Quantitative analysis of over 20 years of golf course monitoring studies
Identifieur interne : 000E07 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000E06; suivant : 000E08Quantitative analysis of over 20 years of golf course monitoring studies
Auteurs : Reuben D. Baris ; Stuart Z. Cohen ; N. Lajan Barnes ; Juleen Lam ; Qingli MaSource :
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry [ 0730-7268 ] ; 2010-06.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Golf, Nitrate, Pesticide, Phosphorus, Water.
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to comprehensively evaluate available golf course water quality data and assess the extent of impacts, as determined by comparisons with toxicologic and ecologic reference points. Most water quality monitoring studies for pesticides have focused on agriculture and often the legacy chemicals. There has been increased focus on turf pesticides since the early 1990s, due to the intense public scrutiny proposed golf courses receive during the local permitting process, as well as pesticide registration evaluations by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Results from permit‐driven studies are frequently not published and knowledge about them is usually not widespread. Forty‐four studies involving 80 courses from a 20‐year period passed our quality control and other review criteria. A total of 38,827 data entries (where one analysis for one substance in one sample equals a data entry) from pesticide, pesticide metabolite, total phosphorus, and nitrate analyses of surface water and groundwater were evaluated. Analytes included 161 turf‐related pesticides and pesticide metabolites. Widespread and/or repeated water quality impacts by golf courses had not occurred at the sites studied, although concerns are raised herein about phosphorus. Individual pesticide database entries that exceed toxicity reference points for groundwater and surface water are 0.15 and 0.56%, respectively. These percentages would be higher if they could be expressed in terms of samples collected rather than chemicals analyzed. The maximum contaminant level ([MCL]; 10 mg/L) for nitrate‐nitrogen was exceeded in 16/1,683 (0.95%) of the groundwater samples. There were 1,236 exceedances of the total phosphorus ecoregional criteria in five ecoregions for 1,429 (86.5%) data entries. (This comparison is conservative because many of the results in the database are derived from storm flow events.) Thus, phosphorus appears to present the greatest water quality problem in these studies. Pesticides detected in wells had longer soil metabolism half‐lives (49 d) compared with those not detected (22 d), although the means were not significantly different. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1224–1236. © 2010 SETAC
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DOI: 10.1002/etc.185
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ISTEX:4A4689A74F5288BA29A3DB684F548098C615A6BCLe document en format XML
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Lajan Barnes</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Environmental & Turf Services, 11141 Georgia Avenue, Suite 208, Wheaton, Maryland 20902, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lam, Juleen" sort="Lam, Juleen" uniqKey="Lam J" first="Juleen" last="Lam">Juleen Lam</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Environmental & Turf Services, 11141 Georgia Avenue, Suite 208, Wheaton, Maryland 20902, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Qingli" sort="Ma, Qingli" uniqKey="Ma Q" first="Qingli" last="Ma">Qingli Ma</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Environmental & Turf Services, 11141 Georgia Avenue, Suite 208, Wheaton, Maryland 20902, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry</title><idno type="ISSN">0730-7268</idno><idno type="eISSN">1552-8618</idno><imprint><publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</publisher><pubPlace>Hoboken, USA</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2010-06">2010-06</date><biblScope unit="volume">29</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">6</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="1224">1224</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="1236">1236</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0730-7268</idno></series><idno type="istex">4A4689A74F5288BA29A3DB684F548098C615A6BC</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/etc.185</idno><idno type="ArticleID">ETC185</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0730-7268</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Golf</term><term>Nitrate</term><term>Pesticide</term><term>Phosphorus</term><term>Water</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The purpose of the present study was to comprehensively evaluate available golf course water quality data and assess the extent of impacts, as determined by comparisons with toxicologic and ecologic reference points. Most water quality monitoring studies for pesticides have focused on agriculture and often the legacy chemicals. There has been increased focus on turf pesticides since the early 1990s, due to the intense public scrutiny proposed golf courses receive during the local permitting process, as well as pesticide registration evaluations by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Results from permit‐driven studies are frequently not published and knowledge about them is usually not widespread. Forty‐four studies involving 80 courses from a 20‐year period passed our quality control and other review criteria. A total of 38,827 data entries (where one analysis for one substance in one sample equals a data entry) from pesticide, pesticide metabolite, total phosphorus, and nitrate analyses of surface water and groundwater were evaluated. Analytes included 161 turf‐related pesticides and pesticide metabolites. Widespread and/or repeated water quality impacts by golf courses had not occurred at the sites studied, although concerns are raised herein about phosphorus. Individual pesticide database entries that exceed toxicity reference points for groundwater and surface water are 0.15 and 0.56%, respectively. These percentages would be higher if they could be expressed in terms of samples collected rather than chemicals analyzed. The maximum contaminant level ([MCL]; 10 mg/L) for nitrate‐nitrogen was exceeded in 16/1,683 (0.95%) of the groundwater samples. There were 1,236 exceedances of the total phosphorus ecoregional criteria in five ecoregions for 1,429 (86.5%) data entries. (This comparison is conservative because many of the results in the database are derived from storm flow events.) Thus, phosphorus appears to present the greatest water quality problem in these studies. Pesticides detected in wells had longer soil metabolism half‐lives (49 d) compared with those not detected (22 d), although the means were not significantly different. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1224–1236. © 2010 SETAC</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Reuben D. Baris</name><affiliations><json:string>Environmental & Turf Services, 11141 Georgia Avenue, Suite 208, Wheaton, Maryland 20902, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Stuart Z. Cohen</name><affiliations><json:string>Environmental & Turf Services, 11141 Georgia Avenue, Suite 208, Wheaton, Maryland 20902, USA</json:string><json:string>Environmental & Turf Services, 11141 Georgia Avenue, Suite 208, Wheaton, Maryland 20902, USA.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>N. LaJan Barnes</name><affiliations><json:string>Environmental & Turf Services, 11141 Georgia Avenue, Suite 208, Wheaton, Maryland 20902, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Juleen Lam</name><affiliations><json:string>Environmental & Turf Services, 11141 Georgia Avenue, Suite 208, Wheaton, Maryland 20902, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Qingli Ma</name><affiliations><json:string>Environmental & Turf Services, 11141 Georgia Avenue, Suite 208, Wheaton, Maryland 20902, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Pesticide</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Nitrate</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Phosphorus</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Golf</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Water</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>ETC185</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>reviewArticle</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>The purpose of the present study was to comprehensively evaluate available golf course water quality data and assess the extent of impacts, as determined by comparisons with toxicologic and ecologic reference points. Most water quality monitoring studies for pesticides have focused on agriculture and often the legacy chemicals. There has been increased focus on turf pesticides since the early 1990s, due to the intense public scrutiny proposed golf courses receive during the local permitting process, as well as pesticide registration evaluations by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Results from permit‐driven studies are frequently not published and knowledge about them is usually not widespread. Forty‐four studies involving 80 courses from a 20‐year period passed our quality control and other review criteria. A total of 38,827 data entries (where one analysis for one substance in one sample equals a data entry) from pesticide, pesticide metabolite, total phosphorus, and nitrate analyses of surface water and groundwater were evaluated. Analytes included 161 turf‐related pesticides and pesticide metabolites. Widespread and/or repeated water quality impacts by golf courses had not occurred at the sites studied, although concerns are raised herein about phosphorus. Individual pesticide database entries that exceed toxicity reference points for groundwater and surface water are 0.15 and 0.56%, respectively. These percentages would be higher if they could be expressed in terms of samples collected rather than chemicals analyzed. The maximum contaminant level ([MCL]; 10 mg/L) for nitrate‐nitrogen was exceeded in 16/1,683 (0.95%) of the groundwater samples. There were 1,236 exceedances of the total phosphorus ecoregional criteria in five ecoregions for 1,429 (86.5%) data entries. (This comparison is conservative because many of the results in the database are derived from storm flow events.) Thus, phosphorus appears to present the greatest water quality problem in these studies. Pesticides detected in wells had longer soil metabolism half‐lives (49 d) compared with those not detected (22 d), although the means were not significantly different. Environ. Toxicol. 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Most water quality monitoring studies for pesticides have focused on agriculture and often the legacy chemicals. There has been increased focus on turf pesticides since the early 1990s, due to the intense public scrutiny proposed golf courses receive during the local permitting process, as well as pesticide registration evaluations by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Results from permit‐driven studies are frequently not published and knowledge about them is usually not widespread. Forty‐four studies involving 80 courses from a 20‐year period passed our quality control and other review criteria. A total of 38,827 data entries (where one analysis for one substance in one sample equals a data entry) from pesticide, pesticide metabolite, total phosphorus, and nitrate analyses of surface water and groundwater were evaluated. Analytes included 161 turf‐related pesticides and pesticide metabolites. Widespread and/or repeated water quality impacts by golf courses had not occurred at the sites studied, although concerns are raised herein about phosphorus. Individual pesticide database entries that exceed toxicity reference points for groundwater and surface water are 0.15 and 0.56%, respectively. These percentages would be higher if they could be expressed in terms of samples collected rather than chemicals analyzed. The maximum contaminant level ([MCL]; 10 mg/L) for nitrate‐nitrogen was exceeded in 16/1,683 (0.95%) of the groundwater samples. There were 1,236 exceedances of the total phosphorus ecoregional criteria in five ecoregions for 1,429 (86.5%) data entries. (This comparison is conservative because many of the results in the database are derived from storm flow events.) Thus, phosphorus appears to present the greatest water quality problem in these studies. Pesticides detected in wells had longer soil metabolism half‐lives (49 d) compared with those not detected (22 d), although the means were not significantly different. Environ. Toxicol. 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LaJan</givenNames><familyName>Barnes</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au4" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1"><personName><givenNames>Juleen</givenNames><familyName>Lam</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au5" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1"><personName><givenNames>Qingli</givenNames><familyName>Ma</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="af1" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Environmental & Turf Services, 11141 Georgia Avenue, Suite 208, Wheaton, Maryland 20902, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en" type="author"><keyword xml:id="kwd1">Pesticide</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd2">Nitrate</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd3">Phosphorus</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd4">Golf</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd5">Water</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><p> All Supplemental Data may be found in the online version of this article. </p><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting information" href="urn-x:wiley:07307268:media:etc185:etc_185_sm_supplData"></mediaResource><caption>Supplementary Data</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting information" href="urn-x:wiley:07307268:media:etc185:etc_185_sm_supplFigs"></mediaResource><caption>Supplementary Figures</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>The purpose of the present study was to comprehensively evaluate available golf course water quality data and assess the extent of impacts, as determined by comparisons with toxicologic and ecologic reference points. Most water quality monitoring studies for pesticides have focused on agriculture and often the legacy chemicals. There has been increased focus on turf pesticides since the early 1990s, due to the intense public scrutiny proposed golf courses receive during the local permitting process, as well as pesticide registration evaluations by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Results from permit‐driven studies are frequently not published and knowledge about them is usually not widespread. Forty‐four studies involving 80 courses from a 20‐year period passed our quality control and other review criteria. A total of 38,827 data entries (where one analysis for one substance in one sample equals a data entry) from pesticide, pesticide metabolite, total phosphorus, and nitrate analyses of surface water and groundwater were evaluated. Analytes included 161 turf‐related pesticides and pesticide metabolites. Widespread and/or repeated water quality impacts by golf courses had not occurred at the sites studied, although concerns are raised herein about phosphorus. Individual pesticide database entries that exceed toxicity reference points for groundwater and surface water are 0.15 and 0.56%, respectively. These percentages would be higher if they could be expressed in terms of samples collected rather than chemicals analyzed. The maximum contaminant level ([MCL]; 10 mg/L) for nitrate‐nitrogen was exceeded in 16/1,683 (0.95%) of the groundwater samples. There were 1,236 exceedances of the total phosphorus ecoregional criteria in five ecoregions for 1,429 (86.5%) data entries. (This comparison is conservative because many of the results in the database are derived from storm flow events.) Thus, phosphorus appears to present the greatest water quality problem in these studies. Pesticides detected in wells had longer soil metabolism half‐lives (49 d) compared with those not detected (22 d), although the means were not significantly different. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1224–1236. © 2010 SETAC</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Quantitative analysis of over 20 years of golf course monitoring studies</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Review of golf course water quality monitoring results</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Quantitative analysis of over 20 years of golf course monitoring studies</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Reuben D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Baris</namePart><affiliation>Environmental & Turf Services, 11141 Georgia Avenue, Suite 208, Wheaton, Maryland 20902, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Stuart Z.</namePart><namePart type="family">Cohen</namePart><affiliation>Environmental & Turf Services, 11141 Georgia Avenue, Suite 208, Wheaton, Maryland 20902, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Environmental & Turf Services, 11141 Georgia Avenue, Suite 208, Wheaton, Maryland 20902, USA.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">N. LaJan</namePart><namePart type="family">Barnes</namePart><affiliation>Environmental & Turf Services, 11141 Georgia Avenue, Suite 208, Wheaton, Maryland 20902, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Juleen</namePart><namePart type="family">Lam</namePart><affiliation>Environmental & Turf Services, 11141 Georgia Avenue, Suite 208, Wheaton, Maryland 20902, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Qingli</namePart><namePart type="family">Ma</namePart><affiliation>Environmental & Turf Services, 11141 Georgia Avenue, Suite 208, Wheaton, Maryland 20902, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="review-article" displayLabel="reviewArticle"></genre><originInfo><publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Hoboken, USA</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2010-06</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2009-02-17</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2010-02-03</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2010</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">5</extent><extent unit="tables">7</extent><extent unit="references">34</extent><extent unit="words">12321</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">The purpose of the present study was to comprehensively evaluate available golf course water quality data and assess the extent of impacts, as determined by comparisons with toxicologic and ecologic reference points. Most water quality monitoring studies for pesticides have focused on agriculture and often the legacy chemicals. There has been increased focus on turf pesticides since the early 1990s, due to the intense public scrutiny proposed golf courses receive during the local permitting process, as well as pesticide registration evaluations by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Results from permit‐driven studies are frequently not published and knowledge about them is usually not widespread. Forty‐four studies involving 80 courses from a 20‐year period passed our quality control and other review criteria. A total of 38,827 data entries (where one analysis for one substance in one sample equals a data entry) from pesticide, pesticide metabolite, total phosphorus, and nitrate analyses of surface water and groundwater were evaluated. Analytes included 161 turf‐related pesticides and pesticide metabolites. Widespread and/or repeated water quality impacts by golf courses had not occurred at the sites studied, although concerns are raised herein about phosphorus. Individual pesticide database entries that exceed toxicity reference points for groundwater and surface water are 0.15 and 0.56%, respectively. These percentages would be higher if they could be expressed in terms of samples collected rather than chemicals analyzed. The maximum contaminant level ([MCL]; 10 mg/L) for nitrate‐nitrogen was exceeded in 16/1,683 (0.95%) of the groundwater samples. There were 1,236 exceedances of the total phosphorus ecoregional criteria in five ecoregions for 1,429 (86.5%) data entries. (This comparison is conservative because many of the results in the database are derived from storm flow events.) Thus, phosphorus appears to present the greatest water quality problem in these studies. Pesticides detected in wells had longer soil metabolism half‐lives (49 d) compared with those not detected (22 d), although the means were not significantly different. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1224–1236. © 2010 SETAC</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Pesticide</topic><topic>Nitrate</topic><topic>Phosphorus</topic><topic>Golf</topic><topic>Water</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><note type="content"> All Supplemental Data may be found in the online version of this article.Supporting Info Item: Supplementary Data - Supplementary Figures - </note><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>Urban Pesticides Risk Assessment and Management</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0730-7268</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1552-8618</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1552-8618</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">ETC</identifier><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>29</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1224</start><end>1236</end><total>13</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">4A4689A74F5288BA29A3DB684F548098C615A6BC</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/etc.185</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">ETC185</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright © 2010 SETAC</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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