars-Christer" last="Lundin">Lars-Christer Lundin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>NOPEX Central Office, Department of Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Uppsala University, Villaragen 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of Hydrology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">HYDROL</title><idno type="ISSN">0022-1694</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1998">1998</date><biblScope unit="volume">212–213</biblScope><biblScope unit="supplement">C</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="172">172</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="187">187</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0022-1694</idno></series><idno type="istex">8633E27EBCC671D614D3D89FED23F37343DAA2EB</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00208-X</idno><idno type="PII">S0022-1694(98)00208-X</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0022-1694</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The interface between land surfaces and the atmosphere is a key area in climate research, where lack of basic knowledge prevents us from reducing the considerable uncertainties about predicted changes. Boreal forests play an important, but not well known, role in the global hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. NOPEX (a NOrthern hemisphere climate Processes land surface EXperiment) is devoted to the study of land surface–atmosphere interaction in a northern European forest-dominated landscape. The main NOPEX region represents the southern edge of the boreal zone. It consists of a highly heterogeneous landscape, with forests, mires, agricultural land and lakes. A second study site, in northern Finland, representing the northern edge of the boreal zone, will be introduced into NOPEX in connection with its coming winter-time field activities. Field activities, dominating the initial phase of NOPEX, are conceived to strike a balance between the need to cover multi-annual observations and the resources required to carry out measurements covering all relevant spatial scales. The long-term data collection activities, the Continuous Climate Monitoring (CCM), form the backbone of the field programme. A suite of Concentrated Field Efforts (CFEs) covering periods of summer, spring and winter brings together scientists from more then 20 countries during month-long campaigns. CFEs have been carried out in May–June 1994 and April–July 1995. A third, winter-time CFE is planned for 1998–99. The System for Information in NOPEX (SINOP) is the database which forms a backbone for modelling and analysis work, dominating the second stage of NOPEX. A series of PhD courses are run in parallell to the research activities. Analysis and modelling are done in four interacting areas, including local-scale processes, meso-scale surface–atmosphere coupling and remote sensing techniques. The fourth area, regionalization methods, aims at bringing the previous three together in order to provide improved parameterization schemes for exchange of energy, momentum, water and CO2 between land and atmosphere in hydrological and meteorological models from the meso to the global scale.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Sven Halldin</name><affiliations><json:string>NOPEX Central Office, Department of Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Uppsala University, Villaragen 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Lars Gottschalk</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Geophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1022, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Adriaan A van de Griend</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Sven-Erik Gryning</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Meteorology and Wind Energy, Risø National Laboratory, P.O. Box 49, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Martti Heikinheimo</name><affiliations><json:string>Climatology Division, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Ulf Högström</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Meteorology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Anne Jochum</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute for Atmospheric Physics, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 82230 Weßling, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Lars-Christer Lundin</name><affiliations><json:string>NOPEX Central Office, Department of Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Uppsala University, Villaragen 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>NOPEX</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Land surfaces</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Continuous Climate Monitoring</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Concentrated Field Efforts</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>SINOP</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>Full-length article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>The interface between land surfaces and the atmosphere is a key area in climate research, where lack of basic knowledge prevents us from reducing the considerable uncertainties about predicted changes. Boreal forests play an important, but not well known, role in the global hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. NOPEX (a NOrthern hemisphere climate Processes land surface EXperiment) is devoted to the study of land surface–atmosphere interaction in a northern European forest-dominated landscape. The main NOPEX region represents the southern edge of the boreal zone. It consists of a highly heterogeneous landscape, with forests, mires, agricultural land and lakes. A second study site, in northern Finland, representing the northern edge of the boreal zone, will be introduced into NOPEX in connection with its coming winter-time field activities. Field activities, dominating the initial phase of NOPEX, are conceived to strike a balance between the need to cover multi-annual observations and the resources required to carry out measurements covering all relevant spatial scales. The long-term data collection activities, the Continuous Climate Monitoring (CCM), form the backbone of the field programme. A suite of Concentrated Field Efforts (CFEs) covering periods of summer, spring and winter brings together scientists from more then 20 countries during month-long campaigns. CFEs have been carried out in May–June 1994 and April–July 1995. A third, winter-time CFE is planned for 1998–99. The System for Information in NOPEX (SINOP) is the database which forms a backbone for modelling and analysis work, dominating the second stage of NOPEX. A series of PhD courses are run in parallell to the research activities. Analysis and modelling are done in four interacting areas, including local-scale processes, meso-scale surface–atmosphere coupling and remote sensing techniques. The fourth area, regionalization methods, aims at bringing the previous three together in order to provide improved parameterization schemes for exchange of energy, momentum, water and CO2 between land and atmosphere in hydrological and meteorological models from the meso to the global scale.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>544 x 743 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>5</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>2184</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>8172</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>52354</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>16</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>320</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>NOPEX—a northern hemisphere climate processes land surface experiment</title><pii><json:string>S0022-1694(98)00208-X</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>212–213</volume><pii><json:string>S0022-1694(00)X0057-1</json:string></pii><pages><last>187</last><first>172</first></pages><issn><json:string>0022-1694</json:string></issn><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Journal of Hydrology</title><publicationDate>1998</publicationDate></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>water resources</json:string><json:string>geosciences, multidisciplinary</json:string><json:string>engineering, civil</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>applied sciences</json:string><json:string>engineering</json:string><json:string>environmental engineering</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>1998</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1998</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00208-X</json:string></doi><id>8633E27EBCC671D614D3D89FED23F37343DAA2EB</id><score>0.03882178</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8633E27EBCC671D614D3D89FED23F37343DAA2EB/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8633E27EBCC671D614D3D89FED23F37343DAA2EB/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/8633E27EBCC671D614D3D89FED23F37343DAA2EB/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a">NOPEX—a northern hemisphere climate processes land surface experiment</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>©1998 Elsevier Science B.V.</p></availability><date>1998</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">Fig. 1: Map of the NOPEX region. Dotted lines are flight legs coordinated with the sites located in forests (57% of the surface) and bogs (7%) (grey), agricultural land (white; 27%), and lakes (black; 4%). The three dashed areas are EMISAR targets. Drawing by Hans Nilsson.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Climate of the two meteorological observatories, Sodankylä in the north and Marsta in the south. Monthly mean temperatures (°C; top) and precipitation (mm; bottom) are shown. From Halldin et al. (1995).</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: The Bowen ratio β during a dry summer (May–October 1995) measured in the 102-m hgh Central tower in the Norunda forest. The footprint from a 50-year-old stand in the southwest is markedly different from a 100-year-old stand in the northwest. From Grelle et al. (1997).</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: The weather radar at the Arlanda International Airport covers the whole NOPEX region. Long-term time series, with a 15-min resolution, combined with GIS-based hydrological models, allows radar-derived rain fields to be used as input over various catchments in the region. The illustration shows the rain over the largest catchment, the Fyrisån basin, on 17 July 1995 at 04.00 local time. Illustration by Philippe Creutin, Oslo University.</note><note type="content">Fig. 5: A combination of continuous flux measurements at three heights and a new system for high-quality profile measurements in the 102-m-high Central Tower allows evaluation of new and traditional flux–profile relationships. The illustration shows the latent (top) and sensible (bottom) heat fluxes (W/m2) on 27–28 July 1995, measured with eddy flux techniques at two heights and calculated from traditional Monin–Obukhov theory, and with a new relationship based on the properties of the special roughness sub-layer over the aerodynamically rough Norunda forest. From Mölder et al. (1996).</note><note type="content">Fig. 6: The highly heterogeneous, forest-dominated NOPEX landscape provides different flux signals at different scales. The illustration shows regional sensible heat flux (W/m2; solid line) derived from radiosoundings using the model of Gryning et al. (1987), together with local-scale measurements of sensible heat flux at the Marsta (fine dashed) and Tisby (coarse dashed) agricultural sites. Ensemble averages from 13, 14 and 21 June 1994.</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">NOPEX—a northern hemisphere climate processes land surface experiment</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Sven</forename><surname>Halldin</surname></persName><note type="correspondence"><p>Corresponding author.</p></note><affiliation>NOPEX Central Office, Department of Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Uppsala University, Villaragen 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Lars</forename><surname>Gottschalk</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Geophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1022, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Adriaan A</forename><surname>van de Griend</surname></persName><affiliation>Institute of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">Sven-Erik</forename><surname>Gryning</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Meteorology and Wind Energy, Risø National Laboratory, P.O. Box 49, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">Martti</forename><surname>Heikinheimo</surname></persName><affiliation>Climatology Division, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-6"><persName><forename type="first">Ulf</forename><surname>Högström</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Meteorology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-7"><persName><forename type="first">Anne</forename><surname>Jochum</surname></persName><affiliation>Institute for Atmospheric Physics, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 82230 Weßling, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-8"><persName><forename type="first">Lars-Christer</forename><surname>Lundin</surname></persName><affiliation>NOPEX Central Office, Department of Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Uppsala University, Villaragen 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Hydrology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">HYDROL</title><idno type="pISSN">0022-1694</idno><idno type="PII">S0022-1694(00)X0057-1</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1998"></date><biblScope unit="volume">212–213</biblScope><biblScope unit="supplement">C</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="172">172</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="187">187</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">8633E27EBCC671D614D3D89FED23F37343DAA2EB</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00208-X</idno><idno type="PII">S0022-1694(98)00208-X</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1998</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The interface between land surfaces and the atmosphere is a key area in climate research, where lack of basic knowledge prevents us from reducing the considerable uncertainties about predicted changes. Boreal forests play an important, but not well known, role in the global hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. NOPEX (a NOrthern hemisphere climate Processes land surface EXperiment) is devoted to the study of land surface–atmosphere interaction in a northern European forest-dominated landscape. The main NOPEX region represents the southern edge of the boreal zone. It consists of a highly heterogeneous landscape, with forests, mires, agricultural land and lakes. A second study site, in northern Finland, representing the northern edge of the boreal zone, will be introduced into NOPEX in connection with its coming winter-time field activities. Field activities, dominating the initial phase of NOPEX, are conceived to strike a balance between the need to cover multi-annual observations and the resources required to carry out measurements covering all relevant spatial scales. The long-term data collection activities, the Continuous Climate Monitoring (CCM), form the backbone of the field programme. A suite of Concentrated Field Efforts (CFEs) covering periods of summer, spring and winter brings together scientists from more then 20 countries during month-long campaigns. CFEs have been carried out in May–June 1994 and April–July 1995. A third, winter-time CFE is planned for 1998–99. The System for Information in NOPEX (SINOP) is the database which forms a backbone for modelling and analysis work, dominating the second stage of NOPEX. A series of PhD courses are run in parallell to the research activities. Analysis and modelling are done in four interacting areas, including local-scale processes, meso-scale surface–atmosphere coupling and remote sensing techniques. The fourth area, regionalization methods, aims at bringing the previous three together in order to provide improved parameterization schemes for exchange of energy, momentum, water and CO2 between land and atmosphere in hydrological and meteorological models from the meso to the global scale.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>NOPEX</term></item><item><term>Land surfaces</term></item><item><term>Continuous Climate Monitoring</term></item><item><term>Concentrated Field Efforts</term></item><item><term>SINOP</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1998">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8633E27EBCC671D614D3D89FED23F37343DAA2EB/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: ce:floats; body; tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr1"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr2" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr2"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr3" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr3"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr4" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr4"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr5" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr5"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr6" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr6"></istex:entity></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>HYDROL</jid><aid>3626</aid><ce:pii>S0022-1694(98)00208-X</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00208-X</ce:doi><ce:copyright year="1998" type="full-transfer">Elsevier Science B.V.</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>NOPEX—a northern hemisphere climate processes land surface experiment</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>Sven</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Halldin</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1">a</ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Lars</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Gottschalk</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF2">b</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Adriaan A</ce:given-name><ce:surname>van de Griend</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF3">c</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Sven-Erik</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Gryning</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF4">d</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Martti</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Heikinheimo</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF5">e</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Ulf</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Högström</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF6">f</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Anne</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Jochum</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF7">g</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Lars-Christer</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Lundin</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1">a</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:affiliation id="AFF1"><ce:label>a</ce:label><ce:textfn>NOPEX Central Office, Department of Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Uppsala University, Villaragen 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFF2"><ce:label>b</ce:label><ce:textfn>Department of Geophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1022, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFF3"><ce:label>c</ce:label><ce:textfn>Institute of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFF4"><ce:label>d</ce:label><ce:textfn>Department of Meteorology and Wind Energy, Risø National Laboratory, P.O. Box 49, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFF5"><ce:label>e</ce:label><ce:textfn>Climatology Division, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFF6"><ce:label>f</ce:label><ce:textfn>Department of Meteorology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFF7"><ce:label>g</ce:label><ce:textfn>Institute for Atmospheric Physics, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 82230 Weßling, Germany</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="CORR1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text>Corresponding author.</ce:text></ce:correspondence></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="20" month="5" year="1996"></ce:date-received><ce:date-accepted day="28" month="10" year="1996"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>The interface between land surfaces and the atmosphere is a key area in climate research, where lack of basic knowledge prevents us from reducing the considerable uncertainties about predicted changes. Boreal forests play an important, but not well known, role in the global hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. NOPEX (a NOrthern hemisphere climate Processes land surface EXperiment) is devoted to the study of land surface–atmosphere interaction in a northern European forest-dominated landscape. The main NOPEX region represents the southern edge of the boreal zone. It consists of a highly heterogeneous landscape, with forests, mires, agricultural land and lakes. A second study site, in northern Finland, representing the northern edge of the boreal zone, will be introduced into NOPEX in connection with its coming winter-time field activities. Field activities, dominating the initial phase of NOPEX, are conceived to strike a balance between the need to cover multi-annual observations and the resources required to carry out measurements covering all relevant spatial scales. The long-term data collection activities, the Continuous Climate Monitoring (CCM), form the backbone of the field programme. A suite of Concentrated Field Efforts (CFEs) covering periods of summer, spring and winter brings together scientists from more then 20 countries during month-long campaigns. CFEs have been carried out in May–June 1994 and April–July 1995. A third, winter-time CFE is planned for 1998–99. The System for Information in NOPEX (SINOP) is the database which forms a backbone for modelling and analysis work, dominating the second stage of NOPEX. A series of PhD courses are run in parallell to the research activities. Analysis and modelling are done in four interacting areas, including local-scale processes, meso-scale surface–atmosphere coupling and remote sensing techniques. The fourth area, regionalization methods, aims at bringing the previous three together in order to provide improved parameterization schemes for exchange of energy, momentum, water and CO<ce:inf>2</ce:inf> between land and atmosphere in hydrological and meteorological models from the meso to the global scale.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords class="keyword"><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>NOPEX</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Land surfaces</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Continuous Climate Monitoring</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Concentrated Field Efforts</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>SINOP</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>NOPEX—a northern hemisphere climate processes land surface experiment</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>NOPEX—a northern hemisphere climate processes land surface experiment</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Sven</namePart><namePart type="family">Halldin</namePart><affiliation>NOPEX Central Office, Department of Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Uppsala University, Villaragen 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden</affiliation><description>Corresponding author.</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Lars</namePart><namePart type="family">Gottschalk</namePart><affiliation>Department of Geophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1022, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Adriaan A</namePart><namePart type="family">van de Griend</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Sven-Erik</namePart><namePart type="family">Gryning</namePart><affiliation>Department of Meteorology and Wind Energy, Risø National Laboratory, P.O. Box 49, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Martti</namePart><namePart type="family">Heikinheimo</namePart><affiliation>Climatology Division, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ulf</namePart><namePart type="family">Högström</namePart><affiliation>Department of Meteorology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Anne</namePart><namePart type="family">Jochum</namePart><affiliation>Institute for Atmospheric Physics, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 82230 Weßling, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Lars-Christer</namePart><namePart type="family">Lundin</namePart><affiliation>NOPEX Central Office, Department of Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Uppsala University, Villaragen 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1998</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1998</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">The interface between land surfaces and the atmosphere is a key area in climate research, where lack of basic knowledge prevents us from reducing the considerable uncertainties about predicted changes. Boreal forests play an important, but not well known, role in the global hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. NOPEX (a NOrthern hemisphere climate Processes land surface EXperiment) is devoted to the study of land surface–atmosphere interaction in a northern European forest-dominated landscape. The main NOPEX region represents the southern edge of the boreal zone. It consists of a highly heterogeneous landscape, with forests, mires, agricultural land and lakes. A second study site, in northern Finland, representing the northern edge of the boreal zone, will be introduced into NOPEX in connection with its coming winter-time field activities. Field activities, dominating the initial phase of NOPEX, are conceived to strike a balance between the need to cover multi-annual observations and the resources required to carry out measurements covering all relevant spatial scales. The long-term data collection activities, the Continuous Climate Monitoring (CCM), form the backbone of the field programme. A suite of Concentrated Field Efforts (CFEs) covering periods of summer, spring and winter brings together scientists from more then 20 countries during month-long campaigns. CFEs have been carried out in May–June 1994 and April–July 1995. A third, winter-time CFE is planned for 1998–99. The System for Information in NOPEX (SINOP) is the database which forms a backbone for modelling and analysis work, dominating the second stage of NOPEX. A series of PhD courses are run in parallell to the research activities. Analysis and modelling are done in four interacting areas, including local-scale processes, meso-scale surface–atmosphere coupling and remote sensing techniques. The fourth area, regionalization methods, aims at bringing the previous three together in order to provide improved parameterization schemes for exchange of energy, momentum, water and CO2 between land and atmosphere in hydrological and meteorological models from the meso to the global scale.</abstract><note type="content">Fig. 1: Map of the NOPEX region. Dotted lines are flight legs coordinated with the sites located in forests (57% of the surface) and bogs (7%) (grey), agricultural land (white; 27%), and lakes (black; 4%). The three dashed areas are EMISAR targets. Drawing by Hans Nilsson.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Climate of the two meteorological observatories, Sodankylä in the north and Marsta in the south. Monthly mean temperatures (°C; top) and precipitation (mm; bottom) are shown. From Halldin et al. (1995).</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: The Bowen ratio β during a dry summer (May–October 1995) measured in the 102-m hgh Central tower in the Norunda forest. The footprint from a 50-year-old stand in the southwest is markedly different from a 100-year-old stand in the northwest. From Grelle et al. (1997).</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: The weather radar at the Arlanda International Airport covers the whole NOPEX region. Long-term time series, with a 15-min resolution, combined with GIS-based hydrological models, allows radar-derived rain fields to be used as input over various catchments in the region. The illustration shows the rain over the largest catchment, the Fyrisån basin, on 17 July 1995 at 04.00 local time. Illustration by Philippe Creutin, Oslo University.</note><note type="content">Fig. 5: A combination of continuous flux measurements at three heights and a new system for high-quality profile measurements in the 102-m-high Central Tower allows evaluation of new and traditional flux–profile relationships. The illustration shows the latent (top) and sensible (bottom) heat fluxes (W/m2) on 27–28 July 1995, measured with eddy flux techniques at two heights and calculated from traditional Monin–Obukhov theory, and with a new relationship based on the properties of the special roughness sub-layer over the aerodynamically rough Norunda forest. From Mölder et al. (1996).</note><note type="content">Fig. 6: The highly heterogeneous, forest-dominated NOPEX landscape provides different flux signals at different scales. The illustration shows regional sensible heat flux (W/m2; solid line) derived from radiosoundings using the model of Gryning et al. (1987), together with local-scale measurements of sensible heat flux at the Marsta (fine dashed) and Tisby (coarse dashed) agricultural sites. Ensemble averages from 13, 14 and 21 June 1994.</note><subject><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>NOPEX</topic><topic>Land surfaces</topic><topic>Continuous Climate Monitoring</topic><topic>Concentrated Field Efforts</topic><topic>SINOP</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Hydrology</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>HYDROL</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">199812</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0022-1694</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0022-1694(00)X0057-1</identifier><part><date>199812</date><detail type="volume"><number>212–213</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="supplement"><number>C</number><caption>Suppl.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>1</start><end>414</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>172</start><end>187</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">8633E27EBCC671D614D3D89FED23F37343DAA2EB</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00208-X</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0022-1694(98)00208-X</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©1998 Elsevier Science B.V.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Elsevier Science B.V., ©1998</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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