Regulation of Basal and Nursing‐Induced Secretion of Growth Hormone in the Neonatal Rat: The Involvement of Serotonergic, Muscarinic Cholinergic, Alpha2‐Adrenergic, Somatostatin and Growth Hormone‐Releasing Hormone Systems
Identifieur interne : 002C81 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 002C80; suivant : 002C82Regulation of Basal and Nursing‐Induced Secretion of Growth Hormone in the Neonatal Rat: The Involvement of Serotonergic, Muscarinic Cholinergic, Alpha2‐Adrenergic, Somatostatin and Growth Hormone‐Releasing Hormone Systems
Auteurs : Bálint Kacs H ; Clark E. GrosvenorSource :
- Journal of Neuroendocrinology [ 0953-8194 ] ; 1991-10.
English descriptors
Abstract
Various neural factors are involved in the suckling‐induced increase in serum growth hormone (GH) levels in neonatal rats, and, in the present study the serotonergic, cholinergic, somatostatin and GH‐releasing hormone (GHRH) systems were investigated. The serotonin (5‐HT) precursor 5‐hydroxy‐L‐tryptophan (5‐HTP) and the 5‐HT receptor agonist quipazine maleate stimulated serum GH levels in 2‐day‐old rat pups separated from their mothers for 6 h. The increase in serum GH during suckling was further elevated by 5‐HTP. The 5‐HT antagonist cyproheptadine decreased serum GH levels in separated 2‐day‐old pups, and although it reduced the amplitude of the suckling‐induced increase in serum GH concentration, it did not alter the increase in serum GH on a percentage basis. The effect of the cholinergic muscarinic antagonist atropine sulfate (ATR) was similar to that of cyproheptadine. Moreover, in separated pups, ATR prevented the increase in serum GH induced by 5‐HTP. In contrast with 2‐day‐old pups, ATR completely eliminated the suckling‐induced release of GH in 10‐day‐old rats. However, ATR failed to prevent GH release induced by the α2‐adrenergic agonist clonidine HCI in 10‐day‐old male pups. While thyrotropin‐releasing hormone increased serum GH levels, rat GHRH failed to alter serum GH levels either in separated or in suckled 2‐day‐old rat pups. Immunoneutralization for rat GHRH eliminated the increase in serum GH induced by clonidine HCI in 10‐day‐old pups, but (on a percentage basis) failed to prevent the GH‐increasing effect of suckling in 2‐day‐old pups. While somatostatin failed to significantly decrease serum GH in separated 2‐day‐old pups, it effectively decreased serum GH levels in 2‐day‐old pups which were suckled. Cysteamine, which depletes hypothalamic somatostatin, increased serum GH in separated 2‐day‐old pups, and further increased the suckling‐induced levels of serum GH. Cysteamine partially prevented the GH‐decreasing effect of ATR. The present findings suggest that 1) the serotonergic and cholinergic systems are involved in the regulation of GH secretion as early as day 2 postpartum; 2) the serotonergic and cholinergic systems modulate the basal, and do not modulate the suckling‐induced levels of serum GH; 3) the serotonergic system may exert its stimulatory influence on GH secretion only in the presence of a functional muscarinic cholinergic system; 4) the cholinergic system, at least in part, stimulates GH secretion via a cysteamine‐sensitive system (probably by inhibiting somatostatin); 5) the cholinergic system is not functionally coupled with the α2‐adrenergic system, which stimulates GH secretion via rat GHRH; 6) since in 10‐day‐old pups clonidine HCI was effective only in males, while suckling was effective in both sexes, the α2‐adrenergic system is not involved in the suckling‐induced increase of serum GH; and finally 7) neither somatostatin nor rat GHRH seem to be involved in the suckling‐induced changes in serum GH. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the high circulating GH levels in the neonatal rat are due to alternative GH‐releasing factors, perhaps thyrotropin‐releasing hormone or γ‐aminobutyric acid. The neurohumoral mediator of the suckling‐induced GH release in neonatal rats remains to be identified.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1991.tb00314.x
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Various neural factors are involved in the suckling‐induced increase in serum growth hormone (GH) levels in neonatal rats, and, in the present study the serotonergic, cholinergic, somatostatin and GH‐releasing hormone (GHRH) systems were investigated. The serotonin (5‐HT) precursor 5‐hydroxy‐L‐tryptophan (5‐HTP) and the 5‐HT receptor agonist quipazine maleate stimulated serum GH levels in 2‐day‐old rat pups separated from their mothers for 6 h. The increase in serum GH during suckling was further elevated by 5‐HTP. The 5‐HT antagonist cyproheptadine decreased serum GH levels in separated 2‐day‐old pups, and although it reduced the amplitude of the suckling‐induced increase in serum GH concentration, it did not alter the increase in serum GH on a percentage basis. The effect of the cholinergic muscarinic antagonist atropine sulfate (ATR) was similar to that of cyproheptadine. Moreover, in separated pups, ATR prevented the increase in serum GH induced by 5‐HTP. In contrast with 2‐day‐old pups, ATR completely eliminated the suckling‐induced release of GH in 10‐day‐old rats. However, ATR failed to prevent GH release induced by the α2‐adrenergic agonist clonidine HCI in 10‐day‐old male pups. While thyrotropin‐releasing hormone increased serum GH levels, rat GHRH failed to alter serum GH levels either in separated or in suckled 2‐day‐old rat pups. Immunoneutralization for rat GHRH eliminated the increase in serum GH induced by clonidine HCI in 10‐day‐old pups, but (on a percentage basis) failed to prevent the GH‐increasing effect of suckling in 2‐day‐old pups. While somatostatin failed to significantly decrease serum GH in separated 2‐day‐old pups, it effectively decreased serum GH levels in 2‐day‐old pups which were suckled. Cysteamine, which depletes hypothalamic somatostatin, increased serum GH in separated 2‐day‐old pups, and further increased the suckling‐induced levels of serum GH. Cysteamine partially prevented the GH‐decreasing effect of ATR. The present findings suggest that 1) the serotonergic and cholinergic systems are involved in the regulation of GH secretion as early as day 2 postpartum; 2) the serotonergic and cholinergic systems modulate the basal, and do not modulate the suckling‐induced levels of serum GH; 3) the serotonergic system may exert its stimulatory influence on GH secretion only in the presence of a functional muscarinic cholinergic system; 4) the cholinergic system, at least in part, stimulates GH secretion via a cysteamine‐sensitive system (probably by inhibiting somatostatin); 5) the cholinergic system is not functionally coupled with the α2‐adrenergic system, which stimulates GH secretion via rat GHRH; 6) since in 10‐day‐old pups clonidine HCI was effective only in males, while suckling was effective in both sexes, the α2‐adrenergic system is not involved in the suckling‐induced increase of serum GH; and finally 7) neither somatostatin nor rat GHRH seem to be involved in the suckling‐induced changes in serum GH. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the high circulating GH levels in the neonatal rat are due to alternative GH‐releasing factors, perhaps thyrotropin‐releasing hormone or γ‐aminobutyric acid. The neurohumoral mediator of the suckling‐induced GH release in neonatal rats remains to be identified.</div>
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<titleGroup><title type="main">Regulation of Basal and Nursing‐Induced Secretion of Growth Hormone in the Neonatal Rat: The Involvement of Serotonergic, Muscarinic Cholinergic, Alpha<sub>2</sub>
‐Adrenergic, Somatostatin and Growth Hormone‐Releasing Hormone Systems</title>
</titleGroup>
<creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1" noteRef="#fn1" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>Bálint</givenNames>
<familyName>Kacsóh</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>Clark E.</givenNames>
<familyName>Grosvenor</familyName>
</personName>
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<affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
</affiliationGroup>
<keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">suckling</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="k2">thyrotropin‐releasing hormone</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="k3">Cysteamine</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="k4">clonidine</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="k5">sexual dimorphism</keyword>
</keywordGroup>
<abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title>
<p>Various neural factors are involved in the suckling‐induced increase in serum growth hormone (GH) levels in neonatal rats, and, in the present study the serotonergic, cholinergic, somatostatin and GH‐releasing hormone (GHRH) systems were investigated. The serotonin (5‐HT) precursor 5‐hydroxy‐L‐tryptophan (5‐HTP) and the 5‐HT receptor agonist quipazine maleate stimulated serum GH levels in 2‐day‐old rat pups separated from their mothers for 6 h. The increase in serum GH during suckling was further elevated by 5‐HTP. The 5‐HT antagonist cyproheptadine decreased serum GH levels in separated 2‐day‐old pups, and although it reduced the amplitude of the suckling‐induced increase in serum GH concentration, it did not alter the increase in serum GH on a percentage basis. The effect of the cholinergic muscarinic antagonist atropine sulfate (ATR) was similar to that of cyproheptadine. Moreover, in separated pups, ATR prevented the increase in serum GH induced by 5‐HTP. In contrast with 2‐day‐old pups, ATR completely eliminated the suckling‐induced release of GH in 10‐day‐old rats. However, ATR failed to prevent GH release induced by the α<sub>2</sub>
‐adrenergic agonist clonidine HCI in 10‐day‐old male pups. While thyrotropin‐releasing hormone increased serum GH levels, rat GHRH failed to alter serum GH levels either in separated or in suckled 2‐day‐old rat pups. Immunoneutralization for rat GHRH eliminated the increase in serum GH induced by clonidine HCI in 10‐day‐old pups, but (on a percentage basis) failed to prevent the GH‐increasing effect of suckling in 2‐day‐old pups. While somatostatin failed to significantly decrease serum GH in separated 2‐day‐old pups, it effectively decreased serum GH levels in 2‐day‐old pups which were suckled. Cysteamine, which depletes hypothalamic somatostatin, increased serum GH in separated 2‐day‐old pups, and further increased the suckling‐induced levels of serum GH. Cysteamine partially prevented the GH‐decreasing effect of ATR.</p>
<p>The present findings suggest that 1) the serotonergic and cholinergic systems are involved in the regulation of GH secretion as early as day 2 postpartum; 2) the serotonergic and cholinergic systems modulate the basal, and do not modulate the suckling‐induced levels of serum GH; 3) the serotonergic system may exert its stimulatory influence on GH secretion only in the presence of a functional muscarinic cholinergic system; 4) the cholinergic system, at least in part, stimulates GH secretion via a cysteamine‐sensitive system (probably by inhibiting somatostatin); 5) the cholinergic system is not functionally coupled with the α<sub>2</sub>
‐adrenergic system, which stimulates GH secretion via rat GHRH; 6) since in 10‐day‐old pups clonidine HCI was effective only in males, while suckling was effective in both sexes, the α<sub>2</sub>
‐adrenergic system is not involved in the suckling‐induced increase of serum GH; and finally 7) neither somatostatin nor rat GHRH seem to be involved in the suckling‐induced changes in serum GH. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the high circulating GH levels in the neonatal rat are due to alternative GH‐releasing factors, perhaps thyrotropin‐releasing hormone or γ‐aminobutyric acid. The neurohumoral mediator of the suckling‐induced GH release in neonatal rats remains to be identified.</p>
</abstract>
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<p>Permanent address: 2nd Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary 1450.</p>
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<titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Regulation of Basal and Nursing‐Induced Secretion of Growth Hormone in the Neonatal Rat: The Involvement of Serotonergic, Muscarinic Cholinergic, Alpha</title>
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<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Bálint</namePart>
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<affiliation>Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.</affiliation>
<description>Permanent address: 2nd Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary 1450.</description>
<description>: B. Kacsóh, Pennsylvania State University, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 401 Althouse Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.</description>
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<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Clark E.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Grosvenor</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.</affiliation>
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<originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher>
<place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm>
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<dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1991-10</dateIssued>
<edition>Accepted 15 May 1991</edition>
<copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1991</copyrightDate>
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<abstract lang="en">Various neural factors are involved in the suckling‐induced increase in serum growth hormone (GH) levels in neonatal rats, and, in the present study the serotonergic, cholinergic, somatostatin and GH‐releasing hormone (GHRH) systems were investigated. The serotonin (5‐HT) precursor 5‐hydroxy‐L‐tryptophan (5‐HTP) and the 5‐HT receptor agonist quipazine maleate stimulated serum GH levels in 2‐day‐old rat pups separated from their mothers for 6 h. The increase in serum GH during suckling was further elevated by 5‐HTP. The 5‐HT antagonist cyproheptadine decreased serum GH levels in separated 2‐day‐old pups, and although it reduced the amplitude of the suckling‐induced increase in serum GH concentration, it did not alter the increase in serum GH on a percentage basis. The effect of the cholinergic muscarinic antagonist atropine sulfate (ATR) was similar to that of cyproheptadine. Moreover, in separated pups, ATR prevented the increase in serum GH induced by 5‐HTP. In contrast with 2‐day‐old pups, ATR completely eliminated the suckling‐induced release of GH in 10‐day‐old rats. However, ATR failed to prevent GH release induced by the α2‐adrenergic agonist clonidine HCI in 10‐day‐old male pups. While thyrotropin‐releasing hormone increased serum GH levels, rat GHRH failed to alter serum GH levels either in separated or in suckled 2‐day‐old rat pups. Immunoneutralization for rat GHRH eliminated the increase in serum GH induced by clonidine HCI in 10‐day‐old pups, but (on a percentage basis) failed to prevent the GH‐increasing effect of suckling in 2‐day‐old pups. While somatostatin failed to significantly decrease serum GH in separated 2‐day‐old pups, it effectively decreased serum GH levels in 2‐day‐old pups which were suckled. Cysteamine, which depletes hypothalamic somatostatin, increased serum GH in separated 2‐day‐old pups, and further increased the suckling‐induced levels of serum GH. Cysteamine partially prevented the GH‐decreasing effect of ATR. The present findings suggest that 1) the serotonergic and cholinergic systems are involved in the regulation of GH secretion as early as day 2 postpartum; 2) the serotonergic and cholinergic systems modulate the basal, and do not modulate the suckling‐induced levels of serum GH; 3) the serotonergic system may exert its stimulatory influence on GH secretion only in the presence of a functional muscarinic cholinergic system; 4) the cholinergic system, at least in part, stimulates GH secretion via a cysteamine‐sensitive system (probably by inhibiting somatostatin); 5) the cholinergic system is not functionally coupled with the α2‐adrenergic system, which stimulates GH secretion via rat GHRH; 6) since in 10‐day‐old pups clonidine HCI was effective only in males, while suckling was effective in both sexes, the α2‐adrenergic system is not involved in the suckling‐induced increase of serum GH; and finally 7) neither somatostatin nor rat GHRH seem to be involved in the suckling‐induced changes in serum GH. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the high circulating GH levels in the neonatal rat are due to alternative GH‐releasing factors, perhaps thyrotropin‐releasing hormone or γ‐aminobutyric acid. The neurohumoral mediator of the suckling‐induced GH release in neonatal rats remains to be identified.</abstract>
<subject lang="en"><genre>Keywords</genre>
<topic>suckling</topic>
<topic>thyrotropin‐releasing hormone</topic>
<topic>Cysteamine</topic>
<topic>clonidine</topic>
<topic>sexual dimorphism</topic>
</subject>
<relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Neuroendocrinology</title>
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<genre type="Journal">journal</genre>
<identifier type="ISSN">0953-8194</identifier>
<identifier type="eISSN">1365-2826</identifier>
<identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2826</identifier>
<identifier type="PublisherID">JNE</identifier>
<part><date>1991</date>
<detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption>
<number>3</number>
</detail>
<detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption>
<number>5</number>
</detail>
<extent unit="pages"><start>529</start>
<end>537</end>
<total>9</total>
</extent>
</part>
</relatedItem>
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<identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1365-2826.1991.tb00314.x</identifier>
<identifier type="ArticleID">JNE529</identifier>
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<recordOrigin>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</recordOrigin>
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