A risk assessment of potential agricultural losses due to ambient SO2 in the central regions of Chile
Identifieur interne : 000751 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000750; suivant : 000752A risk assessment of potential agricultural losses due to ambient SO2 in the central regions of Chile
Auteurs : T. Garcia-Huidobro ; F. M Marshall ; J. N. B BellSource :
- Atmospheric Environment [ 1352-2310 ] ; 2001.
Abstract
A risk assessment of the potential impacts of sulphur dioxide (SO2) on the agriculture of central Chile was carried out, using Critical Levels (threshold values above which chronic effects may occur) set by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE, 1993; Sanders et al., 1995), crop sensitivity studies, agricultural land-use data, and air quality data for several years. Ambient SO2 concentrations around three copper smelters in this region were found to pose a significant risk to crops (such as cereals, staples and legumes) on both local and regional scales. Adverse effects on yield, growth and fruit production were considered possible. Frequent high exposure periods during winter months may also give rise to acute injury in sensitive species and/or crops maintained under optimum water conditions. This study identified high-risk areas, where additional monitoring as well as field studies would be beneficial, and has important policy implications, given the secondary SO2 air quality standard currently in force in Chile.
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DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00344-2
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>A risk assessment of potential agricultural losses due to ambient SO2 in the central regions of Chile</title><author><name sortKey="Garcia Huidobro, T" sort="Garcia Huidobro, T" uniqKey="Garcia Huidobro T" first="T" last="Garcia-Huidobro">T. Garcia-Huidobro</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: tghuidobro@conama.cl</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Commission for the Environment (CONAMA) Obispo Donoso No. 6, Providencia, Santiago, Chile</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marshall, F M" sort="Marshall, F M" uniqKey="Marshall F" first="F. M" last="Marshall">F. M Marshall</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Imperial College Centre for Environmental Technology, T.H. Huxley School of the Environment, Earth Sciences & Engineering, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bell, J N B" sort="Bell, J N B" uniqKey="Bell J" first="J. N. B" last="Bell">J. N. B Bell</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Imperial College Centre for Environmental Technology, T.H. 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Garcia-Huidobro</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: tghuidobro@conama.cl</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Commission for the Environment (CONAMA) Obispo Donoso No. 6, Providencia, Santiago, Chile</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marshall, F M" sort="Marshall, F M" uniqKey="Marshall F" first="F. M" last="Marshall">F. M Marshall</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Imperial College Centre for Environmental Technology, T.H. Huxley School of the Environment, Earth Sciences & Engineering, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bell, J N B" sort="Bell, J N B" uniqKey="Bell J" first="J. N. B" last="Bell">J. N. B Bell</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Imperial College Centre for Environmental Technology, T.H. Huxley School of the Environment, Earth Sciences & Engineering, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Atmospheric Environment</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">AEA</title><idno type="ISSN">1352-2310</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2001">2001</date><biblScope unit="volume">35</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">29</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="4903">4903</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="4915">4915</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1352-2310</idno></series><idno type="istex">F89F42A4C7B2DFF94946AFC9E3EE6B8F73F4337D</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00344-2</idno><idno type="PII">S1352-2310(01)00344-2</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1352-2310</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">A risk assessment of the potential impacts of sulphur dioxide (SO2) on the agriculture of central Chile was carried out, using Critical Levels (threshold values above which chronic effects may occur) set by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE, 1993; Sanders et al., 1995), crop sensitivity studies, agricultural land-use data, and air quality data for several years. Ambient SO2 concentrations around three copper smelters in this region were found to pose a significant risk to crops (such as cereals, staples and legumes) on both local and regional scales. Adverse effects on yield, growth and fruit production were considered possible. Frequent high exposure periods during winter months may also give rise to acute injury in sensitive species and/or crops maintained under optimum water conditions. This study identified high-risk areas, where additional monitoring as well as field studies would be beneficial, and has important policy implications, given the secondary SO2 air quality standard currently in force in Chile.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>T Garcia-Huidobro</name><affiliations><json:string>E-mail: tghuidobro@conama.cl</json:string><json:string>National Commission for the Environment (CONAMA) Obispo Donoso No. 6, Providencia, Santiago, Chile</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>F.M Marshall</name><affiliations><json:string>Imperial College Centre for Environmental Technology, T.H. Huxley School of the Environment, Earth Sciences & Engineering, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J.N.B Bell</name><affiliations><json:string>Imperial College Centre for Environmental Technology, T.H. Huxley School of the Environment, Earth Sciences & Engineering, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Air pollutants</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Agriculture</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Chile</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Yield</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>SO2</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>Full-length article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>A risk assessment of the potential impacts of sulphur dioxide (SO2) on the agriculture of central Chile was carried out, using Critical Levels (threshold values above which chronic effects may occur) set by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE, 1993; Sanders et al., 1995), crop sensitivity studies, agricultural land-use data, and air quality data for several years. Ambient SO2 concentrations around three copper smelters in this region were found to pose a significant risk to crops (such as cereals, staples and legumes) on both local and regional scales. Adverse effects on yield, growth and fruit production were considered possible. Frequent high exposure periods during winter months may also give rise to acute injury in sensitive species and/or crops maintained under optimum water conditions. This study identified high-risk areas, where additional monitoring as well as field studies would be beneficial, and has important policy implications, given the secondary SO2 air quality standard currently in force in Chile.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>6.896</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>544 x 743 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>5</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1049</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>6524</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>43381</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>13</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>158</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>A risk assessment of potential agricultural losses due to ambient SO2 in the central regions of Chile</title><pii><json:string>S1352-2310(01)00344-2</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>35</volume><pii><json:string>S1352-2310(00)X0185-9</json:string></pii><pages><last>4915</last><first>4903</first></pages><issn><json:string>1352-2310</json:string></issn><issue>29</issue><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Atmospheric Environment</title><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>meteorology & atmospheric sciences</json:string><json:string>environmental sciences</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>natural sciences</json:string><json:string>earth & environmental sciences</json:string><json:string>meteorology & atmospheric sciences</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2001</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00344-2</json:string></doi><id>F89F42A4C7B2DFF94946AFC9E3EE6B8F73F4337D</id><score>0.0392771</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F89F42A4C7B2DFF94946AFC9E3EE6B8F73F4337D/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F89F42A4C7B2DFF94946AFC9E3EE6B8F73F4337D/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/F89F42A4C7B2DFF94946AFC9E3EE6B8F73F4337D/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a">A risk assessment of potential agricultural losses due to ambient SO2 in the central regions of Chile</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>©2001 Elsevier Science Ltd</p></availability><date>2001</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">Fig. 1: (a) Topographical map of central Chile corresponding to the model domain of the HIRLAM-MATCH system. The monitoring networks of the largest industrial and urban sources of SO2 are indicated. Squares: Ventanas smelter (32°44′S, 71°29′W): (1) La Greda; (2) Los Maitenes; (3) Puchuncavı́; (4) Estación Sur; (5) Valle Alegre. Triangles: Chagres smelter (32°40′S, 70°53′W): (1) Romeral; (2) Catemu; (3) Santa Margarita; (4) Lo Campo. Open circle: Santiago City, crosses indicate monitoring stations. Circles: Caletones smelter (34°05′S, 70°22′W): (1) Colón; (2) Sewell; (3) Coya Club; (4) Machalı́; (5) Caletones. (b) Political Communes of the Vth and VIth regions, with regional capitals indicated. Urbanised areas are shown in grey and studied agricultural Communes in each Region are numbered as follows. Ventanas area: (1) Puchuncavı́; (2) Quintero. Chagres area: (3) Catemu; (4) Hijuelas; (5) Panquehue; (6) Llay-Llay. Caletones area: (7) Mostazal; (8) Graneros; (9) Codegua; (10) Rancagua; (11) Olivar; (12) Requinoa; (13) Machalı́; (14) Rengo; (15) Malloa.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: (a) Annual means for ambient SO2 calculated from monthly means derived from the air quality monitors of the Ventanas smelter. Error bars represent standard error from the mean and the black line indicates the UNECE Critical Level for SO2. (b) Single hourly SO2 maxima recorded each month in the Ventanas area at Estación Sur over the period 1994–1998. (c) Number of hours in each month (1994–1998) during which SO2 concentrations ⩾1000μgm−3 were recorded at Los Maitenes (Ventanas area). (d) Annual means for ambient SO2 calculated from monthly means derived from the air quality monitors of the Chagres smelter. (e) Single hourly SO2 maxima recorded each month at Santa Margarita (Chagres area) during 1995–1998. (Data source: SAG-Vth region).</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Relative contributions of the three mega-sources (Caletones, Ventanas and Chagres) to the total sulphur burden of central Chile, shown for (a) summer (January 1998) and (c) autumn (May 1998) scenarios, as viewed by the HIRLAM-MATCH system. Averaged monthly HIRLAM-MATCH simulations for surface SO2 concentrations in the central regions of Chile, for the reported emission patterns of SO2 sources within the model domain and the meteorological conditions of (b) summer (January 1998) and (d) autumn (May 1998) months. The approximate locations of smelter sources are shown in white: Ventanas: square; Chagres: triangle; Caletones: circle; Santiago city is shown as a black circle. (Source: Gallardo et al., 2000).</note><note type="content">Table 1: The predominant agricultural crop of central Chilea</note><note type="content">Table 2: Relative crop sensitivities to chronic SO2 exposure, as determined from the literature. From these studies, adverse effects on growth and/or yield were presumed possible in the field, using the indicative experimental concentrations listed at the end of the table</note><note type="content">Table 3: UNECE Critical Level for the protection of agricultural crops from ambient SO2 pollution (UNECE, 1993; Sanders et al., 1995) and current Chilean air quality standards for SO2 (source: CONAMA)</note><note type="content">Table 4: Half-yearly means (April–September) and single 1-h maxima for each year, derived from continuous SO2 air quality data from the monitoring network of Caletones (source: CONAMA) (units are μgm−3)</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">A risk assessment of potential agricultural losses due to ambient SO2 in the central regions of Chile</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">T</forename><surname>Garcia-Huidobro</surname></persName><email>tghuidobro@conama.cl</email><note type="correspondence"><p>Corresponding author</p></note><affiliation>National Commission for the Environment (CONAMA) Obispo Donoso No. 6, Providencia, Santiago, Chile</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">F.M</forename><surname>Marshall</surname></persName><affiliation>Imperial College Centre for Environmental Technology, T.H. Huxley School of the Environment, Earth Sciences & Engineering, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">J.N.B</forename><surname>Bell</surname></persName><affiliation>Imperial College Centre for Environmental Technology, T.H. Huxley School of the Environment, Earth Sciences & Engineering, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Atmospheric Environment</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">AEA</title><idno type="pISSN">1352-2310</idno><idno type="PII">S1352-2310(00)X0185-9</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2001"></date><biblScope unit="volume">35</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">29</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="4903">4903</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="4915">4915</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">F89F42A4C7B2DFF94946AFC9E3EE6B8F73F4337D</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00344-2</idno><idno type="PII">S1352-2310(01)00344-2</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2001</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A risk assessment of the potential impacts of sulphur dioxide (SO2) on the agriculture of central Chile was carried out, using Critical Levels (threshold values above which chronic effects may occur) set by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE, 1993; Sanders et al., 1995), crop sensitivity studies, agricultural land-use data, and air quality data for several years. Ambient SO2 concentrations around three copper smelters in this region were found to pose a significant risk to crops (such as cereals, staples and legumes) on both local and regional scales. Adverse effects on yield, growth and fruit production were considered possible. Frequent high exposure periods during winter months may also give rise to acute injury in sensitive species and/or crops maintained under optimum water conditions. This study identified high-risk areas, where additional monitoring as well as field studies would be beneficial, and has important policy implications, given the secondary SO2 air quality standard currently in force in Chile.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Air pollutants</term></item><item><term>Agriculture</term></item><item><term>Chile</term></item><item><term>Yield</term></item><item><term>SO2</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2001-05-20">Modified</change><change when="2001">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F89F42A4C7B2DFF94946AFC9E3EE6B8F73F4337D/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: ce:floats; body; tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr1"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr2" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr2"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr3" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr3"></istex:entity></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>AEA</jid><aid>3562</aid><ce:pii>S1352-2310(01)00344-2</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00344-2</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="full-transfer" year="2001">Elsevier Science Ltd</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>A risk assessment of potential agricultural losses due to ambient SO<ce:inf>2</ce:inf> in the central regions of Chile</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>T</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Garcia-Huidobro</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFFA"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref><ce:e-address>tghuidobro@conama.cl</ce:e-address></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>F.M</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Marshall</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFFB"><ce:sup>b</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>J.N.B</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Bell</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFFB"><ce:sup>b</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:affiliation id="AFFA"><ce:label>a</ce:label><ce:textfn>National Commission for the Environment (CONAMA) Obispo Donoso No. 6, Providencia, Santiago, Chile</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFFB"><ce:label>b</ce:label><ce:textfn>Imperial College Centre for Environmental Technology, T.H. Huxley School of the Environment, Earth Sciences & Engineering, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="CORR1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text>Corresponding author</ce:text></ce:correspondence></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="1" month="9" year="2000"></ce:date-received><ce:date-revised day="20" month="5" year="2001"></ce:date-revised><ce:date-accepted day="6" month="6" year="2001"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>A risk assessment of the potential impacts of sulphur dioxide (SO<ce:inf>2</ce:inf>) on the agriculture of central Chile was carried out, using Critical Levels (threshold values above which chronic effects may occur) set by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE, 1993; Sanders et al., 1995), crop sensitivity studies, agricultural land-use data, and air quality data for several years. Ambient SO<ce:inf>2</ce:inf> concentrations around three copper smelters in this region were found to pose a significant risk to crops (such as cereals, staples and legumes) on both local and regional scales. Adverse effects on yield, growth and fruit production were considered possible. Frequent high exposure periods during winter months may also give rise to acute injury in sensitive species and/or crops maintained under optimum water conditions. This study identified high-risk areas, where additional monitoring as well as field studies would be beneficial, and has important policy implications, given the secondary SO<ce:inf>2</ce:inf> air quality standard currently in force in Chile.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords class="keyword"><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Air pollutants</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Agriculture</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Chile</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Yield</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>SO<ce:inf>2</ce:inf></ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>A risk assessment of potential agricultural losses due to ambient SO2 in the central regions of Chile</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>A risk assessment of potential agricultural losses due to ambient SO</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T</namePart><namePart type="family">Garcia-Huidobro</namePart><affiliation>E-mail: tghuidobro@conama.cl</affiliation><affiliation>National Commission for the Environment (CONAMA) Obispo Donoso No. 6, Providencia, Santiago, Chile</affiliation><description>Corresponding author</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">F.M</namePart><namePart type="family">Marshall</namePart><affiliation>Imperial College Centre for Environmental Technology, T.H. Huxley School of the Environment, Earth Sciences & Engineering, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.N.B</namePart><namePart type="family">Bell</namePart><affiliation>Imperial College Centre for Environmental Technology, T.H. Huxley School of the Environment, Earth Sciences & Engineering, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2001</dateIssued><dateModified encoding="w3cdtf">2001-05-20</dateModified><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2001</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">A risk assessment of the potential impacts of sulphur dioxide (SO2) on the agriculture of central Chile was carried out, using Critical Levels (threshold values above which chronic effects may occur) set by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE, 1993; Sanders et al., 1995), crop sensitivity studies, agricultural land-use data, and air quality data for several years. Ambient SO2 concentrations around three copper smelters in this region were found to pose a significant risk to crops (such as cereals, staples and legumes) on both local and regional scales. Adverse effects on yield, growth and fruit production were considered possible. Frequent high exposure periods during winter months may also give rise to acute injury in sensitive species and/or crops maintained under optimum water conditions. This study identified high-risk areas, where additional monitoring as well as field studies would be beneficial, and has important policy implications, given the secondary SO2 air quality standard currently in force in Chile.</abstract><note type="content">Fig. 1: (a) Topographical map of central Chile corresponding to the model domain of the HIRLAM-MATCH system. The monitoring networks of the largest industrial and urban sources of SO2 are indicated. Squares: Ventanas smelter (32°44′S, 71°29′W): (1) La Greda; (2) Los Maitenes; (3) Puchuncavı́; (4) Estación Sur; (5) Valle Alegre. Triangles: Chagres smelter (32°40′S, 70°53′W): (1) Romeral; (2) Catemu; (3) Santa Margarita; (4) Lo Campo. Open circle: Santiago City, crosses indicate monitoring stations. Circles: Caletones smelter (34°05′S, 70°22′W): (1) Colón; (2) Sewell; (3) Coya Club; (4) Machalı́; (5) Caletones. (b) Political Communes of the Vth and VIth regions, with regional capitals indicated. Urbanised areas are shown in grey and studied agricultural Communes in each Region are numbered as follows. Ventanas area: (1) Puchuncavı́; (2) Quintero. Chagres area: (3) Catemu; (4) Hijuelas; (5) Panquehue; (6) Llay-Llay. Caletones area: (7) Mostazal; (8) Graneros; (9) Codegua; (10) Rancagua; (11) Olivar; (12) Requinoa; (13) Machalı́; (14) Rengo; (15) Malloa.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: (a) Annual means for ambient SO2 calculated from monthly means derived from the air quality monitors of the Ventanas smelter. Error bars represent standard error from the mean and the black line indicates the UNECE Critical Level for SO2. (b) Single hourly SO2 maxima recorded each month in the Ventanas area at Estación Sur over the period 1994–1998. (c) Number of hours in each month (1994–1998) during which SO2 concentrations ⩾1000μgm−3 were recorded at Los Maitenes (Ventanas area). (d) Annual means for ambient SO2 calculated from monthly means derived from the air quality monitors of the Chagres smelter. (e) Single hourly SO2 maxima recorded each month at Santa Margarita (Chagres area) during 1995–1998. (Data source: SAG-Vth region).</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Relative contributions of the three mega-sources (Caletones, Ventanas and Chagres) to the total sulphur burden of central Chile, shown for (a) summer (January 1998) and (c) autumn (May 1998) scenarios, as viewed by the HIRLAM-MATCH system. Averaged monthly HIRLAM-MATCH simulations for surface SO2 concentrations in the central regions of Chile, for the reported emission patterns of SO2 sources within the model domain and the meteorological conditions of (b) summer (January 1998) and (d) autumn (May 1998) months. The approximate locations of smelter sources are shown in white: Ventanas: square; Chagres: triangle; Caletones: circle; Santiago city is shown as a black circle. (Source: Gallardo et al., 2000).</note><note type="content">Table 1: The predominant agricultural crop of central Chilea</note><note type="content">Table 2: Relative crop sensitivities to chronic SO2 exposure, as determined from the literature. From these studies, adverse effects on growth and/or yield were presumed possible in the field, using the indicative experimental concentrations listed at the end of the table</note><note type="content">Table 3: UNECE Critical Level for the protection of agricultural crops from ambient SO2 pollution (UNECE, 1993; Sanders et al., 1995) and current Chilean air quality standards for SO2 (source: CONAMA)</note><note type="content">Table 4: Half-yearly means (April–September) and single 1-h maxima for each year, derived from continuous SO2 air quality data from the monitoring network of Caletones (source: CONAMA) (units are μgm−3)</note><subject><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Air pollutants</topic><topic>Agriculture</topic><topic>Chile</topic><topic>Yield</topic><topic>SO2</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Atmospheric Environment</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>AEA</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">200110</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">1352-2310</identifier><identifier type="PII">S1352-2310(00)X0185-9</identifier><part><date>200110</date><detail type="volume"><number>35</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>29</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>EX1</start><end>EX3</end></extent><extent unit="issue pages"><start>4889</start><end>5018</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>4903</start><end>4915</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">F89F42A4C7B2DFF94946AFC9E3EE6B8F73F4337D</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00344-2</identifier><identifier type="PII">S1352-2310(01)00344-2</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©2001 Elsevier Science Ltd</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Elsevier Science Ltd, ©2001</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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