Influence of C4 vegetation on 13CO2 discrimination and isoforcing in the upper Midwest, United States
Identifieur interne : 000E00 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000D99; suivant : 000E01Influence of C4 vegetation on 13CO2 discrimination and isoforcing in the upper Midwest, United States
Auteurs : T. J. Griffis ; J. M. Baker ; S. D. Sargent ; M. Erickson ; J. Corcoran ; M. Chen ; K. BillmarkSource :
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles [ 0886-6236 ] ; 2010-12.
Abstract
Agricultural crops with a C4 photosynthetic pathway rapidly expanded across North America as early as 800 A.D. Their distribution continues to expand globally as demands for food and biofuel production increase. These systems are highly productive, having a significant impact on carbon and water exchange between the land and atmosphere. Here, we investigate the relative impact of agricultural C4 vegetation on the 13CO2 photosynthetic discrimination and atmospheric isotopic forcing in the upper Midwest, United States. We address three questions: (1) What is the relative importance of C3 and C4 species to the CO2 budget? (2) How do these different photosynthetic pathways influence the photosynthetic discrimination within this heterogeneous landscape? (3) To what extent does land use change (i.e., a change in C4 crops) impact atmospheric isotopic forcing and the isotopic signature of the atmosphere? These questions are addressed using measurements obtained from the University of Minnesota tall tower (244 m) trace gas observatory (TGO) over the growing seasons of 2007 and 2008 and are supported with scaled‐up values of discrimination and isotopic forcing based on ecosystem‐scale eddy flux observations and high‐resolution land use data. Our land use analyses indicate that local and regional C4 production was higher by 10% in 2007 due to increased demand for biofuel. The 2007 growing season was also characterized by moderate drought as a consequence of low antecedent soil water content. Isotopic flux ratio measurements from TGO provide evidence that the increase in C4 land use and drier soil conditions of 2007 had a significant impact on the growing season 13CO2 photosynthetic discrimination, which ranged from 11.5 to 14.8 in 2007 and 12.4‰ to 17.4‰ in 2008. Isotopic partitioning indicated that C4 species accounted for about 20 to 40% of the growing season gross photosynthetic CO2 exchange. The isoforcing analysis revealed that C3 discrimination dominated the atmospheric δa13 budget, especially during spring and fall. Estimates of 13CO2 photosynthetic discrimination for this region support recently published isotope modeling studies that explicitly accounted for increases in C4 cropland, which has significant implications for estimating the terrestrial carbon sink strength based on inverse modeling techniques.
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DOI: 10.1029/2009GB003768
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Their distribution continues to expand globally as demands for food and biofuel production increase. These systems are highly productive, having a significant impact on carbon and water exchange between the land and atmosphere. Here, we investigate the relative impact of agricultural C4 vegetation on the 13CO2 photosynthetic discrimination and atmospheric isotopic forcing in the upper Midwest, United States. We address three questions: (1) What is the relative importance of C3 and C4 species to the CO2 budget? (2) How do these different photosynthetic pathways influence the photosynthetic discrimination within this heterogeneous landscape? (3) To what extent does land use change (i.e., a change in C4 crops) impact atmospheric isotopic forcing and the isotopic signature of the atmosphere? These questions are addressed using measurements obtained from the University of Minnesota tall tower (244 m) trace gas observatory (TGO) over the growing seasons of 2007 and 2008 and are supported with scaled‐up values of discrimination and isotopic forcing based on ecosystem‐scale eddy flux observations and high‐resolution land use data. Our land use analyses indicate that local and regional C4 production was higher by 10% in 2007 due to increased demand for biofuel. The 2007 growing season was also characterized by moderate drought as a consequence of low antecedent soil water content. Isotopic flux ratio measurements from TGO provide evidence that the increase in C4 land use and drier soil conditions of 2007 had a significant impact on the growing season 13CO2 photosynthetic discrimination, which ranged from 11.5 to 14.8 in 2007 and 12.4‰ to 17.4‰ in 2008. Isotopic partitioning indicated that C4 species accounted for about 20 to 40% of the growing season gross photosynthetic CO2 exchange. The isoforcing analysis revealed that C3 discrimination dominated the atmospheric δa13 budget, especially during spring and fall. Estimates of 13CO2 photosynthetic discrimination for this region support recently published isotope modeling studies that explicitly accounted for increases in C4 cropland, which has significant implications for estimating the terrestrial carbon sink strength based on inverse modeling techniques.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>T. J. Griffis</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, Saint Paul, USA</json:string><json:string>E-mail: tgriffis@umn.edu</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. M. 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Their distribution continues to expand globally as demands for food and biofuel production increase. These systems are highly productive, having a significant impact on carbon and water exchange between the land and atmosphere. Here, we investigate the relative impact of agricultural C4 vegetation on the 13CO2 photosynthetic discrimination and atmospheric isotopic forcing in the upper Midwest, United States. We address three questions: (1) What is the relative importance of C3 and C4 species to the CO2 budget? (2) How do these different photosynthetic pathways influence the photosynthetic discrimination within this heterogeneous landscape? (3) To what extent does land use change (i.e., a change in C4 crops) impact atmospheric isotopic forcing and the isotopic signature of the atmosphere? These questions are addressed using measurements obtained from the University of Minnesota tall tower (244 m) trace gas observatory (TGO) over the growing seasons of 2007 and 2008 and are supported with scaled‐up values of discrimination and isotopic forcing based on ecosystem‐scale eddy flux observations and high‐resolution land use data. Our land use analyses indicate that local and regional C4 production was higher by 10% in 2007 due to increased demand for biofuel. The 2007 growing season was also characterized by moderate drought as a consequence of low antecedent soil water content. Isotopic flux ratio measurements from TGO provide evidence that the increase in C4 land use and drier soil conditions of 2007 had a significant impact on the growing season 13CO2 photosynthetic discrimination, which ranged from 11.5 to 14.8 in 2007 and 12.4‰ to 17.4‰ in 2008. Isotopic partitioning indicated that C4 species accounted for about 20 to 40% of the growing season gross photosynthetic CO2 exchange. The isoforcing analysis revealed that C3 discrimination dominated the atmospheric δa13 budget, especially during spring and fall. 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These questions are addressed using measurements obtained from the University of Minnesota tall tower (244 m) trace gas observatory (TGO) over the growing seasons of 2007 and 2008 and are supported with scaled‐up values of discrimination and isotopic forcing based on ecosystem‐scale eddy flux observations and high‐resolution land use data. Our land use analyses indicate that local and regional C4 production was higher by 10% in 2007 due to increased demand for biofuel. The 2007 growing season was also characterized by moderate drought as a consequence of low antecedent soil water content. Isotopic flux ratio measurements from TGO provide evidence that the increase in C4 land use and drier soil conditions of 2007 had a significant impact on the growing season 13CO2 photosynthetic discrimination, which ranged from 11.5 to 14.8 in 2007 and 12.4‰ to 17.4‰ in 2008. Isotopic partitioning indicated that C4 species accounted for about 20 to 40% of the growing season gross photosynthetic CO2 exchange. The isoforcing analysis revealed that C3 discrimination dominated the atmospheric δa13 budget, especially during spring and fall. Estimates of 13CO2 photosynthetic discrimination for this region support recently published isotope modeling studies that explicitly accounted for increases in C4 cropland, which has significant implications for estimating the terrestrial carbon sink strength based on inverse modeling techniques.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>carbon isotopes</term></item><item><term>photosynthetic discrimination</term></item><item><term>tall tower and eddy covariance</term></item><item><term>land use change</term></item><item><term>biofuel</term></item><item><term>isoforcing</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>index-terms</head><item><term>ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE</term></item><item><term>Biosphere/atmosphere interactions</term></item><item><term>BIOGEOSCIENCES</term></item><item><term>Biosphere/atmosphere interactions</term></item><item><term>GLOBAL CHANGE</term></item><item><term>Atmosphere</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2009-12-22">Received</change><change when="2010-06-09">Registration</change><change when="2010-12">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/3F20BEA99236005F6E068283106F4D50573298D8/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:lang="en" xml:id="gbc1724"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi>10.1002/(ISSN)1944-9224</doi><issn type="print">0886-6236</issn><issn type="electronic">1944-9224</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="GBC"></id><id type="coden" value="GBCYEP"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES">Global Biogeochemical Cycles</title><title type="short">Global Biogeochem. 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J.</givenNames></author>, <author><givenNames>J. M.</givenNames> <familyName>Baker</familyName></author>, <author><givenNames>S. D.</givenNames> <familyName>Sargent</familyName></author>, <author><givenNames>M.</givenNames> <familyName>Erickson</familyName></author>, <author><givenNames>J.</givenNames> <familyName>Corcoran</familyName></author>, <author><givenNames>M.</givenNames> <familyName>Chen</familyName></author>, and <author><givenNames>K.</givenNames> <familyName>Billmark</familyName></author> (<pubYear year="2010">2010</pubYear>), <articleTitle>Influence of C<sub>4</sub> vegetation on <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> discrimination and isoforcing in the upper Midwest, United States</articleTitle>, <journalTitle>Global Biogeochem. Cycles</journalTitle>, <vol>24</vol>, GB4006, doi:<accessionId ref="info:doi/10.1029/2009GB003768">10.1029/2009GB003768</accessionId>.</citation></selfCitationGroup><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:GBC.GBC1724.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="wordTotal" number="9500"></count><count type="figureTotal" number="7"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="1"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Influence of C<sub>4</sub> vegetation on <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> discrimination and isoforcing in the upper Midwest, United States</title><title type="short">INFLUENCE OF C<sub>4</sub> VEGETATION ON <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> DISCRIMINATION</title><title type="shortAuthors">Griffis <i>et al</i>.</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="gbc1724-cr-0001" affiliationRef="#gbc1724-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>T. J.</givenNames> <familyName>Griffis</familyName></personName><contactDetails><email normalForm="tgriffis@umn.edu">tgriffis@umn.edu</email></contactDetails></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="gbc1724-cr-0002" affiliationRef="#gbc1724-aff-0001 #gbc1724-aff-0002"><personName><givenNames>J. M.</givenNames> <familyName>Baker</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="gbc1724-cr-0003" affiliationRef="#gbc1724-aff-0003"><personName><givenNames>S. D.</givenNames> <familyName>Sargent</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="gbc1724-cr-0004" affiliationRef="#gbc1724-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>M.</givenNames> <familyName>Erickson</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="gbc1724-cr-0005" affiliationRef="#gbc1724-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>J.</givenNames> <familyName>Corcoran</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="gbc1724-cr-0006" affiliationRef="#gbc1724-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>M.</givenNames> <familyName>Chen</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="gbc1724-cr-0007" affiliationRef="#gbc1724-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>K.</givenNames> <familyName>Billmark</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="gbc1724-aff-0001"><orgDiv>Department of Soil, Water, and Climate</orgDiv><orgName>University of Minnesota</orgName><address><city>Saint Paul</city><countryPart>Minnesota</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="gbc1724-aff-0002"><orgName>USDA‐ARS</orgName><address><city>St. Paul</city><countryPart>Minnesota</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="gbc1724-aff-0003"><orgName>Campbell Scientific Incorporated</orgName><address><city>Logan</city><countryPart>Utah</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="gbc1724-kwd-0001">carbon isotopes</keyword><keyword xml:id="gbc1724-kwd-0002">photosynthetic discrimination</keyword><keyword xml:id="gbc1724-kwd-0003">tall tower and eddy covariance</keyword><keyword xml:id="gbc1724-kwd-0004">land use change</keyword><keyword xml:id="gbc1724-kwd-0005">biofuel</keyword><keyword xml:id="gbc1724-kwd-0006">isoforcing</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation xml:id="gbc1724-sup-0000"><p xml:id="gbc1724-para-0001">Auxiliary material for this article provides an overview of the methodological details related to the tall tower isotope measurements, air sampling, measurement precision, data quality, flux footprint analyses, and error propagation related to photosynthetic discrimination and the C<sub>3</sub>/C<sub>4</sub> flux partitioning.</p><p xml:id="gbc1724-para-0002">Auxiliary material files may require downloading to a local drive depending on platform, browser, configuration, and size. To open auxiliary materials in a browser, click on the label. To download, Right‐click and select “Save Target As…” (PC) or CTRL‐click and select “Download Link to Disk” (Mac).</p><p xml:id="gbc1724-para-0003">Additional file information is provided in the readme.txt.</p><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:08866236:media:gbc1724:gbc1724-sup-0001-readme"></mediaResource><caption>readme.txt</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="application/x-tex" href="urn-x:wiley:08866236:media:gbc1724:gbc1724-sup-0002-txts01"></mediaResource><caption>Text S1. Description of the methodological details related to the tall tower isotope measurements.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="application/pdf" href="urn-x:wiley:08866236:media:gbc1724:gbc1724-sup-0003-txts01"></mediaResource><caption>Text S1. Description of the methodological details related to the tall tower isotope measurements.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" rendition="webOriginal" mimeType="image/pjpeg" href="urn-x:wiley:08866236:media:gbc1724:gbc1724-sup-0004-fs01"></mediaResource><caption>Figure S1. Description of the plumbing and air sampling for the tall tower isotope measurements.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:08866236:media:gbc1724:gbc1724-sup-0005-t01"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 1.</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><p xml:id="gbc1724-para-0004" label="1">Agricultural crops with a C<sub>4</sub> photosynthetic pathway rapidly expanded across North America as early as 800 A.D. Their distribution continues to expand globally as demands for food and biofuel production increase. These systems are highly productive, having a significant impact on carbon and water exchange between the land and atmosphere. Here, we investigate the relative impact of agricultural C<sub>4</sub> vegetation on the <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> photosynthetic discrimination and atmospheric isotopic forcing in the upper Midwest, United States. We address three questions: (1) What is the relative importance of C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> species to the CO<sub>2</sub> budget? (2) How do these different photosynthetic pathways influence the photosynthetic discrimination within this heterogeneous landscape? (3) To what extent does land use change (i.e., a change in C<sub>4</sub> crops) impact atmospheric isotopic forcing and the isotopic signature of the atmosphere? These questions are addressed using measurements obtained from the University of Minnesota tall tower (244 m) trace gas observatory (TGO) over the growing seasons of 2007 and 2008 and are supported with scaled‐up values of discrimination and isotopic forcing based on ecosystem‐scale eddy flux observations and high‐resolution land use data. Our land use analyses indicate that local and regional C<sub>4</sub> production was higher by 10% in 2007 due to increased demand for biofuel. The 2007 growing season was also characterized by moderate drought as a consequence of low antecedent soil water content. Isotopic flux ratio measurements from TGO provide evidence that the increase in C<sub>4</sub> land use and drier soil conditions of 2007 had a significant impact on the growing season <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> photosynthetic discrimination, which ranged from 11.5 to 14.8 in 2007 and 12.4‰ to 17.4‰ in 2008. Isotopic partitioning indicated that C<sub>4</sub> species accounted for about 20 to 40% of the growing season gross photosynthetic CO<sub>2</sub> exchange. The isoforcing analysis revealed that C<sub>3</sub> discrimination dominated the atmospheric <i>δ</i><sub><i>a</i></sub><sup>13</sup> budget, especially during spring and fall. Estimates of <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> photosynthetic discrimination for this region support recently published isotope modeling studies that explicitly accounted for increases in C<sub>4</sub> cropland, which has significant implications for estimating the terrestrial carbon sink strength based on inverse modeling techniques.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Influence of C4 vegetation on 13CO2 discrimination and isoforcing in the upper Midwest, United States</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>INFLUENCE OF C4 VEGETATION ON 13CO2 DISCRIMINATION</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Influence of C4 vegetation on 13CO2 discrimination and isoforcing in the upper Midwest, United States</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T. J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Griffis</namePart><affiliation>Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, Saint Paul, USA</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: tgriffis@umn.edu</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Baker</namePart><affiliation>Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA</affiliation><affiliation>USDA‐ARS, Minnesota, St. Paul, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S. D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Sargent</namePart><affiliation>Campbell Scientific Incorporated, Utah, Logan, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Erickson</namePart><affiliation>Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, Saint Paul, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Corcoran</namePart><affiliation>Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, Saint Paul, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Chen</namePart><affiliation>Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, Saint Paul, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K.</namePart><namePart type="family">Billmark</namePart><affiliation>Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, Saint Paul, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2010-12</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2009-12-22</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2010-06-09</dateValid><edition>Griffis, T. J., J. M. Baker, S. D. Sargent, M. Erickson, J. Corcoran, M. Chen, and K. Billmark (2010), Influence of C4 vegetation on 13CO2 discrimination and isoforcing in the upper Midwest, United States, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 24, GB4006, doi:10.1029/2009GB003768.</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2010</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">7</extent><extent unit="tables">1</extent><extent unit="words">9500</extent></physicalDescription><abstract>Agricultural crops with a C4 photosynthetic pathway rapidly expanded across North America as early as 800 A.D. Their distribution continues to expand globally as demands for food and biofuel production increase. These systems are highly productive, having a significant impact on carbon and water exchange between the land and atmosphere. Here, we investigate the relative impact of agricultural C4 vegetation on the 13CO2 photosynthetic discrimination and atmospheric isotopic forcing in the upper Midwest, United States. We address three questions: (1) What is the relative importance of C3 and C4 species to the CO2 budget? (2) How do these different photosynthetic pathways influence the photosynthetic discrimination within this heterogeneous landscape? (3) To what extent does land use change (i.e., a change in C4 crops) impact atmospheric isotopic forcing and the isotopic signature of the atmosphere? These questions are addressed using measurements obtained from the University of Minnesota tall tower (244 m) trace gas observatory (TGO) over the growing seasons of 2007 and 2008 and are supported with scaled‐up values of discrimination and isotopic forcing based on ecosystem‐scale eddy flux observations and high‐resolution land use data. Our land use analyses indicate that local and regional C4 production was higher by 10% in 2007 due to increased demand for biofuel. The 2007 growing season was also characterized by moderate drought as a consequence of low antecedent soil water content. Isotopic flux ratio measurements from TGO provide evidence that the increase in C4 land use and drier soil conditions of 2007 had a significant impact on the growing season 13CO2 photosynthetic discrimination, which ranged from 11.5 to 14.8 in 2007 and 12.4‰ to 17.4‰ in 2008. Isotopic partitioning indicated that C4 species accounted for about 20 to 40% of the growing season gross photosynthetic CO2 exchange. The isoforcing analysis revealed that C3 discrimination dominated the atmospheric δa13 budget, especially during spring and fall. Estimates of 13CO2 photosynthetic discrimination for this region support recently published isotope modeling studies that explicitly accounted for increases in C4 cropland, which has significant implications for estimating the terrestrial carbon sink strength based on inverse modeling techniques.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>carbon isotopes</topic><topic>photosynthetic discrimination</topic><topic>tall tower and eddy covariance</topic><topic>land use change</topic><topic>biofuel</topic><topic>isoforcing</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Global Biogeochemical Cycles</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Global Biogeochem. Cycles</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><note type="content"> Auxiliary material for this article provides an overview of the methodological details related to the tall tower isotope measurements, air sampling, measurement precision, data quality, flux footprint analyses, and error propagation related to photosynthetic discrimination and the C3/C4 flux partitioning. Auxiliary material files may require downloading to a local drive depending on platform, browser, configuration, and size. To open auxiliary materials in a browser, click on the label. To download, Right‐click and select “Save Target As…” (PC) or CTRL‐click and select “Download Link to Disk” (Mac). Additional file information is provided in the readme.txt. Auxiliary material for this article provides an overview of the methodological details related to the tall tower isotope measurements, air sampling, measurement precision, data quality, flux footprint analyses, and error propagation related to photosynthetic discrimination and the C3/C4 flux partitioning. Auxiliary material files may require downloading to a local drive depending on platform, browser, configuration, and size. To open auxiliary materials in a browser, click on the label. To download, Right‐click and select “Save Target As…” (PC) or CTRL‐click and select “Download Link to Disk” (Mac). Additional file information is provided in the readme.txt. Auxiliary material for this article provides an overview of the methodological details related to the tall tower isotope measurements, air sampling, measurement precision, data quality, flux footprint analyses, and error propagation related to photosynthetic discrimination and the C3/C4 flux partitioning. Auxiliary material files may require downloading to a local drive depending on platform, browser, configuration, and size. To open auxiliary materials in a browser, click on the label. To download, Right‐click and select “Save Target As…” (PC) or CTRL‐click and select “Download Link to Disk” (Mac). Additional file information is provided in the readme.txt.Supporting Info Item: readme.txt - Text S1. Description of the methodological details related to the tall tower isotope measurements. - Text S1. Description of the methodological details related to the tall tower isotope measurements. - Figure S1. Description of the plumbing and air sampling for the tall tower isotope measurements. - Tab‐delimited Table 1. - </note><subject><genre>index-terms</genre><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0300">ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0315">Biosphere/atmosphere interactions</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0400">BIOGEOSCIENCES</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0426">Biosphere/atmosphere interactions</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1610">Atmosphere</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0886-6236</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1944-9224</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1944-9224</identifier><identifier type="CODEN">GBCYEP</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">GBC</identifier><part><date>2010</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>24</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>n/a</start><end>n/a</end><total>16</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">3F20BEA99236005F6E068283106F4D50573298D8</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1029/2009GB003768</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">2009GB003768</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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